SI-1

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; those followed by t indicate tables.

AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous

Abilities

attraction and, 523

changing in adulthood, 460–462

intelligence as hierarchy of, 401–403, 402t, 403f

middle-level, 403–407

primary, 402, 402t

Absentmindedness, 250–252, 259

Absolute threshold, 132, 132f, 133t

Absolutism, 29

Abstract concepts, in formal operational stage, 437

Abstract thought, frontal lobe and, 102

Academic performance, procrastination and, 4

ACC. See Anterior cingulate cortex

Acceptance, in rational coping, 562

Accommodation

in cognitive development, 434

visual, 137, 138f

Accuracy motive for social influence, 527, 533–537

Acetylcholine, 88

drug effects on functioning of, 206

Achievement, need for, 344

ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Action potential, 85f, 86–87, 87f

Activation-synthesis model, of dreams, 203

Actor-observer effect, 545

Adaptation

evolutionary, 26

in psychological processes, 3

sensory, 134–135

Adderall (mixed amphetamine salts), 420

Addiction

DRD2 gene and, 591–592

to drugs, 206–208

A-delta fibres, 165

ADHD. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Adolescence, 452–459

brain in, 452–453, 453f

culture and, 454

definition of, 452

mental disorders of, 614–617

parent–child relationships during, 458–459

peer relationships during, 454, 454f, 458–459

protraction of, 453–455, 454f

psychosocial development during, 458, 458t

puberty and, 452, 453–454, 455

sexuality during, 455–457, 455f, 456f, 457f

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 99

Adulthood, 460–466. See also Aging

abilities in, 460–462

definition of, 460

goals in, 463f, 463–464, 464f

roles in, 465f, 465–466, 466f

segregation of the old and, 467

sleep need in, 197

Advertisements, social influence in, 533–534

Advice, parental, in infancy, 442, 442f

Aerobic exercise, for stress management, 564–565

Affect labelling, 320

Affordability of science research, 75

Afterimages, colour, 141, 141f

Age. See also Adolescence; Adulthood; Aging; Childhood; Infancy

attractiveness and, 522

mental, 398

sleep needs and, 197

Aggression, 508–512, 509f

coronary heart disease and, 558, 558f

culture and, 511f, 511–512

definition of, 508

gender and, 509–510, 510f

media violence and, 64

Aging. See also Adulthood

of brain, 462, 462f

of cells, 556–557

stress effects on, 555–557

Agonists, 89, 90f

Agoraphobia, 596

Agreeableness, 478, 478t

AIDS/HIV, 576, 578

Akrasia, 578

Alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome, 555, 555f

Alcohol myopia, 210–211

Alcohol use/abuse, 206, 208

alcohol myopia and, 210–211

driving and, 210–211, 381

expectancy theory of effects of, 210–211

neurotransmitter balance in brain and, 89

rape and, 211

social norming and, 531

teratogenic effects of, 417, 428–430

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 644, 645

Alexithymia, 406

Algorithms, 375

Alpha waves, 195, 196f

Alprazolam (Xanax), 211, 649

Altered states of consciousness, 194, 205–206

Altruism, 516–517

in animals, 516–517

reciprocal, 517

Alzheimer’s disease,

crystallized intelligence and, 405

treatment of mental disorders in, 660t

Ambien (zolpidem), 649

Ambitions, attraction and, 523

Ambivalent attachment style, 444–447

American civil rights movement, social psychology and, 28

American Psychological Association (APA), 31–32

on effectiveness of psychotherapy, 660

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of, 71, 72

founding of, 31

women and minorities in, 31–32

American Psychological Society (APS), 31

American Sign Language (ASL)

