1.3 Contents
PREFACE xvii
CHAPTER 1 introduction to the science of psychology1
Presenting Psychology1
AND IT ALL CAME FALLING DOWN1
What Is Psychology?4
The Goals of Psychology7
Roots, Schools, and Perspectives of Psychology8
Philosophy and Physiology8
Psychology Is Born9
Psychology’s Perspectives11
THE FIRST 17 DAYS15
Science and Psychology16
FRUSTRATED MINERS16
THINK again What’s in a Number?17
Critical Thinking18
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Murder, She Wrote19
The Scientific Method19
Steps of the Scientific Method20
Research Designs24
THE BIG WAIT24
Research Basics26
THE MINERS GET THEIR WAY27
Descriptive Research28
Naturalistic Observation28
Case Study29
Survey Method30
Correlational Method31
across the WORLD The Many Faces of Facebook32
Experimental Research34
Experimental Method35
didn’t SEE that coming Sponge Bob on the Brain40
Important Issues in Psychology41
Research Ethics41
THINK again Psychology in the Media42
THE RESCUE43
Positive Psychology44
CHAPTER 2 biology and behavior49
An Introduction to the Brain49
IN THE LINE OF FIRE49
Biology and Behavior: Studying the Last Frontier50
THE AWAKENING52
Neurons and Neural Communication52
Just the Basics53
Communication Within and Between54
Major League Players: Neurotransmitters58
The Supporting Systems61
The Spinal Cord and Simple Reflexes61
What Lies Beyond: The Peripheral Nervous System63
THINK again Male Brain, Female Brain65
The Endocrine System and Its Slowpoke Messengers66
The Hemispheres68
THE GIRL WITH HALF A BRAIN68
Right Brain, Left Brain: The Two Hemispheres68
CHRISTINA MAKES THE DECISION69
Split Brain69
Language and the Left71
The Role of the Right72
The Amazing Brain73
Neuroplasticity73
across the WORLD The Plastic Brains of Our Children74
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From Bumps to Brain Scans: We’ve Come a Long Way75
SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology Facebook in the Brain76
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Electric Surprise77
The Cortex: A Peek Beneath the Skull79
The Lobes: Up Close and Personal80
Digging Below the Cortex84
Drama Central: The Limbic System84
Deeper Yet: The Brainstem and Cerebellum85
Wrapping It Up86
WHERE ARE THEY NOW?87
CHAPTER 3 sensation and perception93
An Introduction to Sensation and Perception93
GOOD MORNING TRIPLETS93
Sensation and Perception 10194
Studying Sensation96
Vision100
THE EYES OF THE TRIPLETS100
Light Is Sight101
The Colors We See102
You Won’t Believe Your Eyes103
The Retina104
In Living Color107
across the WORLD Colors and Culture109
Hearing110
THE EARS OF THE TRIPLETS110
Listen, Hear110
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Physically Out of Tune112
All Ears112
CONTROVERSIES Conflicted Feelings About Cochlear Implants115
Pitch and the Cochlea115
I Can’t Hear You116
Smell, Taste, Touch: The Chemical and Skin Senses117
Smell: Nosing Around117
didn’t SEE that coming The Scent of Money119
Taste: Just Eat It119
Touch: Feel the Magic121
Oh, the Pain122
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Brain Freeze Explained122
Kinesthesia126
Perception127
The Mind’s Imperfect Eye127
Perceptual Organization128
Depth Perception130
Perceptual Constancy132
Extrasensory Perception: Where’s the Evidence?133
THINK again Extrasensory Perception133
MOVING FORWARD134
CHAPTER 4 consciousness139
An Introduction to Consciousness139
MIND-ALTERING MEDICINE139
Studying Consciousness143
Wrap Your Mind Around This143
Sleep147
A SLEEP AT THE WHEEL147
An Introduction to Sleep147
The Stages of Sleep151
nature AND nurture What Kind of Sleeper Are You?154
PROBLEM IDENTIFIED155
Sleep Disturbances156
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN More Than Just a Bad Dream159
Who Needs Sleep?159
THINK again 7 Sleep Myths162
Dreams163
SLEEP, SLEEP, GO AWAY163
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In Your Dreams164
Dream a Little Dream165
Altered States of Consciousness166
DRUGS, DRUGS, EVERYWHERE166
Depressants167
Alcohol170
Stimulants and Hallucinogens171
Overuse and Addiction176
SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology Can’t Get Enough176
Hypnosis178
CONTROVERSIES False Claims About Hypnosis179
Fade to Black?180
CHAPTER 5 learning184
An Introduction to Learning185
ATHLETES IN THE MAKING185
What Is Learning?187
AN OMINOUS SMELL188
Classical Conditioning189
What Salivating Dogs Can Teach Us189
Time for Some Terms190
Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning192
From Dogs to People: Extending Pavlov’s Understanding194
Yuck: Conditioned Taste Aversion195
didn’t SEE that coming Rescuing Animals with Classical Conditioning196
Little Albert and Conditioned Emotional Response197
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN The Taste of Immune Suppression197
