In the 1800s, French biologist Marie Jean Pierre Flourens and surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between
animals and humans.
the mind and the brain.
brain size and mental ability.
skull indentations and psychological attributes.
b
Question
2
What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz?
reaction time
childhood learning
phrenology
functions of specific brain areas
a
Question
3
Wilhelm Wundt is credited with
coining the phrase “philosophical empiricism.”
setting the terms for the nature–nurture debate.
the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline.
conducting the first psychological experiment.
c
Question
4
Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called
consciousness.
introspection.
structuralism.
objectivity.
c
Question
5
William James and ____ helped establish functionalism as a major school of psychological thought in North America.
G. Stanley Hall
René Descartes
Franz Joseph Gall
Edward Titchener
a
Question
6
The functional approach to psychology was inspired by
Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
James’s The Principles of Psychology.
Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology.
Titchener’s An Outline of Psychology.
a
Question
7
To understand human behavior, French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet studied people
who appeared to be completely healthy.
with psychological disorders.
with damage in particular areas of the brain.
who had suffered permanent loss of cognitive and motor function.
b
Question
8
Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed
psychoanalytic theory.
the theory of hysteria.
humanistic psychology.
physiological psychology.
a
Question
9
The psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is known as
structuralism.
psychoanalytic theory.
humanistic psychology.
functionalism.
c
Question
10
Behaviorism involves the study of
observable actions and responses.
the potential for human growth.
unconscious influences and childhood experiences.
human behavior and memory.
a
Question
11
The experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on
perception and behavior.
stimulus and response.
reward and punishment.
conscious and unconscious behavior.
b
Question
12
Who developed the concept of reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
Margaret Floy Washburn
a
Question
13
The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called
behavioral determinism.
Gestalt psychology.
social psychology.
cognitive psychology.
d
Question
14
During World War II, cognitive psychologists discovered that many of the errors pilots make are the result of
computer errors in processing detailed information.
limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information.
pilot inattention to incoming information.
lack of behavioral training.
b
Question
15
The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of
evolutionary psychology.
cognitive neuroscience.
cultural psychology.
cognitive accounts of language formation.
b
Question
16
Central to evolutionary psychology is the ____ function that minds and brains serve.
emotional
adaptive
cultural
physiological
b
Question
17
Social psychology differs most from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on
human interaction.
behavioral processes.
the individual.
laboratory experimentation.
a
Question
18
Cultural psychology emphasizes that
all psychological processes are influenced to some extent by culture.
psychological processes are the same across all human beings, regardless of culture.
culture shapes some, but not all psychological phenomena.
insights gained from studying individuals from one culture will only rarely generalize to individuals from other cultures, who have different social identities and rituals.
c
Question
19
Mary Calkins
studied with Wilhelm Wundt in the first psychology laboratory.
did research on the self-image of African American children.
was present at the first meeting of the APA.
became the first woman president of the APA.
d
Question
20
Kenneth Clark
did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools.
was one of the founders of the APA.
was a student of William James.
did research that focused on the education of African American youth.