Key Concept Quiz

Question 1.1

In the 1800s, French biologist Marie Jean Pierre Flourens and surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between

  1. animals and humans.
  2. the mind and the brain.
  3. brain size and mental ability.
  4. skull indentations and psychological attributes.

b

Question 1.2

What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz?

  1. reaction time
  2. childhood learning
  3. phrenology
  4. functions of specific brain areas

a

Question 1.3

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with

  1. coining the phrase “philosophical empiricism.”
  2. setting the terms for the nature–nurture debate.
  3. the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline.
  4. conducting the first psychological experiment.

c

Question 1.4

Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called

  1. consciousness.
  2. introspection.
  3. structuralism.
  4. objectivity.

c

Question 1.5

William James and ____ helped establish functionalism as a major school of psychological thought in North America.

  1. G. Stanley Hall
  2. René Descartes
  3. Franz Joseph Gall
  4. Edward Titchener

a

Question 1.6

The functional approach to psychology was inspired by

  1. Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
  2. James’s The Principles of Psychology.
  3. Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology.
  4. Titchener’s An Outline of Psychology.

a

Question 1.7

To understand human behavior, French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet studied people

  1. who appeared to be completely healthy.
  2. with psychological disorders.
  3. with damage in particular areas of the brain.
  4. who had suffered permanent loss of cognitive and motor function.

b

Question 1.8

Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed

  1. psychoanalytic theory.
  2. the theory of hysteria.
  3. humanistic psychology.
  4. physiological psychology.

a

Question 1.9

The psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is known as

  1. structuralism.
  2. psychoanalytic theory.
  3. humanistic psychology.
  4. functionalism.

c

Question 1.10

Behaviorism involves the study of

  1. observable actions and responses.
  2. the potential for human growth.
  3. unconscious influences and childhood experiences.
  4. human behavior and memory.

a

Question 1.11

The experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on

  1. perception and behavior.
  2. stimulus and response.
  3. reward and punishment.
  4. conscious and unconscious behavior.

b

Question 1.12

Who developed the concept of reinforcement?

  1. B.F. Skinner
  2. Ivan Pavlov
  3. John Watson
  4. Margaret Floy Washburn

a

Question 1.13

The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called

  1. behavioral determinism.
  2. Gestalt psychology.
  3. social psychology.
  4. cognitive psychology.

d

Question 1.14

During World War II, cognitive psychologists discovered that many of the errors pilots make are the result of

  1. computer errors in processing detailed information.
  2. limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information.
  3. pilot inattention to incoming information.
  4. lack of behavioral training.

b

Question 1.15

The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of

  1. evolutionary psychology.
  2. cognitive neuroscience.
  3. cultural psychology.
  4. cognitive accounts of language formation.

b

Question 1.16

Central to evolutionary psychology is the ____ function that minds and brains serve.

  1. emotional
  2. adaptive
  3. cultural
  4. physiological

b

Question 1.17

Social psychology differs most from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on

  1. human interaction.
  2. behavioral processes.
  3. the individual.
  4. laboratory experimentation.

a

Question 1.18

Cultural psychology emphasizes that

  1. all psychological processes are influenced to some extent by culture.
  2. psychological processes are the same across all human beings, regardless of culture.
  3. culture shapes some, but not all psychological phenomena.
  4. insights gained from studying individuals from one culture will only rarely generalize to individuals from other cultures, who have different social identities and rituals.

c

Question 1.19

Mary Calkins

  1. studied with Wilhelm Wundt in the first psychology laboratory.
  2. did research on the self-image of African American children.
  3. was present at the first meeting of the APA.
  4. became the first woman president of the APA.

d

Question 1.20

Kenneth Clark

  1. did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools.
  2. was one of the founders of the APA.
  3. was a student of William James.
  4. did research that focused on the education of African American youth.

a