Real-Life Examples of Classical Conditioning198
Operant Conditioning200
THE JEREMY LIN SHOW200
Operant Conditioning and the Law of Effect201
Behaviorism and the Shaping of Behavior203
THINK again Chickens Can’t Play Baseball205
Acquisition to Extinction, and Everything in Between205
SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology Contagious Behaviors209
The Power of Partial Reinforcement209
Timing Is Everything: Reinforcement Schedules211
The Trouble with Punishment213
CONTROVERSIES Spotlight on Spanking215
THINK again Think Positive Reinforcement217
Classical and Operant Conditioning: What’s the Difference?218
Observational Learning and Cognition219
BASKETBALL IQ219
The Power of Observational Learning219
didn’t SEE that coming Monkey See, Monkey Do: Can Apes Learn by Observation, Too?222
Learning and Cognition: A Map That Cannot Be Seen223
IT KEEPS GETTING BETTER225
CHAPTER 6 memory231
An Introduction to Memory231
MEMORY BREAKDOWN: THE CASE OF CLIVE WEARING233
An Overview of Memory234
Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval234
MEET THE MEMORY ATHLETES235
The Information-Processing Model of Memory236
Levels of Processing237
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Why Testing Boosts Learning238
Flow With It: The Stages of Memory240
Sensory Memory: The Here and Now240
Short-Term Memory243
THINK again Multitasking and Memory243
Working Memory: Where the Action Is244
Long-Term Memory: Save It for Later246
Memory Aids: Put Your Memory to the Test248
Processing, Effort, and Improving Long-Term Memory249
across the WORLD Memory and Culture252
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Retrieval and Forgetting254
What Can You Retrieve?255
How Easily We Remember: Memory Savings258
How Easily We Forget: Memory Slips Explained259
didn’t SEE that coming Google Brain262
The Reliability of Memory263
Misinformation263
False Memories264
CONTROVERSIES The Debate over Repressed Childhood Memories265
The Biology of Memory267
Amnesia267
Where Memories Live in the Brain—A Macro Perspective269
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN What Marijuana Reveals About Memory272
Where Memories Live in the Brain—A Micro Perspective273
FINAL THOUGHTS276
CHAPTER 7 cognition, language, and intelligence281
An Introduction to Cognition and Thinking281
BLEEDING BRAIN281
Cognition and Thinking284
HOSPITAL HUBBUB284
Concepts285
Mental Imagery287
Biology of Cognition290
Problem Solving292
THE BIG DILEMMA292
What’s the Problem?292
Approaches to Problem Solving293
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Laughter Leads to Insight295
Barriers to Problem Solving297
across the WORLD Problem Solving in Different Cultures297
Decision Making299
UNDER THE KNIFE299
Decisions, Decisions299
Decisions, Heuristics, and the Confirmation Bias300
THINK again Fearing the Friendly Skies301
You’ve Been Framed!302
THINK again Let Them Eat Cake303
Language304
ELVES, PIRATES, AND READING TROUBLES304
Language, Amazing Language305
The Basic Elements of Language305
didn’t SEE that coming The Perks of Being Bilingual306
THINK again Language Without Sound309
Thinking What We Say or Saying What We Think?310
CONTROVERSIES Do Animals Use Language Too?311
Intelligence312
What Is Intelligence?312
Theories of Intelligence313
Measuring Brainpower315
Let’s Test the Intelligence Tests316
But Are They Fair?318
The Diversity of Human Intelligence320
Life Smarts321
DR. JILL’S NEWFOUND INTELLIGENCE322
nature AND nurture Why Dyslexia?322
Origins of Intelligence323
Creativity324
didn’t SEE that coming Inside the Brain of a Rapper325
Closing Thoughts325
CHAPTER 8 human development331
The Study of Human Development331
A DAY IN THE LIFE331
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Three Debates334
Three Methods336
Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development338
16 AND PREGNANT338
Chromosomes and Genes339
From Zygote to Embryo to Fetus341
Infancy and Child Development344
26 AND PREGNANT344
Newborn Growth and Development344
The Language Explosion350
THINK again Genie the “Feral Child”350
Piaget and Cognitive Development: Blossoming of a Young Mind351
Vgotsky and Cognitive Development355
SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE355
Temperment and Attachment356
nature AND nurture Destiny of the Difficult Baby357
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages359
Adolescence361
THE WALKING, TALKING HORMONE361
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence361
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence363
SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology The Social Networking Teen Machine365
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development365
Emerging Adulthood367
