While driving one day, you see your favorite doughnut shop. The “Hot Donuts” sign is illuminated, indicating that the donuts were just made, and you can detect the scent of fresh sugary donuts in the air. You immediately begin to salivate, even though you were not really hungry before you saw the sign or smelled the donuts. This response is probably a result of:
Marcia grew up in a house with outdated plumbing. Her family members knew not to flush toilets in the house when someone was showering because it would cause the water to get scalding hot. Nevertheless, Marcia experienced this unpleasant event many times growing up. Now she lives in a modern house, so this risk of getting scalded is not an issue. Yet, she still tends to startle anytime she hears the toilet flush while she is showering. This involuntary reaction is an example of a(n) ________.
James insists on giving his dog regular baths, even though the dog is afraid of getting wet. Every time he picks up the dog and carries her to the bathroom, he whistles “Pop Goes the Weasel.” Lately the dog has been demonstrating an involuntary fear response whenever James whistles that tune, even when he has no intention of giving it a bath. The song that James whistles has become a(n) ________ for his dog.
Gabriela notices that her infant starts fussing and drooling anytime she gets the nursing pillow ready. The baby has learned to associate being fed with the nursing pillow. In this example, the baby’s drooling has become a(n) _______ when he sees the pillow.
Every time Jon sees a specific type of car, he yells “Punchbug!” and hits his brother Liam in the arm. Even though Jon’s hits aren’t hard, Liam complains that it hurts and tells him to stop. Now, when the family passes this specific type car, Liam involuntarily jumps. In this example, the pain of being punched has acted as a(n):