In 1894, a student of Titchener’s, Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939) published an influential book, The Animal Mind. She reviewed what was then known about perception, learning, and memory in different animal species. She argued that nonhuman animals, much like human animals, have conscious mental experiences (Scarborough & Furumoto, 1987). Watson vehemently disagreed.
Archives of the History of American Psychology