Question
1.1
In the 1800s, French biologist Marie Jean Pierre Flourens and surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between
- animals and humans.
- the mind and the brain.
- brain size and mental ability.
- skull indentations and psychological attributes.
b
Question
1.2
What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz?
- reaction time
- childhood learning
- phrenology
- functions of specific brain areas
a
Question
1.3
Wilhelm Wundt is credited with
- coining the phrase “philosophical empiricism.”
- setting the terms for the nature–nurture debate.
- the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline.
- conducting the first psychological experiment.
c
Question
1.4
Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called
- consciousness.
- introspection.
- structuralism.
- objectivity.
c
Question
1.5
William James and ____ helped establish functionalism as a major school of psychological thought in North America.
- G. Stanley Hall
- René Descartes
- Franz Joseph Gall
- Edward Titchener
a
Question
1.6
The functional approach to psychology was inspired by
- Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
- James’s The Principles of Psychology.
- Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology.
- Titchener’s An Outline of Psychology.
a
Question
1.7
To understand human behavior, French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet studied people
- who appeared to be completely healthy.
- with psychological disorders.
- with damage in particular areas of the brain.
- who had suffered permanent loss of cognitive and motor function.
b
Question
1.8
Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed
- psychoanalytic theory.
- the theory of hysteria.
- humanistic psychology.
- physiological psychology.
a
Question
1.9
The psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is known as
- structuralism.
- psychoanalytic theory.
- humanistic psychology.
- functionalism.
c
Question
1.10
Behaviorism involves the study of
- observable actions and responses.
- the potential for human growth.
- unconscious influences and childhood experiences.
- human behavior and memory.
a
Question
1.11
The experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on
- perception and behavior.
- stimulus and response.
- reward and punishment.
- conscious and unconscious behavior.
b
Question
1.12
Who developed the concept of reinforcement?
- B.F. Skinner
- Ivan Pavlov
- John Watson
- Margaret Floy Washburn
a
Question
1.13
The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called
- behavioral determinism.
- Gestalt psychology.
- social psychology.
- cognitive psychology.
d
Question
1.14
During World War II, cognitive psychologists discovered that many of the errors pilots make are the result of
- computer errors in processing detailed information.
- limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information.
- pilot inattention to incoming information.
- lack of behavioral training.
b
Question
1.15
The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of
- evolutionary psychology.
- cognitive neuroscience.
- cultural psychology.
- cognitive accounts of language formation.
b
Question
1.16
Central to evolutionary psychology is the ____ function that minds and brains serve.
- emotional
- adaptive
- cultural
- physiological
b
Question
1.17
Social psychology differs most from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on
- human interaction.
- behavioral processes.
- the individual.
- laboratory experimentation.
a
Question
1.18
Cultural psychology emphasizes that
- all psychological processes are influenced to some extent by culture.
- psychological processes are the same across all human beings, regardless of culture.
- culture shapes some, but not all psychological phenomena.
- insights gained from studying individuals from one culture will only rarely generalize to individuals from other cultures, who have different social identities and rituals.
c
Question
1.19
Mary Calkins
- studied with Wilhelm Wundt in the first psychology laboratory.
- did research on the self-image of African American children.
- was present at the first meeting of the APA.
- became the first woman president of the APA.
d
Question
1.20
Kenneth Clark
- did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools.
- was one of the founders of the APA.
- was a student of William James.
- did research that focused on the education of African American youth.
a