in animals, 365

babbling and, 356

brain areas and learning of, 24–25

Ames room, 152, 153f

Amitriptyline (Elavil), 649–650

Amnesia. See also Forgetting; Memory failures

anterograde, 232

childhood, 240

implicit learning and, 303

posthypnotic, 215

retrograde, 232

Amphetamines, 206, 209t

mixed (Adderall), 420

neurotransmitters and, 90, 91

use/abuse of, 211

Amplitude

of light waves, 136, 137t

of sound waves, 158, 159t

Amputation, phantom limb syndrome and, 104

Amusement, 324

Amygdala, 7, 98f, 99–100, 122

classical conditioning and, 274–275

dreaming and, 204, 204f

emotion and, 99, 122, 319f, 319–320, 320f

memory and, 99, 234, 258–259, 259f

in social phobia, 654, 654f

Anal stage, 487

Analgesia, hypnotic, 216, 216f

Analogical problem solving, 383f, 383–384

Analytic intelligence, 405–406

Analytic, style of information processing, 30

Anandamide, 213

Androgens. See Testosterone

Androgyny, 481

Anesthesia, for surgery, 177

Anger, 323f, 324. See also Aggression

physiological arousal and, 317

The Animal Mind (Washburn), 16

SI-2

Animals. See also Birds; Primates

anthropomorphization of, 482–483

brain development in, 107–108

conditioning in. See Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning

emotional expression in, 323

observational learning in, 297

personality in, 482–483

as research subjects, 72–73

self-recognition in, 186

social behaviour in, 508

Animals in Translation (Grandin), 615

Anonymity, avoiding demand characteristics with, 46

Anorexia nervosa, 335–336

Anorexigenic signals, 335

ANS. See Autonomic nervous system

Antagonists (drugs), 89, 90f

Anterior capsulotomy, 656

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

pain and, 570, 570f

placebo effect and, 571

Stroop effect and, 216

Anterograde amnesia, 232

Anthropomorphize, 482–483

Anti-anxiety drugs

for generalized anxiety disorder, 597

risks of, 211, 649

Antidepressant drugs

for depression, 602–603, 650–651

for generalized anxiety disorder, 597

growing use of, 646, 646f

monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 649, 650f

personality and, 480

placebos vs., 657–658, 658f

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 650f, 650–651

tricyclic, 649–650, 650f

Antipsychotic drugs, 646, 648

Antisocial personality disorder (APD), 619t, 619–620

Anvil, of ear, 159, 160f

Anxiety, in psychodynamic approach, 485

Anxiety disorders, 593–597

definition of, 593

drug therapy for, 211, 597, 649

generalized, 596–597

panic, 595–596

phobic, 594–595

APA. See American Psychological Association

APD. See Antisocial personality disorder

Aphasia, 362

Aplysia

habituation in, 300

memory studies on, 235

Apparent motion, 154

Appearance, attraction and, 520–523, 521f

Appetite. See also Hunger

leptin and, 334–335

sickness response and, 569

Appraisal, 319

Approach motivation, 345–346, 346t

Approval motive for social influence, 526, 528–533

APS. See Association for Psychological Science; American Psychological Society

Aptitudes, measurement of, 397–398. See also Intelligence

Area A1, 160–161, 161f

Area VI, 142

Arousal

physiological and emotion, 317f, 317–318, 318f

tegmentum and, 97

Artificial grammar, implicit learning and, 301f, 301–302

Asch’s conformity experiment, 529–530, 530f

ASD. See Autism spectrum disorder

ASL. See American Sign Language

Assimilation, in cognitive development, 434

Association areas, 102–103

Association for Psychological Science (APS), 31

Asylum, 646, 647

Asylum movement, 647

Atherosclerosis, stress and, 558

Ativan (lorazepam), 649

Attachment

becoming attached and, 443–445, 445f

day care and, 444, 447

definition of, 444

memory and, 445, 445f

significance of attachment styles and, 446–447

sources of attachment styles and, 445–446, 446f

temperaments and, 445

Attention

divided, 251

inattentional blindness and, 155

joint, 441, 441f

lapse in, 250–251

selective, 146

testing and, 306–307

vision and, 144–145

visual perception and, 154–155, 155f

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 586, 616

biological factors in, 606

Attitudes. See also Beliefs

attraction and, 523

definition of, 533

Attraction, 518–524

physical factors and, 520–523, 521f

psychological factors and, 523–524

sexual behaviour and, 341–342, 342t

situational factors and, 518–520

Attractiveness, culture and, 521–522

Attributions, 543–545, 544f

Atypical antipsychotics, 648

Audition. See Hearing; Hearing loss

Auditory cortex, primary, 102, 103, 160–161, 161f

Auditory nerve, temporal code and, 161

Auditory processing, musical training and, 163

Auditory transduction, 159–160, 160f

Authoritarianism, 477

Autism, 439

crystalized intelligence and, 405

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 614–615

biological factors in, 606

treatment for, 615

Autobiographical memory, 495

Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 92f, 93–94

classical conditioning and, 275

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage, 458t

Autoreceptors, 87f, 88

Availability bias, 375, 375f

Aversions, learned, 275–276

Avoidance motivation, 345–347, 346t

Avoidant attachment style, 444–447

Axons, 82, 81f

myelin sheath around. See Myelin sheath

of squid, study of, 84

terminal buttons of, 87

Babbling

in deaf infants, 356, 360

language development and, 356

Babies. See Infancy

Baconian Method. See Scientific method

Bacteria, obesity and, 337

Balance, sense of, 167

Balanced placebo design, 210

Barbiturates, 206, 209, 209t, 2011

BAS. See Behavioural activation system

Basal ganglia, 98f, 100

concepts and categories and, 372

Basilar membrane, 159, 160f

place code and, 161

Beauty, culture and, 521–522

Bedlam, 647

Behaviour, 2

The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis (Skinner), 19

Behavioural therapy, 637–639, 638t

mirror box therapy as, 104

Behavioural activation system (BAS), 483

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS), 483

Behavioural neuroscience, 24–25. See also Neuroimaging

Behaviourism, 16, 18–20

conditioning and. See Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning

definition of, 16

development of, 18–19

emergence of, 16, 18

language development and, 359

replacement by cognitive psychology, 20

Belief bias, 389–390

Beliefs. See also Attitudes

attraction and, 523

cognitive development and, 437–438

definition of, 533

false, in schizophrenia, 608

irrational, cognitive therapy for, 639t, 639–641

observations and, 67–68

reasoning and. See Reasoning

Bell curve, 48, 48f

of intelligence, 416, 416f

Bem Sex Role Inventory, 481

Benzodiazepines

for generalized anxiety disorder, 597

risks of, 211, 649

Beta blockers, neurotransmitters and, 91

Beta waves, 195, 196f

Beyond Freedom and Dignity (Skinner), 19

Bias

availability, 375, 375f

belief, 389–390

change, 257

cognitive modification for, 642

consistency, 257

correspondence, 544–545

egocentric, 257

intelligence tests and, 396, 418–419

as memory failure, 256–257, 260

observer, 46–47

optimism, culture and, 378

self-serving, 500–501

Big Five factor model, 478t, 478–480

Bilateral asymmetry, aging and, 462, 462f

Bilingualism

brain and, 363–365, 365f

need for, 364

Binding problem, 144

SI-3

Binge drinking, social norming and, 531

Binocular depth cues, 151–152, 151f

Binocular disparity, 151–152, 152f

Biofeedback, 564

Biological preparedness, 276

Biological treatments

deep brain stimulation, 656

drug therapy. See Drug therapy

electroconvulsive therapy, 654–655

phototherapy, 655

psychosurgery, 655–656

transcranial magnetic stimulation, 655

trephining as, 646

Biopsychosocial perspective, 589

Bipolar cells, 83, 83f, 138f, 139

Bipolar disorder, 604–607

drug therapy for, 651

Birds

learning to sing in, 360

self-recognition in, 186

Birth control, during adolescence, 457

Birth order, intelligence and, 411

BIS. See Behavioural inhibition system

Blind spot, 137f, 139, 140f

Blindness

change, 154–155, 155f

colour, 141

inattentional, 155

Blocking, 252

BMI. See Body mass index

Body management, for stress, 563–565

Body mass index (BMI), 336, 337f, 337t

Body position sense, 167

Body senses, 164–167. See also Pain; Touch

Body shape, attractiveness and, 521–522

Body surface, neural representation of, 164–165

Body temperature, hypothalamus and, 98

Body weight. See also Obesity

eating wisely and, 576, 577

loss of, 577

Bonding. See Attachment

Boot-camp interventions, 661, 661t

Botox injections, 326

Bottom-up control, 166, 169, 170

Brain, 95–105

adolescent, 452–453, 453f

aging, 462, 462f

amygdala of. See Amygdala

anterior cingulate cortex of. See Anterior cingulate cortex

attention and, 251

basal ganglia of, 98f, 100, 372

bilingualism and, 363–365, 365f

Broca’s area of, 7, 115, 304, 362, 362f

cerebellum of, 96, 97f, 274

cerebral cortex of. See Cerebral cortex

cerebral hemispheres of. See Cerebral hemispheres

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and, 79–80

cognitive neuroscience and, 24–25, 25f

collaboration with spinal cord, 94–95, 95f

compensatory response to drugs, 270

concepts and categories and, 371–373, 373f

consciousness and. See Consciousness

corpus callosum of, 101, 101f, 115–117, 116f, 117f

damage to. See Brain damage

decision making and, 380–381, 381f

deep brain stimulation of, 656

depression and, 603, 603f

dreaming and, 204f, 204–205

electrical activity of, 118f, 118–119

embryonic, 106, 106f

emotion and, 316–317, 317f, 318, 319f, 319–320, 320f, 332

evolutionary development of, 107f, 107–108

exercise and, 105

forebrain of. See Forebrain

frontal lobe of. See Frontal lobe

fusiform gyrus of, 122

hindbrain of, 96, 96f, 97f, 106, 107

hippocampus of. See Hippocampus

hunger and, 335

hypothalamus of. See Hypothalamus

imaging of. See Neuroimaging

implicit vs. explicit learning and, 303–304

insight and, 386–387

language areas of, 7, 24–25, 115, 304, 362f, 362–363

language development and, 362–366

lateral geniculate nucleus of, 141, 142f

limbic system of. See Amygdala; Hippocampus; Hypothalamus; Limbic system

long-term memory and, 231f, 231–232

medial forebrain bundle of, 291, 291f

meditation and, 563

medulla of, 96, 97f

memory and, 245–246, 246f, 251, 254, 254f, 258–259, 259f

midbrain of, 96f, 96–97, 97f, 106, 107

mind and. See Mind

motor cortex of. See Motor cortex

musical training and, 163

myths about, 124

nucleus accumbens of, 291, 291f

observational learning and, 299–300

occipital cortex of, 142, 143f

occipital lobe of, 100f, 101

ontogeny of, 106

operant conditioning and, 291f, 291–292

pain and, 166, 570f, 570–571

parietal cortex of, 303

parietal lobe of, 100f, 101, 142, 143f, 145

periaqueductal grey of, 166

personality and, 115, 115f, 483–484

phylogeny of, 106–107

placebo effect and, 571

plasticity of, 103–105

pleasure centres of, 291f, 291–292

political orientation and, 482

pons of, 96, 97f

post-traumatic stress disorder and, 600, 600f

prefrontal cortex of. See Prefrontal cortex

prenatal development of, 106f, 106–107

primary auditory cortex of, 102, 103, 160–161, 161f

priming and, 244

reasoning and, 391, 391f

reticular formation of, 96, 97f

retrieval and, 240

in schizophrenia, 610–611, 611f, 612f, 648

self-concept and, 496f, 496–497

sickness response and, 569

smell sense and, 168f, 168–169

in social phobia, 654, 654f

socioeconomic status and, 413–414

somatosensory cortex of, 101–102, 103, 570, 570f

Stroop effect and, 216, 217f

subcortical structures of, 97–100, 98f

substantia nigra of, 100

surgery to, 655–656

tectum of, 96–97, 97f

tegmentum of, 97, 97f

temporal lobe of, 100f, 102, 115

thalamus of, 98, 98f

types of judgments and, 225f

ventricles of, in schizophrenia, 611, 611f

vision and, 141–144, 142f

visual cortex of. See Visual cortex

Wernicke’s area of, 115, 362f, 362–363

Brain damage

cerebral hemispheres and, 115–117, 116f, 117f

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and, 79–80

emotion and, 115

studies of, 114–117

Brain death, 123

Brain networks, 121

Brave New World (Huxley), 205

Broca’s aphasia, 362

Broca’s area, 7, 115, 304, 362, 362f

implicit learning and, 304

Bulimia nervosa, 335

Burnout, 559–560

Buspirone (Buspar), 649

for generalized anxiety disorder, 597

Bystander intervention, 515, 515f

C fibres, 165

Caffeine, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211

Canadian Association for Neuroscience–association canadienne de neuroscience (CAN-ACN), 31

