Question 6.1

Encoding is the process

1. by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.
2. of maintaining information in memory over time.
3. of bringing to mind information that has been previously stored.
4. through which we recall information previously learned but forgotten.

a

Question 6.2

What is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory?

1. spontaneous encoding
2. organization encoding
3. semantic encoding
4. visual imagery encoding

c

262

Question 6.3

Our human ancestors depended on the encoding of

1. organizational information.
2. reproductive mechanisms.
3. survival-related information.
4. pleasantness conditions.

c

Question 6.4

What kind of memory storage holds information for a second or two?

1. retrograde memory
2. working memory
3. short-term memory
4. sensory memory

d

Question 6.5

The process by which memories become stable in the brain is called

1. consolidation.
2. long-term memory.
3. iconic memory.
4. hippocampal indexing.

a

Question 6.6

Long-term potentiation occurs through

1. the interruption of communication between neurons.
2. the strengthening of synaptic connections.
3. the reconsolidation of disrupted memories.
4. sleep.

b

Question 6.7

The increased likelihood of recalling a sad memory when you are in a sad mood is an illustration of

1. the encoding specificity principle.
2. state-dependent retrieval.
3. transfer-appropriate processing.
4. memory accessibility.

b

Question 6.8

Which of the following statements regarding the consequences of memory retrieval is false?

1. Retrieval-induced forgetting can affect eyewitness memory.
2. The act of retrieval can strengthen a retrieved memory.
3. Retrieval can impair subsequent memory.
4. Retrieval boosts subsequent memory through the repetition of information.

d

Question 6.9

Neuroimaging studies suggest that trying to remember activates the

1. left frontal lobe.
2. hippocampal region.
3. occipital lobe.
4. upper temporal lobe.

a

Question 6.10

The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences is

1. priming.
2. procedural memory.
3. implicit memory.
4. explicit memory.

d

Question 6.11

People who have amnesia are able to retain all of the following except

1. explicit memory.
2. implicit memory.
3. procedural memory.
4. priming.

a

Question 6.12

Remembering a family reunion that you attended as a child illustrates

1. semantic memory.
2. procedural memory.
3. episodic memory.
4. perceptual priming.

c

Question 6.13

The rapid decline in memory, followed by more gradual forgetting, is reflected by

1. chunking.
2. blocking.
3. absentmindedness.
4. transience.

d

Question 6.14

Eyewitness misidentification or false recognition is most likely a result of

1. memory misattribution.
2. suggestibility.
3. bias.
4. retroactive interference.

a

Question 6.15

The fact that emotional arousal generally leads to enhanced memory is supported by

1. egocentric bias.
2. persistence.
3. proactive interference.
4. source memory.

b