Key Concept Quiz

Question 7.1

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce

  1. a neutral stimulus.
  2. a conditioned response.
  3. an unconditioned response.
  4. another conditioned stimulus.

b

Question 7.2

What occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

  1. generalization
  2. spontaneous recovery
  3. extinction
  4. acquisition

c

Question 7.3

What did Watson and Rayner seek to demonstrate about behaviorism through the Little Albert experiment?

  1. Conditioning involves a degree of cognition.
  2. Classical conditioning has an evolutionary component.
  3. Behaviorism alone cannot explain human behavior.
  4. Even sophisticated behaviors such as emotion are subject to classical conditioning.

d

Question 7.4

Which part of the brain is involved in the classical conditioning of fear?

  1. the amygdala
  2. the cerebellum
  3. the hippocampus
  4. the hypothalamus

a

Question 7.5

After having a bad experience with a particular type of food, people can develop a lifelong aversion to the food. This suggests that conditioning has a(n) ____ aspect.

  1. cognitive
  2. evolutionary
  3. neural
  4. behavioral

b

Question 7.6

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement concerning operant conditioning?

  1. Actions and outcomes are critical to operant conditioning.
  2. Operant conditioning involves the reinforcement of behavior.
  3. Complex behaviors cannot be accounted for by operant conditioning.
  4. Operant conditioning has associative mechanisms with roots in evolutionary behavior.

c

Question 7.7

Which of the following mechanisms have no role in Skinner’s approach to behavior?

  1. cognitive
  2. neural
  3. evolutionary
  4. all of the above

d

Question 7.8

Latent learning provides evidence for a cognitive element in operant conditioning because

  1. it occurs without any obvious reinforcement.
  2. it requires both positive and negative reinforcement.
  3. it points toward the operation of a neural reward center.
  4. it depends on a stimulus-response relationship.

a

Question 7.9

Activity of neurons in the _____ contributes to the process of reinforcement.

  1. hippocampus
  2. pituitary gland
  3. medial forebrain bundle
  4. parietal lobe

c

Question 7.10

Which of the following mechanisms does NOT help form the basis of observational learning?

  1. attention
  2. perception
  3. punishment
  4. memory

c

Question 7.11

Neural research indicates that observational learning is closely tied to brain areas that are involved in

  1. memory.
  2. vision.
  3. action.
  4. emotion.

c

Question 7.12

What kind of learning takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition?

  1. latent learning
  2. implicit learning
  3. observational learning
  4. conscious learning

b

Question 7.13

The process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding is called

  1. habituation.
  2. explicit learning.
  3. serial reaction time.
  4. delay conditioning.

a

Question 7.14

Which of the following statements about implicit learning is inaccurate?

  1. Some forms of learning start out explicitly but become more implicit over time.
  2. Implicit learning occurs even in the simplest organisms.
  3. People with high scores on intelligence tests are more adept at implicit learning tasks.
  4. Children learn language and social conduct largely through implicit learning.

c

Question 7.15

Responding to implicit instructions results in decreased brain activation in which part of the brain?

  1. the hippocampus
  2. the parietal cortex
  3. the prefrontal cortex
  4. the occipital region

d

Question 7.16

Which study strategy has been shown to be the most effective?

  1. highlighting text
  2. rereading
  3. summarizing
  4. taking practice tests

d

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