Canadian government food and nutrition experiments, 70

Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), 31

on effectiveness of psychotherapy, 660

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of, 71, 72, 74, 661

Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science (CSBBCS), 31

Cancer treatment, food aversions and, 276

Cannabis, 208f, 213–214

Cannon-Bard theory, 316–317, 317f, 318

Capgras syndrome, 331, 331f

Cardiovascular disease, stress and, 557–558, 558f

Careers in psychology, 33–34

Caregivers. See also Parents

infants’ ways of keeping close, 443–444

primary, attachment and, 443–446

responsiveness of, 445–446, 446f

Case method, 64

Catatonic behaviour, 609

Catecholamines, stress and, 554, 554f

Categories

brain and, 371–373, 373f

exemplar theory of, 371, 371f

family resemblance theory of, 370, 370f

prototype theory of, 370, 370f, 371f

psychological theories of, 369–371

Categorization

memory and, 225–226, 226f

racism and, 28

warping of perception by, 539–540, 540f

Category-specific deficit, 372–373, 373f

Causation, 54–62

CBM. See Cognitive bias modification

CBT. See Cognitive behavioural therapy

Celexa (Citalopram), 650, 654, 654f

Cell body, of neurons, 81, 81f

SI-4

Cell phones, driving while using, 146, 251

The Center Cannot Hold: My Journey Through Madness (Saks), 613

Central nervous system (CNS), 92, 92f. See also Brain; Spinal cord

components of, 94f, 94–95, 95f

depressants and, 209–211

evolutionary development of, 107f, 107–108

prenatal development of, 106f, 106–107

Central nucleus, classical conditioning and, 274

Central tendency, statistics describing, 49, 49f

Centration, 436

Cephalocaudal rule, 432

Cerebellum, 96, 97f

classical conditioning and, 274

Cerebral cortex, 97, 98f, 100f, 100–103

definition of, 97

hemispheres of. See Cerebral hemispheres

organization within specific lobes, 102–103

in social phobia, 654, 654f

Cerebral hemispheres, 97, 100–102, 101f

organization across, 100–101, 101f

organization within, 101–102, 102f

right, language development and, 363

specialization of, 115–117, 116f, 117f

Certainty effect, 379

CFI. See Cultural Formulation Interview

Challenges

hardiness and, 575

threats vs., 559

Change bias, 257

Change blindness, 154–155, 155f

Charles Bonnet syndrome, 156

Chemical senses. See Smell sense; Taste sense

Chemical signalling. See Neurotransmitters

Childhood

aversion to watching others’ suffering in, 451

birth order and intelligence and, 411

cognitive development in. See Cognitive development

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development in, 458, 458t

gifted children and, 416–417

mental disorders in, 614–617

moral development in. See Moral development

parental intelligence and, 408, 409t

perceptual and motor development in, 431–433, 432f

sleep need in, 197

Childhood abuse, suicide and, 112

Childhood amnesia, culture and, 240

Chimeric faces, 117, 117f

Chloride ions, 85

Chlorpromazine, 646

Chromosomes, 108, 109f

sex, 108, 427

telomerase and, 556–557

of zygote, 427

Chronic stressors, 551–552

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), 79–80

Chunking, 229

Cigarette smoking. See Nicotine; Smoking

Cilia, 107

Cingulate cortex. See Anterior cingulate cortex

Cingulotomy, 656

Circadian rhythm, 195

CISD. See Critical-incident stress debriefing

Citalopram (Celexa), 650, 654, 654f

Classical conditioning, 267–276

acquisition in, 269, 269f

basic principles of, 268–271

cognitive elements of, 273f, 273–274

definition of, 267

discrimination in, 271

of emotional responses, 272–273

evolutionary elements of, 275–276

extinction in, 269f, 270–271

of fear, 272–273, 274–275

generalization in, 271

neural elements of, 274–275

Pavlov’s experiments on, 267f, 267–270, 268f

second-order, 269–270

spontaneous recovery in, 269f, 271

Classroom learning, 304–309. See also Education

control of learning and, 307–309

techniques for, 304–306, 305t

testing and attention and, 306–307

Claustrophobia, 594

Client-centred therapy, 636

Clinical psychologists, 33, 33f

Clinical psychology, development of, 13–15

Cliques, adolescent, 459

Closure, perceptual organization and, 148, 149f

Clozapine (Clozaril), 648

CNS. See Central nervous system

Coca-Cola, 212

Cocaine, 206, 207, 208, 209t, 211–212

neurotransmitters and, 90

Cochlea, 159, 160f

Cochlear implants, 162

Codeine, 211

Coercion, freedom from, 71

Cognition. See also Cognitive development; Reasoning; Thought

bilingualism and, 363–364

classical conditioning and, 273f, 273–274

depression and, 604

implicit learning and, 301f, 301–302

operant conditioning and, 288–291

social. See Social cognition

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), 641–642

drug therapy and, 652, 652f

drug therapy vs., 654, 654f

Cognitive bias modification (CBM), 642

Cognitive development, 433–442. See also Cognition; Reasoning; Thought

culture and, 440–441, 441f

definition of, 433

desires and emotions and, 438

egocentrism and, 437, 438

language development and, 358–359

perceptions and beliefs and, 437–438

Piaget’s stages of, 433t, 433–441, 434f, 435f

theory of mind and, 438–439

Cognitive dissonance, 535–537, 536f

Cognitive enhancers, 420–421

Cognitive maps, 289–290, 290f

Cognitive neuroscience, 25

Cognitive psychology, 20–23

Cognitive Psychology (Neisser), 23

Cognitive restructuring, 639t, 639–641

Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, 609

Cognitive therapy, 639t, 639–641

Cognitive unconscious, 191–193, 193f

Collaborative inhibition, 247

Collaborative memory, 246–247, 248

College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS), 550–551, 551t

Colour afterimages, 141, 141f

Colour blindness, 141

Colour deficiency, 141

Colour-opponent system, 141

Colour, perception of, 140–141

Colour processing, language and, 367f, 367–368

Colour vision, 140f, 140–141, 141f

Coma, 185

Combustion, phlogiston theory of, 41

Commissures, 101

Commitment, hardiness and, 575

Common fate, perceptual organization and, 148, 149f

Common knowledge effect, 514

Communication. See Language; Language development; Speech

Community mental health centres, 647

Comorbidity, 587

Companionate love, 524–525, 525f

Comparison level, 525

Comparison level for alternatives, 525

Complexity

empirical method and, 42

of sound waves, 158, 159t

Compound remote associates, 386–387

Computers. See Technology

Computerized axial tomography scans (CT scans), of brain, 119, 119f

Concept

abstract, in formal operational stage, 437

brain and, 371–373, 373f

definition of, 369

exemplar theory of, 371, 371f

family resemblance theory of, 370, 370f

prototype theory of, 370, 370f, 371f

psychological theories of, 369–371

of time, language and, 368

Conceptual priming, 244

Concorde, sunk-cost fallacy and, 377

Concrete operational stage, 433, 433t, 436–437

Conditioned response (CR), 268, 268f, 269, 269f, 271, 275

Conditioned stimulus (CS), 268f, 268–270, 269f, 275

Conditioning. See Classical conditioning; Operant conditioning

Conditioning chamber, 18, 19

Conduct disorder, 616–617, 620

Conduction, in neurons, 84–87

Conductive hearing loss, 162

Cones, in retina, 138f, 139, 140–141, 141f

Confidentiality, in research, 71

Confirmation, perceptual, 541

Confirmatory factor analysis, 402–403, 403f

Conformity, 529–530, 530f

Congenital abnormalities, teratogens causing, 428–430

Conjunction fallacy, 375–376, 376f

Conscientiousness, 478, 478t

Conscious motivations, 344–345

Consciousness, 177–217

anesthesia for surgery and, 177

basic properties of, 182f, 182–183, 183f

contents of, 186–189, 187t

daydreaming and, 188, 188f

decision making and, 192–193, 193f

definition of, 8, 178

detection of, 185, 192–193

dream, 200–205. See also Dreams

disorders of, 185, 192–193

drugs and, 205–214

full, 184

SI-5

hypnosis and. See Hypnosis

intentionality of, 182

levels of, 177–178, 183–186

mind and, See Mind.

mind-body problem and, 180f, 180–181, 181f

minimal, 184, 185

nature of, 181–189

of others, perceiving, 179–180, 180f

phenomenology and, 179

problem of other minds and, 179–180, 180f

selectivity of, 182–183

self-, 184, 186

sleep and. See Sleep

thought suppression and, 188f, 188–189

transience of, 183

unconscious mind and, 189–192

unity of, 182

Consent, informed, 71

Conservation, in cognitive development, 436

Consistency bias, 257

Consistency, social influence and, 535–537, 536f

Consolidation, of memories, 232–234

Content morphemes, 353–354

Context, drug overdoses and, 270

Continuity, perceptual organization and, 148, 149f

Contralateral control, 101

Control

contralateral, 101

hardiness and, 575

locus of, 493, 493t

perceived, over stressful events, 553

Control group, 58, 59f

Conventional antipsychotics, 648

Conventional stage of moral development, 448

Cooperation, 512–517

definition of, 512

groups and favouritism and, 513–515, 515f

risk and trust and, 512f, 512–513

Coping

rational, 561–562

repressive, 561

Cornea, 137f

Corpus callosum, 101, 101f

crossing of, by seizures, 115–116

severing of, 116f, 116–117, 117f

Correlation, 51t, 51–57

causation and, 54–62

factor analysis and, 401–402

natural, 54–55

patterns of variation and, 52

strength and direction of, 52–54, 53f, 54f

third-variable problem and, 55f, 55–57, 56f

Correlation coefficients, 53

Correspondence bias, 544–545

Cortex, cerebral. See Cerebral cortex

Cortisol, stress and, 259, 554, 554f

Counselling psychologists, 33

Counsellor, 631

Couples therapy, 643

Covariation model of attributions, 543–544, 544f

Cover stories, observation and, 46

CPA. See Canadian Psychological Association

CR. See Conditioned response

Crack cocaine, 212

Cramming, 305–306

Creative intelligence, 405–406

Creativity, 384–388

Critical-incident stress debriefing (CISD), 661, 661t

Critical thinking, in research, 66–69

Crystallized intelligence, 405

CS. See Conditioned stimulus

CSBBCS. See Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science

CT scans. See Computerized axial tomography

CTE. See Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Cue exposure therapies, 270

Cues

depth, 150–152

retrieval, 236–237

Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI), 589

Cultural psychology, 28–30

Culture

adolescence and, 454

aggression and, 511f, 511–512

anorexia nervosa and, 335–336

beauty and, 521–522

behaviour and, 30

change blindness and, 157

childhood amnesia and, 240

cognitive development and, 440–441, 441f

emotional expression and, 323f, 323–324

immigrants, social support and, 566

intelligence concept and, 406–407

mental disorders and, 29, 589

moral development and, 449

optimism bias and, 378

pain intensity and, 166

personality and, 481, 492

reinforcers and, 281

social influence and, 528

tone of voice and, 330

treatment for mental disorders and, 632

CUSS. See College Undergraduate Stress Scale

Cytokines, 569

DARE program, 661, 661t

Darwin’s theory of natural selection, 11

Data-based approach, 403–405, 404f, 405f, 406

Day care, attachment and, 444, 447

Daydreaming, 188, 188f

DBS. See Deep brain stimulation

Deafness. See Hearing loss

Debriefing, 71

Deception

in experiments, 71

insincere facial expressions and, 327, 327f

lie detection and, 327–330, 328f

Decision making, 374–381

availability bias and, 375, 375f

brain and, 380–381, 381f

conjunction fallacy and, 375–376, 376f

errors in, reasons for, 378–380

framing effects and, 377

joint decisions and, 516

judging frequencies and probabilities and, 374–375

rational choice theory of, 374

representativeness heuristic and, 376–377

Declaration of Helsinki, 70

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), 656

Deep structure, of language, 354–355

Defense mechanisms, 486, 486t

Definitions, operational, 44

Degree of relatedness, 109

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), sexual desire and, 339

Deindividuation, 514

Deinstitutionalization movement, 646–648

De-intensification, emotional expression and, 326

Delayed reinforcement and punishment, 280f, 280–281

Delta waves, 195, 196f

Delusions, in schizophrenia, 608

Demand characteristics, 45–46

Demerol, 211

Demyelinating diseases, 82

Dendrites, 81, 81f

receptors of, 87, 88

Dependent variable, 58

Depressants, 209–211

Depression

bipolar disorder vs., 604–607, 651

brain and, 603, 603f

cognitive model of, 604

culture and, 29

double, 601–602

postpartum, 602

treatment of, 650–651, 657–658, 658f, 660t.See also Antidepressant drugs

in twins, 602

unipolar, 601–604

Depressive disorders, 601–604

biological factors in, 602–603, 603f, 606

psychological factors in, 604

Depth cues

binocular, 151–152, 152f

monocular, 150–151, 151f

pictorial, 150–151, 151f

Depth, illusions of, 152, 153f

Description, 47–50

graphic representations as, 47–48, 48f

statistics and, 48–50, 49f, 50f

Descriptive statistics, 48–50, 49f, 50f

Desire, cognitive development and, 438

Development, 425–467

in adolescence. See Adolescence

in adulthood. See Adulthood

in childhood. See Childhood

cognitive. See Cognitive development

in infancy. See Infancy

moral, 447–451

motor, 431–433, 432f

perceptual, 431

prenatal, 426–430, 427f

psychosocial, Erikson’s stages of, 458, 458t

social, 442–447

Developmental psychologists, 12

Developmental psychology, 426

Deviation IQ, 398

Dexedrine, 211

DHEA. See Dehydroepiandrosterone

Diagnoses, 586

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 587, 588t, 590, 592

Diathesis-stress model, 589–590

Diazepam (Valium)