Adulthood395
A WORK IN PROGRESS369
Physical Development370
Cognitive Development371
Socioemotional Development: Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood373
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Changing Social Roles Can Reverse Aging375
Death and Dying376
across the WORLD Death in Different Cultures377
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS377
CHAPTER 9 motivation and emotion383
Introduction to Motivation383
THE FIRST DAY OF SCHOOL383
What Is Motivation?385
Theories of Motivation388
GOODBYE, SOMALIA388
Instinct Theory388
FOUR YEARS IN KENYA388
Drive-Reduction Theory389
Arousal Theory389
Needs and More Needs: Maslow’s Hierarchy390
SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology Network Needs394
Back to Basics: Hunger395
STARVING IN SOMALIA395
Hungry Brain, Hungry Body395
Let’s Have a Meal: Cultural and Social Context396
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Lunchtime Leniency398
Obesity399
Eating Disorders400
across the WORLD A Cross-Cultural Look at Eating Disorders402
Introduction to Emotion403
SHARK ATTACK403
What Is Emotion?403
Theories of Emotion405
FIGHT BACK405
Emotion and Physiology405
Cognition and Emotion407
CONTROVERSIES Problems with Polygraphs410
FACE VALUE411
across the WORLD Can You Feel the Culture?412
Types of Emotion414
Fascinating Fear414
The Biology of Fear414
Happiness418
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from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Happy in the Morning418
Gender and Emotions419
Closing Thoughts425
CHAPTER 10 sexuality and gender425
Sex and Sexuality425
GUESS THE PROFESSION425
Let’s Talk About Sex426
Sex: It’s in Your Biology426
The Biology of Sexual Determination428
Vive la Différence429
Differences of Sexual Development431
Gender434
A MASCULINE TOUCH434
Gender: Beyond Biology434
nature AND nurture The Case of Bruce Reimer437
The Birds and the Bees439
THE MAKING OF A SEXPERT439
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex440
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Crying Women Turn Men Off441
Sexual Orientation442
How Sexual Orientation Develops443
across the WORLD Homosexuality and Culture445
didn’t SEE that coming Great Ape Sex446
The Sex We Have446
across the WORLD What They Are Doing in Bed or Elsewhere449
Contemporary Trends in Sexual Behavior450
THINK again Sext You Later450
The Trouble with Sex: Sexual Dysfunctions452
NOT TONIGHT, BABE452
Sexual Difficulties452
Sex, Its Consequences, and Culture454
Sexually Transmitted Infections454
“Normal” Is Relative456
CONTROVERSIES Are You My Natural Selection?459
BACK TO THE FUTURE460
CHAPTER 11 personality465
An Introduction to Personality465
MEET TANK465
What Is Personality?467
nature AND nurture The Funny Thing About Personality469
Psychoanalytic Theories470
NEVER GOOD ENOUGH FOR DAD470
Freud and the Mind470
Id, Ego, and Superego: The Structural Model of the Mind471
Defense Mechanisms473
Freud’s Stages of Development475
Taking Stock: An Appraisal of Psychoanalytic Theory478
TANK’S ONGOING TROUBLES478
The Neo-Freudians479
CONTROVERSIES How Birth Order May—or May Not—Affect Your Personality480
Questioning Freud481
Humanistic Theories482
THE POWER IS YOURS482
The Brighter Side: Maslow and Rogers482
Taking Stock: An Appraisal of the Humanistic Theories484
Learning and Social-Cognitive Theories484
ROBOTS CAN LEARN, TOO484
The Role of Learning, Thought, and Environment485
Taking Stock: An Appraisal of Learning and Social-Cognitive Theories488
Trait Theories and Their Biological Basis489
A FEW WORDS ABOUT TANK489
Who’s Who in Trait Theories489
across the WORLD Culture of Personality492
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Taking Stock: An Appraisal of the Trait Theories492
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Open Mind, Longer Life493
Personality Assessment494
A LIFE TIME OF MISHAPS494
Is It Legit? Reliability and Validity494
What Brings You Here Today?495
What Do You See? Projective Personality Tests495
Taking Stock: An Appraisal of Projective Personality Tests497
SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology It’s Written All Over Your Facebook498
Objective Personality Tests498
Taking Stock: An Appraisal of Objective Personality Tests499
Technology and Personality Assessment500
FINAL THOUGHTS500
CHAPTER 12 stress and health505
An Introduction to Stress505
DRIVE505
Stress and Stressors506
EVERYTHING HAPPENS FOR A REASON508
Major Life Events509
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder510
It’s Nonstop: Chronic Stressors511
across the WORLD The Stress of Starting Anew512
THE PARAMEDIC’S ROLLERCOASTER513
What a Hassle, What a Joy513
Stress and Your Body515
TROUBLE UNDERCOVER515
Fight or Flight515
Stress and Your Health518
