Table : Table 15.3 Some Psychological Treatments that Cause Harm

Type of Treatment	Potential Harm	Source of Evidence
CISD	Increased risk of PTSD	RCTs
Scared straight	Worsening of conduct problems	RCTs
Boot-camp interventions for conduct problems	Worsening of conduct problems	Meta-analysis (review of studies)
D.A.R.E. programs	Increased use of alcohol and drugs	RCTs
Note: CISD = critical-incident stress debriefing; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; RCTs = randomized controlled trials Source: Information from Lilienfeld, 2007.