for generalized anxiety disorder, 211, 597, 649

effects on consciousness, 206

for sleep problems, 211

Dichotic listening, 182

Dieting

ineffectiveness of, 577

psychology of, 579

Diffusion chain, 296–297

Diffusion of responsibility, 514–515, 515f

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), of brain, 120, 120f

Digit memory test, 223, 223f

Discrimination (against people)

SI-6

definition of, 513

stress and illness related to, 552

Discrimination (process)

in classical conditioning, 271

in operant conditioning, 282–283

Discriminative stimulus, 282

Discursive reasoning, 388–389

Disease, 586

Disgust, 323f, 324

Disorder, 586

Disorganized attachment style, 444–447

Disorganized speech, in schizophrenia, 608

Displacement, 486t

Display rules, 326–327

Dispositional attributions, 543–544, 544f

Distributed practice, 305t, 305–306

Distributed representation, 147

Divided attention, 251

The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (Bauby), 217

Divorce, 525–526

Dizygotic twins, 109–110

DNA, 108

epigenetic marks and, 110

DNA methylation, 110–111, 112

Doctor–patient interaction, 573, 573f

Door-in-the-face technique, 529

The Doors of Perception (Huxley), 205

Dopamine, 88

drug effects on functioning of, 206

hypothesis of schizophrenia, 610, 648

Parkinson’s disease and, 89–90, 100, 292

receptors and DRD2 gene, 591–592

Dopaminergic neurons, operant conditioning and, 291–292

Dorsal visual stream, 142, 143, 143f

Double-blind experiment, 659

Double-blind observation, 47

Double depression, 601–602

Down syndrome, 417

DRD2 gene, 591

Dreams, 200–205

activation-synthesis model of, 203

brain and, 204f, 204–205

dream consciousness and, 201–202

Freudian theory of, 202–203

latent content of, 202

manifest content of, 202

theories of, 202–203

Dream analysis, in psychoanalysis, 634

Drinking. See Alcohol use/abuse

Drives, 333–334

Driving

cell phone use during, 146, 251

cost of speeding and, 527f

drinking and, 210–211, 381

road rage and, 558

Drugs

addiction to, 206–208. See also Alcohol use/abuse; Substance abuse

agonist and antagonist, 89, 90f

balance of neurotransmitters in brain and, 89

cognitive enhancers, 420–421

gateway, 214

overdoses of, 270

psychoactive. See Drug therapy; Psychoactive drugs

tolerance to, 209–207, 270, 649

Drug therapy, 646, 648–654

anti-anxiety drugs for, 211, 597, 649

antidepressant drugs for, 480, 597, 602–603, 646, 646f, 649–651, 650f

antipsychotic drugs for, 646, 648

natural remedies for, 651–652, 652f

psychologists prescribing and, 654

mood stabilizers for, 651

overuse of, 653

placebos vs., 657–658, 658f

psychotherapy and, 652, 652f

psychotherapy vs., 654, 654f

DSM. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

DTI. See Diffusion tensor imaging

Dualism, 6

Ducklings, imprinting in, 443

Duration, facial expressions and, 327

Dynamic unconscious, 190–191, 485

Dysgenic fertility, 414

Dysphasia, genetic, 360

Dysthymia, 601–602

EAR (electronically activated recorder), 476

Ear, 159–160, 160f

vestibular system of, 167

Early experience, persisting effects of, 112

Early memories, 261

Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), 615

Eating disorders, 335–339, 336f, 337f, 337t

Eating wisely, 576, 577

Ebbinghaus’s studies of memory, 249–250, 250f

Echoic memory, 228

Ecstasy (MDMA), 206, 209t, 211–212

ECT. See Electroconvulsive therapy

Edge assignment, 148–149

Education. See also Classroom learning

for careers in psychology, 33

intelligence and, 414–415

sex, 457, 578

EEG. See Electroencephalograph

Effect, law of, 277f, 277–278, 278f

Effexor (Venlafaxine), 650

Ego, 485

Egocentric bias, 257

Egocentrism, cognitive development and, 437, 438

Ego integrity vs. despair stage, 458t

Egotism, implicit, 501–502

Elaborative interrogation, effectiveness as study technique, 305, 305t

Elavil (amitriptyline), 649–650

Electric signalling

action potential and, 85f, 86–87, 87f

resting potential and, 84–85, 85f

Electrical activity, of brain, 118f, 118–119

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 654–655

Electroencephalograph (EEG), 118, 118f

biofeedback and, 564

sleep and, 195–197, 196f

Electromagnetic spectrum, 136, 136f

Electromyography (EMG), relaxation therapy and, 563–564

Electronically activated recorder. See EAR

Electrooculograph (EOG), during sleep, 195–197

Embarrassment, 324

Embryonic brain, 106, 106f

Embryonic stage, 427, 427f

EMG. See Electromyography

Emotion, 3, 314–330

amygdala and, 99, 122, 319f, 319–320, 320f

appraisal and, 319

assessing, 187, 187t

basic, 323f, 323–324

brain and, 99, 122, 319f, 319–320, 320f, 332

Cannon-Bard theory of, 316–317, 317f, 318

cognitive development and, 438

definition of, 314–316, 315f

dream consciousness and, 201–202

expressed, 607

James-Lange theory of, 316–317, 317f, 318

limbic system and, 99

motivation and, 331f, 331–332

multidimensional scaling and, 314–316, 315f

physiological responses and, 315–318, 317f, 318f

regulation of, 320–321

sexual behaviour and, 341–342, 342t

two-factor theory of, 317f, 317–318

Emotion regulation, 320–321

Emotional expression, 322–330

cause and effect of, 324–326, 326f

communicative, 323–326

culture and, 323f, 323–324, 330

deceptive, 326–330, 327f, 328f

definition of, 322

facial expressions and. See Facial expressions

suppression of, 320

universality of, 323f, 323–324

Emotional intelligence, 406

alexithymia and, 406

Empathy, in childhood, 451

Empirical method, 42–43

Empiricism, 40–43

definition of, 40

observation and, 42–43

scientific method and, 40–42

Encephalopathy, traumatic, chronic, 79–80

Encoding, 222, 223f, 223–227

organizational, 225f, 225–226, 226f

semantic, 223–224, 225f

of survival-related information, 226–227, 227f

of visual imagery, 224–225, 225f

Encoding specificity principle, 236–237

Enculturation hypothesis, 298

End of history illusion, 460

Endocrine system. See also Hormones and specific hormones by name

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and, 554, 554f

Endogenous opioids, 212–213, 571

Endorphins, 89

Environment

gene expression and, 110–111, 111f

intelligence and, 411–415, 412f, 413f, 413t, 419–420

nonshared, 410–411

phobias and, 595

prenatal, 428–430

shared, 410–411

Environmental psychology, 552

Enzyme deactivation, 87f, 88

EOG. See Electrooculograph

Epidemiology, 589

Epigenetic marks, 110

Epigenetic writers, 110

Epigenetics, 110–112, 111f

Epinephrine, stress and, 554, 554f, 567

Episodic memory, 244–247, 246f

imagining the future and, 245–246, 246f

Equity, in relationships, 525

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, 458, 458t

SI-7

Erotogenic zones, 487

Errors, in decision making, reasons for, 378–380

ESDM. See Early Start Denver Model

ESP. See Extrasensory perception

Estrogen

odour related to, 171

sexual desire and, 339–340

Estrus, 340

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (CPA), 71, 72, 74, 661

Ethics. See also Moral development

in research, 70–74

in psychiatric treatment, 661

Etiology, 587

Evolution

altruism in, 516–517

classical conditioning and, 275–276

operant conditioning and, 293f, 293–294

self-esteem and, 499–500

Evolutionary psychology, 25–26

Exams, studying for, 305–306

Excitement phase of human sexual response cycle, 341, 341f

Excitement, physiological arousal and, 317

Exemplar theory of concepts, 371, 371f

Exercise

aerobic, for stress management, 564–565

brain function and, 105

Exhaustion phase of general adaptation syndrome, 555, 555f

Existential approach, 489–490

Existential therapy, 636–637

Existentialist psychologists, 488

Expectancies, outcome, 493

Expectancy theory, of alcohol effects, 210–211

Expectations

in classical conditioning, 273f, 273–274

influence on observations, 47

influence on reality, 47

observations and, 67–68

placebo effect and, 657–658, 658f

reward learning in Parkinson’s disease and, 292

Experience-sampling technique, 186–187, 187t

Experiments, 57–69

animal subjects in, 72–73

beliefs and, 67–68

critical steps in, 58

critical thinking and, 66–69

definition of, 57

double-blind, 659

ethics and, 70–74

food and nutrition, 70

human subjects in, 70–72

manipulation and, 57–58, 59f

random assignment and, 59–61, 60f

sampling and, 64–66

significance and, 61–62

subjects for, 63–66

validity and, 62–63

Experimental group, 58, 59f

Explicit learning

implicit learning vs., 302

neural pathways and, 303f, 303–304

Explicit memory, 242f, 242–244, 243f, 244f

Exposure and response prevention, 639

Exposure, in rational coping, 562

Exposure therapy, 638t, 638–639

Expressed emotion, 607

The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 323

Expressive writing, as reframing technique, 562–563

External forces, 28

External locus of control, 493, 493t

External validity, 62–63

Extinction

in behavioural therapy, 638t, 638–639

in classical conditioning, 270–271

in operant conditioning, 283

resistance to, intermittent reinforcement effect and, 286

Extrasensory perception (ESP), 61

Extraversion, 478, 478t, 483

Extrinsic motivation, 343–344, 344f

Eye, 136–137, 137f, 138f

Eyeblink, conditioning of, 274

Eysenck’s personality theory, 478

Facebook, personality judgments and, 479

Faces, chimeric, 117, 117f

Facial expressions

ambiguity of, 325

facial feedback hypothesis and, 324–326, 326f

infant mimicry of, 431

muscle movements and, 322–323, 324, 326

sincerity of, 327, 327f

universality of, 323f, 323–324

Facial feedback hypothesis, 324–326, 326f

Factor analysis, 401–403

confirmatory, 402–403, 403f

personality traits and, 477–478

Fallacies

conjunction, 375–376, 376f

sunk-cost, 377

False-belief task, 437–438

False hope syndrome, 579

False memories, 255–256

False recognition, 253

Familiar size, as depth cue, 150, 151f

Family resemblance theory of concepts, 370, 370f

Family therapy, 643

Farsightedness, 137, 138f

FASD. See Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Fast mapping, 356

Favouritism, 513–515, 515f

Fear, 323f, 324. See also Anxiety disorders

amygdala and, 99

conditioning of, 272–273, 274–275

observational learning of, 297

phobic disorders, 594–595

physiological arousal and, 317

Feature detectors

single-neuron, 142, 143f

in visual cortex, 118–119

Feature-integration theory, 145

Fertility, dysgenic, 414

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), 417, 428–430

Fetal stage, 427f, 427–428

Fetus, hearing in, 430

FI. See Fixed-interval schedule

Field theory, 28

Fight-or-flight response

to stress, 554f, 554–555, 555f

gender and, 567

Figure-ground relationship, 148–149, 149f

Filler items, observation and, 46

Five-factor personality model, 478t, 478–480

Fixation, 487

Fixed-interval schedule (FI), 284

Fixed-ratio schedule (FR), 285

Flashbulb memories, 258

Flavour, 168, 173

Fluid intelligence, 405

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

for depression, 602, 650

for generalized anxiety disorder, 597

neurotransmitters and, 91

Flynn effect, 412

fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance imaging

Food and nutrition experiments, 70

Food aversions, 275–276

Food intake

appetite and, 334–335, 569

eating disorders and, 335–339, 336f, 337f, 337t

eating wisely and, 576, 577

hunger and, 334–335, 335f

obesity and, 336f, 336–339, 337f, 337t, 576

portion size and, 338, 339f, 577

Foot-in-the-door technique, 535

Forebrain, 96f, 97–103, 98f. See also Cerebral cortex

development of, 107, 107f, 108

formation of, 106

limbic system of, 99–100. See also Amygdala; Hippocampus; Hypothalamus

subcortical structures of, 97–100, 98f

Forgetting. See also Amnesia; Memory failures

dream consciousness and, 201

retrieval-induced, 238–239, 240

Form agnosia, visual, 142–143, 143f

Formal operational stage, 433, 433t, 437

Fovea, 137f, 138f, 139

FR. See Fixed-ratio schedule

Framed-line test, 30

Framing effects, 377

functional fixedness and, 385f, 385–386, 386f, 387f, 388f

Fraternal twins, 109–110

Fraud, in research, 73–74

Free association, in psychoanalysis, 634

Freedom, from coercion, 71

Freezing, 274–275

Frequencies, judging, 374–375

Frequency distributions, 48, 48f

positively skewed, 49–50, 50f

Frequency format hypothesis of decision-making errors, 379–380

Frequency, of sound waves, 158, 159t

Freudian slips, 190

Freudian theory. See Psychoanalysis; Psychoanalytic theory; Psychodynamic approach

Friendships, in adolescence, 454, 454f, 459

Frontal lobes, 100f, 102

attention and, 251

Broca’s area in, 115

DRD2 gene and, 591

personality and, 115, 115f, 480

retrieval and, 240

Frustration–aggression hypothesis, 509

Full consciousness, 184

Function morphemes, 354

Functional brain imaging, 2, 120–123, 121f

Functional fixedness, 385f, 385–386, 386f, 387f, 388f

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 2, 120–122, 121f

Functionalism, 10–12

Fundamental attribution error, 544

Fusiform gyrus, 122

SI-8

GABA. See Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GAD. See Generalized anxiety disorder