Is Stress Making You Sick?518
Stress, Insidious Stress520
ADRENALINE JUNKIES521
Too Much Cortisol522
Factors Related to Stress524
Conflicts524
AMBULANCE BURNOUT525
I Can Deal: Coping with Stress525
IT’S A PERSONAL THING526
I Am in Control529
FROM AMBULANCE TO FIREHOUSE530
Tools for Healthy Living530
CONTROVERSIES Meditate on This531
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Meditate That Cold Away532
THINK again Think Positive535
TO PROTECT, SERVE, AND NOT GET TOO STRESSED535
CHAPTER 13 psychological disorders541
Psychological Disorders and Abnormal Behavior541
WINTER NIGHT541
What’s Normal, What’s Not543
THINK again The Insanity Plea545
DISPELLING STIGMA: ROSS FINDS HIS VOICE545
Classifying and Explaining Psychological Disorders547
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)547
didn’t SEE that coming “On Being Sane in Insane Places”549
“Abnormal,” But Not Uncommon550
What Causes Psychological Disorders?550
UNWELCOME THOUGHTS: MELISSA’S STORY552
Anxiety Disorders553
Extreme Anxiety553
Panic Disorder553
Specific Phobias and Agoraphobia555
Social Anxiety Disorder556
across the WORLD The Many Faces of Social Anxiety556
Generalized Anxiety Disorder557
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder558
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DSM-5 and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder558
Depressive Disorders560
MELISSA’S SECOND DIAGNOSIS560
DSM-5 and Major Depressive Disorder560
The Biology of Depression563
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Inflammation Brings on the Blues564
Psychological Roots of Depression564
Bipolar Disorders566
HIGHEST HIGHS, LOWEST LOWS566
DSM-5 and Bipolar Disorders566
Schizophrenia568
Degrees of Psychopathology568
Schizophrenia, Take 5568
Untangling the Roots of Schizophrenia569
nature AND nurture Four Sisters570
Personality Disorders573
Antisocial Personality Disorder574
Borderline Personality Disorder574
Dissociative Disorders575
Dissociative Amnesia575
Dissociative Identity Disorder576
What Causes Dissociative Disorders?576
Postscript: Where Are They Now?577
DEFYING STIGMA: ROSS LEARNS TO THRIVE577
OUTSMARTING OCD: MELISSA FINDS A THERAPY THAT WORKS578
CHAPTER 14 treatment of psychological disorders583
An Introduction to Treatment583
VOICES583
Who Gets Treatment?585
A Primitive Past: The History of Treatment586
Treatment Today: An Overview of Major Approaches588
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN A Brighter Tune589
Insight Therapies591
AWARENESS EQUALS POWER591
Taking It to the Couch, Freudian Style: Psychoanalysis591
Goodbye, Couch; Hello, Chairs: Psychodynamic Therapy593
You Can Do It! Humanistic Therapy593
THE CLIENT KNOWS593
Behavior Therapies596
Get to Work! Behavior Therapy596
didn’t SEE that coming Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy597
Cognitive Therapies601
FOLLOW-UP601
You Are What You Think: Cognitive Therapy601
Group Therapies604
Let’s Get Through This Together: Group Therapy604
We Are Family: Family Therapy605
Biomedical Therapies607
Medicines That Help: Psychopharmacology607
When Drugs Aren’t Enough: The Other Biomedical Therapies612
Psychotherapy Today614
WHEN TO LISTEN, WHEN TO TALK614
across the WORLD Know Thy Client614
Does Psychotherapy Work?615
I Think I Need Help. What Should I Do?616
Nonstandard Treatment: Self-Help and e-Therapy616
SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology Therapist or Friend?617
PASSIONATE PROVIDERS618
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CHAPTER 15 social psychology623
An Introduction to Social Psychology623
LOVE STORY623
What Is Social Psychology?624
Social Cognition627
THE DATING GAME627
Attributions627
Attitudes631
nature AND nurture Why the Attitude?632
didn’t SEE that coming Something Doesn’t Feel Right633
Social Influence635
11 ORPHANS635
Power of Others636
Persuasion and Compliance637
Conformity640
BOY SOLDIERS643
Obedience643
Groups and Relationships647
LET’S DO THIS TOGETHER647
When Two Heads Are Not Better Than One647
across the WORLD Slackers of the West648
THE BYSTANDER WHO REFUSED TO STAND BY650
Aggression652
THE ULTIMATE INSULT652
Stereotypes and Discrimination652
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Following the Crowd653
CONTROVERSIES The Stanford “Prison”656
from the pages of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Rudeness on the Internet657
Prosocial Behavior658
On the Up Side659
Attraction and Love660
Interpersonal Attraction660
SOCIAL MEDIA and psychology Relationships Online660
What Is Love?663
Making This Chapter Work for You664
APPENDIX A introduction to statisticsA-1
APPENDIX B careers in psychologyB-1
APPENDIX C check your answersC-1
References R-1
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