In classical conditioning, the learned association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli produces
a neutral stimulus.
a conditioned response.
an unconditioned response.
another conditioned stimulus.
b
What occurs when a conditioned stimulus no longer predicts an unconditioned stimulus?
generalization
spontaneous recovery
extinction
acquisition
c
What did Watson and Rayner seek to demonstrate about behaviourism through the Little Albert experiment?
Conditioning involves a degree of cognition.
Classical conditioning has an evolutionary component.
Behaviourism alone cannot explain human behaviour.
Even sophisticated behaviours such as emotion are subject to classical conditioning.
d
Which part of the brain is involved in the classical conditioning of fear?
the amygdala
the cerebellum
the hippocampus
the hypothalamus
a
After having a bad experience with a particular type of food, people can develop a lifelong aversion to the food. This suggests that conditioning has a(n) _____ aspect.
cognitive
evolutionary
neural
behavioural
b
Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement concerning operant conditioning?
Actions and outcomes are critical to operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning involves the reinforcement of behaviour.
Complex behaviours cannot be accounted for by operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning has associative mechanisms with roots in evolutionary behaviour.
c
Which of the following mechanisms have no role in Skinner’s approach to behaviour?
cognitive
neural
evolutionary
all of the above
d
Latent learning provides evidence for a cognitive element in operant conditioning because
it occurs without any obvious reinforcement.
it requires both positive and negative reinforcement.
it points toward the operation of a neural reward centre.
it depends on a stimulus–
a
Activity of neurons in the _____ contributes to the process of reinforcement.
hippocampus
pituitary gland
medial forebrain bundle
parietal lobe
c
Which of the following mechanisms does NOT help form the basis of observational learning?
attention
perception
punishment
memory
c
Neural research indicates that observational learning is closely tied to brain areas that are involved in
memory.
vision.
action.
emotion.
c
What kind of learning takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition?
latent learning
implicit learning
observational learning
conscious learning
b
The process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding is called
habituation.
explicit learning.
serial reaction time.
delay conditioning.
a
Which of the following statements about implicit learning is inaccurate?
Some forms of learning start out explicitly but become more implicit over time.
Implicit learning occurs even in the simplest organisms.
People with high scores on intelligence tests are more adept at implicit learning tasks.
Children learn language and social conduct largely through implicit learning.
c
Responding to implicit instructions results in decreased brain activation in which part of the brain?
the hippocampus
the parietal cortex
the prefrontal cortex
the occipital region
d
Which study strategy has been shown to be the most effective?
highlighting text
re-
summarizing
taking practice tests
d