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 88

alcohol and, 209

anti-anxiety medications and, 649

drug effects on functioning of, 206

Ganglion cells, retinal, 138f, 139, 141

GAS. See General adaptation syndrome

Gate-control theory of pain, 166

Gateway drugs, 214

Gaussian distribution, 48, 48f

Gender

aggression and, 509–510, 510f

intelligence and, 418

moral development and, 448

personality and, 481

selection of sexual partners and, 517–518, 519

social support and, 567

Genes, 108–110, 109f. See also Genetic factors; Heritability

environmental influence on expression of, 110–111, 111f

obesity and, 337

General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 554–555, 555f

General factor, 403, 403f

Generalization, 64–65

in classical conditioning, 271

in operant conditioning, 282–283

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 596–597

General motivations, 345

Generativity vs. stagnation stage, 458t

Genetic dysphasia, 360

Genetic factors. See also Genes; Heritability

intelligence and, 407–411, 415, 419–420

personality and, 480, 480t, 482

Genital stage, 488

Genius, insight and, 384f, 384–385, 385f

Geography

aggression and, 511f, 511–512

attraction and, 520

Geons, 150, 150f

Germinal stage, 427

Gestalt perceptual grouping rules, 148, 149f

Gestalt psychology, 21

Gestalt therapy, 637

Ghrelin, 334

Glial cells, 82

Glucocorticoids, 557

Glutamate, 88

Goals

in adulthood, 463f, 463–464, 464f

personal, in social-cognitive approach, 493, 493t

Grammar

artificial, implicit learning and, 301f, 301–302

definition of, 352

Grammatical rules, emergence of, 357–358

Graphic representations, 47–48, 48f

Grossly disorganized behaviour, in schizophrenia, 608–609

Group

cooperation in, 512–517

definition of, 513

favouritism in, 513–515, 515f

Group factors, 403, 403f

Grouping, memory and, 225–226, 226f

Group polarization, 514

Groups, support, 644–645

Group therapy, 643–644

Groupthink, 514

Guilt, 324

Gustation. See Taste sense

Gyri, 100, 100f

fusiform, 122

Habituation

definition of, 266

implicit learning and, 300

in infants, 431

Hair cells, of ear, 159–160, 160f

Hallucinations

hypnagogic, 200

hypnopompic, 200

in schizophrenia, 608

visual, 156

Hallucinogens, 213

Haloperidol (Haldol), 646

Hammer, of ear, 159, 160f

Happiness, 323f, 324

marriage and parenthood and, 465–466, 466f

physiological arousal and, 317

Haptic perception, 164

Hardiness, health and, 575–576

Harlow’s attachment studies, 442–443

Harm, protection from, 71

Head trauma. See Brain damage

Health. See Illness; Psychology of health; Psychology of illness; Stress

Health psychology, 550

Hear the World Foundation, 158

Hearing, 158–163

absolute threshold for, 133t

ear and, 159–160, 160f

fetal, 430

localizing sound sources and, 161–162

loss of. See Hearing loss

pitch perception and, 160–161, 161f

sound sensation and, 158–159, 159t

stereophonic, 161

temporal lobe and, 102

transduction and, 131t

Hearing loss

cochlear implants for, 162

conductive, 162

language development and, 360, 361–362

language use and, 24–25

sensorineural, 162

sign language for. See Sign language

theory of mind and, 439

Hedonic motive for social influence, 526, 527f, 527–528

Hedonic principle, 332

Helping behaviours, observation of, 45

Helplessness theory, 604

Hemispheres, cerebral. See Cerebral hemispheres

Herbal remedies, for mental disorders, 651–652, 652f

Hereditary Genius (Galton), 407

Heritability, 111, 113. See also Genes; Genetic factors

of bipolar disorder, 606

of depression, 602

of intelligence, 409f, 409–411, 410f

of obesity, 337

of schizophrenia, 609–610

Heritability coefficient, 409–410

Heroin, 206, 208, 209t, 212

overdose of, 270

Heuristic, 375

Heuristic persuasion, 534–535, 535f

Heuristic, representativeness, 376–377

Hierarchy of needs, 489

Highlighting, effectiveness as study technique, 304–305, 305t

Hindbrain, 96, 96f, 97f, 107

formation of, 106

Hippocampus, 7, 98f, 99

implicit vs. explicit learning and, 303

memory and, 99, 231f, 231–232, 245–246, 246f, 251, 254, 254f

post-traumatic stress disorder and, 600, 600f

in social phobia, 654, 654f

Histone modification, 110–111

HIV/AIDS, 576, 578

Hockey, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and, 79–80

Holistic style of information processing, 30

Holocaust, social psychology and, 28

Homeostasis, 333–334

Homunculus, 101

Hormones. See also specific hormones by name

aggression and, 509–510, 510f

hunger and, 334–335

odour related to, 171

sexual desire and, 339–340

stress and, 554, 554f, 567

Hostility. See Aggression

HPA axis. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis

Human Connectome Project, 120, 120f, 121

Humanistic-existential approach, 488–490

Humanistic psychologists, 488

Humanistic psychology, 15, 488–489, 489f

Humanistic therapy, 636–637

Human papillomavirus vaccine, 457

Human sexual response cycle, 340–341, 341f

Human subjects, ethical treatment of, 70–72

Humour, for stress management, 568

Hunger, 334–335, 335f. See also Appetite

hypothalamus and, 98

Hyperopia, 137, 138f

Hypnagogic hallucinations, 200

Hypnagogic state, 194

Hypnic jerk, 194

Hypnopompic hallucinations, 200

Hypnopompic state, 194

Hypnosis, 214–216

definition of, 214

effects of, 215–216, 216f

induction and susceptibility to, 214–215

Hypnotic analgesia, 216, 216f

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, stress and, 554

Hypothalamus, 98f, 98–99

hunger and, 335, 335f

operant conditioning and, 291, 291f

Hypotheses, 41

generation of, 63

Hysteria, 13

Iatrogenic illness, 660–661, 661t

Iconic memory, 228, 228f

Id, 485

Identical twins, 109–110

Identification, 486t

Identity vs. role confusion stage, 458t

Illness

discrimination related to, 551, 552

SI-9

faking and, 572–573

mental. See Mental disorders

patient–practitioner interaction and, 573, 573f

psychology of. See Psychology of health; Psychology of illness

psychosomatic, 572

recognizing and treating, 569–571, 570f

sick role and, 572

sickness response and, 569

stress and. See Stress

Illusion, 20

end of history, 460

of depth and size, 152, 153f

of explanatory depth, 390

of unique invulnerability, 577–578

Illusory conjunctions, 145

Image-based object recognition theories, 149

Imagery, effectiveness as study technique, 304–305, 305t

Imaging studies. See Neuroimaging

Imipramine (Tofranil), 649–650, 652, 652f

Imitation, in infancy, 441

Immediate reinforcement and punishment, 280f, 280–281

Immune response

sickness response and, 569

stress and, 557

Immune system, 557

Implicit egotism, 501–502

Implicit learning, 300–304

cognitive approaches to, 301f, 301–302

definition of, 300

explicit learning vs., 302

habituation and, 300

neural pathways and, 303f, 303–304

Implicit memory, 242–244, 242f, 243f, 244f

Imprinting, 443

Inattentional blindness, 155

Independent variable, 58

Individual differences, in intelligence, 416f, 416–417

Induction, of hypnosis, 214–215

Industrial/organizational psychologists, 34

Industry vs. inferiority stage, 458t

Infancy

babbling in, 356, 360

cognitive development in. See Cognitive development

imitation in, 441

