Question 9.1

The combining of words to form phrases and sentences is governed by

1. phonological rules.
2. morphological rules.
3. structural rules.
4. syntactical rules.

d

Question 9.2

Which of the following statements about language development is inaccurate?

1. Language acquisition is largely a matter of children imitating adult speech.
2. Deep structure refers to the meaning of a sentence, while surface structure refers to how it is constructed.
3. By the time the average child begins school, a vocabulary of 10,000 words is not unusual.
4. Children’s passive mastery of language develops faster than their active mastery.

a

Question 9.3

Language development as an innate, biological capacity is explained by

1. fast mapping.
2. behaviorism.
3. nativist theory.
4. interactionist explanations.

c

Question 9.4

A collection of processes that facilitate language learning is referred to as

1. phonological rules.
2. dysphasia.
3. a language acquisition device.
4. grammatical generalizations.

c

Question 9.5

Damage to the brain region called Broca’s area results in

1. failure to comprehend language.
2. difficulty in producing grammatical speech.
3. the reintroduction of infant babbling.
4. difficulties in writing.

b

Question 9.6

The linguistic relativity hypothesis maintains that

1. language and thought are separate cognitive phenomena.
2. words have different meanings to different cultures.
3. human language is too complex for nonhuman animals to acquire.
4. language shapes the nature of thought.

d

Question 9.7

The “most typical” member of a category is a(n)

1. prototype.
2. exemplar.
3. concept.
4. definition.

a

Question 9.8

Which theory of how we form concepts is based on our judgment of features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member?

1. prototype theory
2. family resemblance theory
3. exemplar theory
4. heuristic theory

b

Question 9.9

The inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed is called

1. category-preferential organization.
2. cognitive-visual deficit.
3. a category-specific deficit.
4. aphasia.

c

393

Question 9.10

Making use of which of the following would most likely lead to a solution to a problem?

1. rational choice theory
2. probability
3. a heuristic
4. an algorithm

d

Question 9.11

People give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased because of

1. the availability bias.
2. the conjunction fallacy.
3. the representativeness heuristic.
4. framing effects.

d

Question 9.12

The view that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains describes

1. expected utility.
2. the frequency format hypothesis.
3. prospect theory.
4. the sunk-cost fallacy.

c

Question 9.13

People with damage to the prefrontal cortex are prone to

1. heightened anticipatory emotional reactions.
2. risky decision making.
3. galvanic skin response.
4. extreme sensitivity to behavioral consequences.

b

Question 9.14

Miranda decides on a goal, analyzes her current situation, lists the differences between her current situation and her goal, then settles on strategies to reduce those differences. Miranda is engaging in

1. means–ends analysis.
2. analogical problem solving.
3. capitalizing on insight.
4. functional fixedness.

a

Question 9.15

What kind of reasoning is aimed at deciding on a course of action?

1. theoretical
2. belief
3. syllogistic
4. practical

d