language development in, 355–356

parental advice in, 442, 442f

perceptual and motor development in, 431–433, 432f

self-recognition in, 186

sleep need in, 197

social development in, 442–447

Inferential statistics, 62

Influence. See Social influence

Information processing. See also Processing

analytic style of, 30

conduction within neurons and, 84–87

functional neuroimaging and, 122–123

holistic style of, 30

transmission between neurons and, 87f, 87–91

Informational influence, 533–534

Informed consent, 71

Inhalants, toxic, 211

Inhibition, collaborative, 247

Initiative vs. guilt stage, 458t

Inner ear, 159–160, 160f

Insight

brain and, 386–387

in cognitive development, 436

developing, in psychoanalysis, 634–635

genius and, 384f, 384–385, 385f

Insomnia, 199

treatment of, 660t

Instincts, 332–333, 334

Instruction. See Classroom learning; Education

Instruments

definition of, 44

power of, 44, 44f

reliability of, 44, 44f

Insula, placebo effect and, 571

Intellectual disability, 416, 417

Intellectual giftedness, 416–417

Intelligence, 395–421

analytic, 405–406

birth order and, 411

creative, 405–406

crystallized, 405

culture and concept of, 406–407

data-based approach to, 403–405, 404f, 405f, 406

definition of, 396

education and, 414–415

emotional, 406

environmental influences on, 411–415, 412f, 413f, 413t, 419–420

ethnicity and, 417–420

fluid, 405

gender and, 418

genetic influences on, 407–411, 415

group differences in, 417–420

heritability of, 409f, 409–411, 410f

as hierarchy of abilities, 401–403, 402t, 403f

improving, 420–421

individual differences in, 416f, 416–417

judging of, in job interviews, 400

measurement of. See Intelligence tests

mental illness and, 416

middle-level abilities and, 403–407

normal curve of, 416, 416f

practical, 405–406

socioeconomic status and, 413–414

trends in, 414

theory-based approach to, 405–407

two-factor theory of, 402

Intelligence quotient, 397–398

Intelligence tests, 396–401

bias in, 396, 418–419

intelligence quotient and, 397–398

prediction made from scores on, 398–401, 399f

Stanford-Binet, 398

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 398–399, 399t

Intensification, emotional expression and, 326

Intensity

of pain, 166

of sounds, 158, 159t

Intentionality, of consciousness, 182

Interference, proactive and retroactive, 250

Interleaved practice, effectiveness as study technique, 305t

Intermittent reinforcement, 285–286

Intermittent reinforcement effect, 286

Internal forces, 28

Internal locus of control, 493, 493t

Internal validity, 62

Internal working model of relationships, 446, 446f

Interneurons, 83

specialization by location, 83, 83f

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), 635

Interposition, as depth cue, 150–151, 151f

Interpretation, in psychoanalysis, 634

Interrogation, elaborative, effectiveness as study technique, 305, 305t

Interval schedules of reinforcement, 283, 284

Intimacy vs. isolation stage, 458t

Intrinsic motivation, 342–344

Introspection, 9

Introversion, 478, 478t, 483

Ions, 84, 85

Iproniazid, 649

IPT. See Interpersonal psychotherapy

IQ score, 398

Iris, of eye, 137f

Ironic processes of mental control, 189

James-Lange theory, 316–317, 317f, 318

Jealousy, evolutionary psychology’s view of, 26

JND. See Just noticeable difference

Job interviews, judging of intelligence in, 400

Joint attention, 441, 441f

Judgment

frontal lobe and, 102

of learning (JOLs), 307–309

rhyme, 223

semantic, 223

visual, 223–224

Just noticeable difference (JND), 132–133

K complexes, 195, 196f

Ketamine, 213

Keyword mnemonics, effectiveness as study technique, 305t

Kin selection, 516–517

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, 448–449

Labelling, in psychiatry, 592–593

LAD. See Language acquisition device

Language, 352–368. See also Speech

animal use of, 365–366

basic characteristics of, 353f, 353–354, 354f

behaviourist analysis of, 23

and bilingualism, benefits of, 364

brain and, 7, 24–25, 102, 115, 304, 362f, 362–363

Broca’s area and, 7, 115, 304, 362, 362f

colour processing and, 367f, 367–368

deep vs. surface structure of, 354–355

definition of, 352

development of. See Language development

evolution of, 352

frontal lobe and, 115

morphological rules of, 353–354

of mother, fetal hearing and, 430

personality traits and, 477–478, 478f, 481, 492

phonological rules of, 353

structure of, 353–355

syntactical rules of, 354, 354f

temporal lobe and, 102, 115

thought and, 3, 367–368

time concept and, 368

Wernicke’s area and, 115, 362f, 362–363

Language acquisition device (LAD), 360

Language development, 355–366

active vs. passive, 355

SI-10

in animals, 365–366

behaviourist theories of, 359

bilingualism and, 363–365, 365f

brain and, 362–366

cognitive development and, 358–359

distinguishing speech sounds and, 355–356

emergence of grammatical rules and, 357–358

interactionist theories of, 361–362

milestones in, 356–357, 357t

nativist theories of, 360–361

Latency stage, 487–488

Latent content, of dreams, 202

Latent learning, 288–289, 289f

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 141, 142f

Lateral hypothalamus, hunger and, 335, 335f

Law of effect, 277f, 277–278, 278f

L-Dopa, 89–90

Learned aversions, 275–276

Learning, 265–309

in Aplysia, 266, 274

behaviourism and. See Behaviourism

classical conditioning and. See Classical conditioning

in classroom. See Classroom learning

control of, 307–309

definition of, 266

habituation and, 266

implicit. See Implicit learning

judgments of, 307–309

latent, 288–289, 289f

limbic system and, 99

observational. See Observational learning

online, 308–309

operant conditioning and. See Operant conditioning

sensitization and, 266

transfer of, 306

to trust, 290–291

Learning styles, myths about, 124

Lens, of eye, 137f

Leptin, 334–335

LGN. See Lateral geniculate nucleus

Librium, for generalized anxiety disorder, 597

Lie detection, 327–330, 328f

Light

sensation of, 136f, 136–139, 137t

visible spectrum of, 140, 140f

wavelength of, 136, 136t, 139–140, 140f

Limbic system, 99–100. See also Amygdala; Hippocampus; Hypothalamus

Linear perspective, as depth cue, 150, 151f

Linguistic relativity hypothesis, 367

Listening, dichotic, 182

Lithium, 651

Little Albert experiments, 18, 272–273

Lobotomy, 655

Locked-in syndrome, 185, 217

Locus of control, 493, 493t

Long-term memory

hippocampus and, 231f, 231–232

memory consolidation and, 232–234

Long-term potentiation (LPT), 235

Long-term storage, 230–234, 231f

Lorazepam (Ativan), 649

Loudness, 158, 159t

Love, 524–525, 525f. See also Attachment

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 213

balance of neurotransmitters in brain and, 89

LTP. See Long-term potentiation

Lying. See Deception

Lymphocytes, 557

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

of brain, 119–120, 119f

functional, 2, 120–122, 121f

Major depressive disorder, 586, 601–604

Males, role in reproduction, 429

Malingering, 572–573

Manifest content, of dreams, 202

Manipulation, in experiments, 57–58, 59f

Mantra, 563

MAOIs. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Marijuana, 208f, 213–214

Marriage, 465, 465f, 524–525

couples therapy and, 643

divorce and, 525–526

mate selection and, 517–518, 519

Masking, emotional expression and, 326

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 489

Massed practice, 306

Master gland, 99

Matched pairs technique, 56–57

Matched samples technique, 55–57, 56f

Mate, selection of, 517–518, 519

MDMA (ecstasy), 206, 209t, 211–212

Mean, 49, 49f

Means-end analysis, 382–383

Means-end relationships, 288

Measurement, 43–47

demand characteristics and, 45–46

instruments for, 44

observer bias and, 46–47

operational definitions and, 44

reliability and, 44, 44f

of strength and direction of correlations, 52–54, 53f, 54f

validity and, 44

Media violence, aggression and, 64

Medial forebrain bundle, operant conditioning and, 291, 291f

Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), self-concept and, 496f, 496–497

Median, 49, 49f

Medical model of mental disorders, 585

Meditation, 563

mindfulness, 641

Medulla, 96, 97f

Mellaril (thioridazine), 646

Memory, 3, 221–261

amygdala and, 99, 234, 258–259, 259f

attachment style and, 445, 445f

autobiographical, 495

collaborative, 246–247, 248

construction of, 223

definition of, 222

degradation of, 249

early, 261

Ebbinghaus’s studies of, 21, 249–250, 250f

echoic, 228

encoding in, 222, 223f, 223–227

episodic, 244–246, 246f

explicit, 242f, 242–244, 243f, 244f

failure of. See Amnesia; Forgetting; Memory failure

false, 255–256

flashbulb, 258

fMRI and, 122–123

frontal lobes and, 102

hippocampus and, 99, 231f, 231–232, 245–246, 246f, 251, 254, 254f

iconic, 228, 228f

implicit, 242f, 242–244, 243f, 244f

long-term, 230–234, 231f

neurons and, 234–235

procedural, 242, 242f

prospective, 251

reconstructive, 658

retrieval in, 222, 236–241

semantic, 244–245

sensory, 228, 228f

short-term, 229f, 229–230

sleep and, 197–198, 233

source, 253

storage in, 222, 228–236

subsequent, consequences of retrieval for, 237–239, 238f

tip-of-the-tongue experience and, 252

total, 221–222

working, 229–230

Memory failure, 249–260. See also Amnesia; Forgetting

absentmindedness, 250–252, 259

bias, 256–257, 260

blocking, 252

memory misattribution, 253–255, 253f, 254f, 254t, 260

persistence, 257–259, 259f, 260

pros and cons of, 259–260

suggestibility, 255–256, 260

transience, 249–250, 250f, 259

Memory misattribution, 253f, 253–255, 254f, 254t, 260

Mental abilities. See Abilities; Intelligence

Mental age, 398

Mental control, 188

ironic processes of, 189

Mental disorders, 583–623

anxiety, 593–597

bipolar, 604–607

causes of, 587, 589–590

in childhood and adolescence, 614–617

classifying, 586–587, 588t

conceptualizing, 585–586

culture and, 29, 589

definition of, 584–585

depressive, 601–604

DSM and, 587, 588t, 590, 592

financial costs associated with, 628

iatrogenic, 660–661, 661t

intelligence and, 416

labelling and, 592–593

medical model of, 585

obsessive-compulsive, 598–599

overdiagnosis of, 653

personal and social burdens associated with, 628

personality, 618–620

post-traumatic stress, 599–600, 600f

psychotic, 607–613

Research Domain Criteria Project and, 590–592, 591t

schizophrenia, 607–613

self-injurious, 621–623, 622f

treatment of. See Biological treatments; Drug therapy; Psychotherapy; Treatment of psychological disorders

twin studies of, 590, 595, 597, 599, 600, 602, 606, 609, 610f, 611

Mental imagery tasks, 192–193

Mental placeholders, 224–225

Mental representations, 436

Mere exposure effect, 519–520

SI-11

Mescaline, 213

Messenger RNA (mRNA), 108

Metabolism, 338

Methadone, 212

Methedrine, 211

Methylphenidate (Ritalin), 420

Micro-expressions, 327

Microvilli, on taste buds, 172, 172f

Midbrain, 96f, 96–97, 97f, 107

formation of, 106

Middle ear, 159, 160f

Middle-level abilities, 403–407

Milgram’s obedience studies, 531–533, 532f

Mind

brain and, 6–7, 7f

consciousness and. See Consciousness

cultural influences on, 30

definition of, 2

fundamental questions about, 2–5

ineffective functioning of, 3–5

of others, discovery of, 437–440

problem of other minds and, 179–180, 180f

stress management and, 561–563

structuralism and, 7–10

structure of, psychodynamic approach to, 485–486, 486t

theory of. See Theory of mind

Mind-body problem, 180f, 180–181, 181f

Mindfulness meditation, 641

Mind management, for stress, 561–563

Minimal consciousness, 184, 185

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 474

Minorities, in psychology, 31–32

Minor tranquilizers, 211

Mirror box therapy, 104

Mirror neurons, 103

observational learning and, 299, 299f

Misattributions, memory, 253f, 253–255, 254f, 254t, 260

Missing evidence, 68–69

MMPI. See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Modafinil, 211

Mode, 49, 49f

Models, in observational learning, 295–297

Modular view, 147

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 649, 650f

Monocular depth cues, 150–151, 151f

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 172

Monozygotic twins, 109–110

Mood disorders, 601–607

bipolar, 604–607

depressive, 601–604

Mood stabilizers, 651

Moral development, 447–451

culture and, 449

gender and, 448

stages of, 448

ways of feeling and, 449–451, 450f

ways of thinking and, 447–449

Moral intuitionist perspective, 450

Morphemes, 353f, 353–354

Morphine, 206, 207, 209t, 212–213

Morphological rules, 353–354

Morphology, facial expressions and, 327, 327f

Mortality-salience hypothesis, 347

Motion. See Movement

Motivation, 331–347. See also Needs

approach vs. avoidance, 345–347, 346t

conscious vs. unconscious, 344–345

definition of, 331

drives and, 333–334

emotion and, 331f, 331–332

for food, 334–339, 335f, 336f, 337f, 337t

general, 345

instincts and, 332–333, 334

intrinsic vs. extrinsic, 342–344, 344f

limbic system and, 99

for sex, 339–342, 341f, 342t

Motor cortex, 101–102, 102f

dreaming and, 204f, 204–205

implicit learning and, 304

musical training and, 163

observational learning and, 300

Motor development

in infancy and childhood, 431–433, 432f

timetable of, 432, 432f

Motor neurons, 82–83

Motor skills, cerebellum and, 96

Movement

apparent, 154

basal ganglia and, 100

during dreams, 204–205

perception of, 153–154

sense of, 167

tegmentum and, 97

voluntary, timing of conscious will and, 181, 181f

MPFC. See Medial prefrontal cortex

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging

mRNA. See Messenger RNA

MSG. See Monosodium glutamate

Multidimensional scaling, emotion and, 314–316, 315f

Multiple sclerosis, 82

Multitasking, 146

Muscles, relaxation therapy and, 563–564

Musical training, auditory processing and, 163

Myelin sheath, 81f, 82

action potential and, 86–87, 87f

formation of, 428

Myelination, 428

Myopia, 137, 138f

Name-letter effect, 501

Narcissism, 501

Narcolepsy, 200

Narcotics, 206, 212–213

endogenous, 212–213, 571

overdoses of, 270

Nativism, 6

Nativist theory, of language development, 360–361

Natural correlations, 54–55

Natural improvement, of mental disorders, 657

Natural remedies, for mental disorders, 651–652, 652f

Natural selection, 11

Naturalistic observation, 45–46

Nearsightedness, 137, 138f

Necker cube, 183, 183f

Needs. See also Motivation

for achievement, 344

hierarchy of, 334, 334f, 335f, 489

for sleep, 197–199, 198f

Negative correlation, 53, 53f

Negative punishment, 279, 279t

Negative reinforcement, 279, 279t

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia, 609, 648

Nembutal, 211

Nerves, 92

Nervous system

autonomic, 92f, 93–94

central. See Brain; Central nervous system; Spinal cord

definition of, 92

parasympathetic, 92f, 94

peripheral, 92f, 92–94, 93f

somatic, 92f, 92–93

sympathetic, 92f, 93, 94

Neural pathways

emotion and, 319–320, 320f

mapping connectivity of, 120f, 120–122

pain, 165–166

visual, 142–143, 143f

Neural tube, 106

Neurobiological factors, phobias and, 595

Neurofeedback, 564

Neuroimaging, 119–125

classical conditioning and, 274

functional, 2, 120–123, 121f

mirror neurons and, 103

structural, 119f, 119–120

Neurons, 80–84

action potential of, 85f, 86–87, 87f

axons of, 81f, 82

bipolar cells, 83, 83f

cell body (soma) of, 81, 81f

components of, 80–82, 81f, 82f

conduction in, 84–87

definition of, 80

dendrites of, 81, 81f

electrochemical actions of, 84–91

interneurons, 83

memory and, 234–235

mirror, 103, 299, 299f

motor, 82–83

neurotransmitters and, 87f, 87–91

number of, 80

postsynaptic, 87, 87f

presynaptic, 87, 87f

Purkinje cells, 83, 83f

pyramidal cells, 83, 83f

resting potential of, 84–85, 85f

sensory, 82

synapses between, 82, 82f

transmission between, 87f, 87–91

Neuroscience

behavioural, 24–25, 25f

cognitive, 25

early development of, 114–115

Neuroticism, 478, 478t

Neurotransmitters, 87f, 87–91. See also specific neurotransmitters by name

altering balance of, 89

depression and, 602–603

drug effects on functioning of, 206

drug mimicry of, 89–91, 90f

endogenous opioids as, 212–213

Neutralizing, emotional expression and, 326, 327f

Nicaraguan sign language, 361–362

Nicotine, 206, 209t, 211, 212. See also Smoking

Night terrors, 200

Nodes of Ranvier, 87, 87f

Noise (sound)

as chronic stressor, 552

perceived control and, 553

Noise (interference), signal detection and, 133–134

SI-12

Nonrandom sampling, 65–66

Nonsense syllables, 21

Nonshared environment, 410–411

Nonspecific treatment effect, 657–658, 658f

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), 622–623

Nontasters, 173

Norepinephrine, 88

stress and, 554, 554f, 567

tricyclic antidepressants and, 649–650

Normal curve, 48, 48f

of intelligence, 416, 416f

Normal distribution, 48, 48f

Normative influence, 529, 529f

Norm of reciprocity, 529

Norms, 528–529, 529f

Novum Organum (Bacon), 66

NSSI. See Non-suicidal self-injury

Nucleus accumbens, operant conditioning and, 291, 291f

Nuremburg Code of 1957, 70

Obedience, 530–533, 532f

Obesity, 336f, 336–339, 337f, 337t

avoiding, 339, 576

causes of, 337–339, 429

psychology of, 579

Object-centred approach, to smell sense, 169

Object permanence, 434f, 434–435, 435f

Object recognition, image-based theories of, 149

Observation, 42–50

description and, 47–50

double-blind, 47

as empirical method, 42–43

measurement and, 43–47

naturalistic, 45–46

Observational learning, 295–300

in animals, 297–299, 298f

definition of, 295

diffusion chain in, 296–297

of fear, in animals, 297

in humans, 295–297, 296f

models and, 295

neural elements of, 299f, 299–300

of tool use, in animals, 297–299, 298f

Observer bias, 46–47

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 598–599

treatment of, 655–656

Occipital cortex, lateral, vision and, 142–143, 143f

Occipital lobe, 100f, 101

OCD. See Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Odorant molecules, 168, 168f

Oedipus conflict, 487

Olanzepine (Zyprexa), 648

Olfaction. See Smell sense

Olfactory bulb, 168f, 169

Olfactory epithelium, 168, 168f

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), 168f, 168–169

Omega-3 fatty acids, 651–652, 652f

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 11

Online learning, 308–309

Ontogeny, of brain, 106

Openness to experience, 478, 478t

Operant behaviour, 278–281, 279f, 279t

Operant conditioning, 277–294

basic principles of, 280–288

cognitive elements of, 288–291

context and, 282–283

definition of, 277

discrimination in, 282–283

evolutionary elements of, 293f, 293–294

extinction in, 283

generalization in, 282–283

law of effect and, 277f, 277–278, 278f

neural elements of, 291f, 291–292

reinforcement and punishment in, 18–19, 278–281, 279f, 279t

reinforcement schedules and, 283–286, 284f

shaping and, 286–287

stimulus control and, 282–283

superstitious behaviour and, 287–288

Operant conditioning chamber, 18, 19, 278–279, 279f

Operational definitions, 44

Opiates, 206, 212–213

endogenous, 212–213, 571

overdoses of, 270

Opium, 212

Optic nerve, 137f, 138f, 139, 141

Optimism bias, culture and, 378

Optimism, health and, 574–575

Oral stage, 487

Orbicularis oculi, 323

Orexigenic signals, 335

Organizational encoding, 225f, 225–226, 226f

Orgasm phase of human sexual response cycle, 341, 341f

ORNs. See Olfactory receptor neurons

Orphanages, development impairment in, 442

Ossicles, 159, 160f

Outcome expectancies, 493

Outer ear, 159, 160f

An Outline of Psychology (Titchener), 9–10

Overdiagnosis of mental disorders, 653

Overgeneralization, in language development, 357

Oxycontin, 212

Oxytocin, 99, 567

PAG. See Periaqueductal grey

Pain, 165–166

brain and, 165–166, 570f, 570–571

gate-control theory of, 166

intensity of, 166

referred, 166

Pain pathways, 165–166

Pain withdrawal reflex, 94, 94f, 165

Panic disorder, 595–596

treatment of, 660t

Papillae, on tongue, 172, 172f

Parasympathetic nervous system, 92f, 94

Parents. See also Caregivers

happiness and, 465–466, 466f

intelligence of, children and, 408, 409t

Parent–child relationships

in adolescence, 458t, 458–459

in infancy, 442, 442f. See also Attachment

Parietal cortex, implicit vs. explicit learning and, 303

Parietal lobe, 100f, 101

vision and, 143, 145

Parkinson’s disease, 89–90, 100

dopamine and, 292

Paroxetine (Paxil), 650

Parsimony, rule of, 41

Parts-based object recognition, 150, 150f

Passionate love, 524–525, 525f

Patient–practitioner interaction, 573, 573f

Patterns of variation, 52

Pavlovian conditioning. See Classical conditioning

Pavlov’s experiments, 267f, 267–270, 268f

Paxil (paroxetine), 650

PCP. See Phencyclidine

Peer relationships, in adolescence, 454, 454f, 459

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 72–73

Pepsi-Cola, 212

Perceived control, over stressful events, 553

Perception, 3

auditory. See Hearing; Hearing loss

cognitive development and, 437–438

of colour, 140–141

of consciousness of others, 179–180, 180f

definition of, 130

figure-ground relationship and, 148–149, 149f

Gestalt perceptual grouping rules and, 148, 149f

haptic, 164

of motion, 153–154

of shape, 142, 143f

subliminal, 191

visual. See Visual perception

warping of, by categorization, 539–540, 540f

Perceptual confirmation, 541

Perceptual constancy, 147

Perceptual development, in infancy and childhood, 431

Perceptual priming, 244

Perceptual sensitivity, measurement of, 134

Perfect correlation, 53, 53f

Periaqueductal grey (PAG), 166

Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 92f, 92–94, 93f

Persistence, as memory failure, 257–259, 259f, 260

Persistent vegetative state, 123, 185

Personal constructs, 491–492

Personality, 471–503

in animals, 482–483

assessment of. See Personality assessment

attraction and, 523

bipolar disorder and, 606–607

brain and, 115, 115f, 483–484

changing study of, 503

consistency across situations, 491

culture and, 481, 492

definition of, 472

describing and explaining, 472–473

existential approach to, 489–490

Eysenck’s theory of, 478

frontal lobes and, 115, 115f

gender and, 481

health and, 574–576

humanistic approach to, 488–489, 489f

measuring, 472–476

psychodynamic approach to. See Psychodynamic approach

psychosexual stages and, 487–488

self and. See Self; Self-concept; Self-esteem

social-cognitive approach to, 490–494

trait approach to. See Personality traits

Personality assessment, 473–476

newer methods for, 475–476

personality inventories for, 473t, 473–474

projective techniques for, 474f, 474–476, 475f

superficial cues and, 479

Personality disorders, 618–620

antisocial, 619t, 619–620

types of, 618–619, 619t

Personality inventories, 473t, 473–474

Personality traits, 476–484

SI-13

as behavioural dispositions and motives, 476–477

Big Five, 478t, 478–480

in brain, 483–484

core, 477–480

definition of, 476

genetic factors and, 480, 480t, 482

self-concept and, 496

Person-centred therapy, 636

Person–situation controversy, 491

Persuasion, 534–535, 535f

Pessimism, health and, 574–575

PET. See Positron emission tomography

Phallic stage, 487

Phantom limb syndrome, brain plasticity and, 104

Phencyclidine, 206, 213

Phenomenology, 179

Pheromones, 171

Philosophers, 5–6

Philosophical empiricism, 6

Phlogiston, 41

Phobic disorders, 594–595

Phonemes, 353, 353f

Phonological rules, 353

Phototherapy, 655

Phrenology, 6–7, 7f

Phylogeny, of brain, 106–107

Physical dependence, 206–207

Physiological psychology, 24

Physiological responses

emotions and, 315–318, 317f, 318f

to stress, 554f, 554–558, 555f

Physiology, 7

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, 433t, 433–441, 434f, 435f

Pictorial depth cues, 150–151, 151f

Pinna, 159, 160f

Pitch, 158, 159t

perception of, 160–161, 161f

wavelength and, 158, 159t

Pituitary gland, 98f, 99

Place code, 161

Placebo, 657

Placebo effect, 571

mental disorder treatment and, 657–658, 658f

Placeholders, mental, 224–225

Places of Light (Fernyhough), 261

Planning, frontal lobe and, 102

Plasticity, of brain, 103–105

Plateau phase of human sexual response cycle, 341, 341f

Pleasure centres, of brain, 291f, 291–292

Pleiotropic effects, 606

PNS. See Peripheral nervous system

Polio, third-variable problem and, 56

Political orientation, brain and, 482

Political views, illusion of explanatory depth and, 390

Pollutants, obesity and, 337

Polygraph, 328f, 328–329

Pons, 96, 97f

Population, 63–66

Portion size, 338, 339f, 577

Position, sound localization and, 161–162

Positive correlation, 53, 53f

Positive punishment, 279, 279t

Positive reinforcement, 279, 279t

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, 608–609, 648

Positively skewed frequency distributions, 49–50, 50f

Positron emission tomography (PET), 120, 121, 121f

Postconventional stage of moral development, 448

Posthypnotic amnesia, 215

Postpartum depression, 602

Postsynaptic neurons, 87, 87f