Chapter 1. Think Critically Before You “Share”

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You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.
Think Critically Before You “Share”
Dr. Taryn A. Myers, Virginia Wesleyan College
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Your Situation
Critical thinking
The process of weighing various pieces of evidence, synthesizing them, and determining the contributions of each; disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence.
Pseudopsychology
An approach to explaining and predicting behavior and events that appears to be psychology but has no empirical or objective evidence to support it.
...is skeptical
Critical thinkers reserve judgment and may even doubt a claim until they adequately investigate its usefulness.
...thinks deeply
Critical thinkers take the time to consider the information before reacting.
...evaluates claims using existing knowledge
Critical thinkers use the knowledge that is already published in the scientific literature to determine whether the information is valid.
...asks questions
Critical thinkers ask questions about any information presented using existing scientific knowledge, the writings of an expert in the field, or even a simple Web search.
...considers alternative explanations
Critical thinkers consider other possible reasons why the claim could exist.
...reflects on own emotional reactions
Critical thinkers do not allow their emotions to cloud their judgment when evaluating information.
...tolerates uncertainty
Critical thinkers recognize that psychology is a young science, so we are constantly discovering new information, but there are still many unanswered questions.
...is open-minded
Critical thinkers approach information in a neutral way, and do not allow their preconceived notions to color how they view the content in front of them.
Hypothesis
A statement that can be used to test a prediction.
Variables
Measurable characteristics that can vary over time or across people.
Sample
A subset of a population chosen for inclusion in an experiment.
Smartphone with social media site. There is an article heading Top 5 ways to unlock the other 90% of your brain!

You are scrolling through your favorite social media site when you see an article that one of your friends shared. The headline is about psychology and looks interesting, so your gut reaction is to share it, too.

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What You Need to Know

Although this link looks interesting, it might not be accurate. Believe it or not, just because it is on the internet does not mean it is true! In order to decide whether you should hit that “Share” button, you should evaluate the article using a skill called critical thinking before you post. Doing so will help you to determine whether this article is good psychological science or whether the article is pseudopsychology.

Question

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You are starting to realize that critical thinking is important even in doing things that we all do every day—like sharing an interesting link on a social media site. But how can you be a good critical thinker? What attributes do people who are good critical thinkers display?

Click on each of the attributes of a critical thinker for more information.

Attributes of a critical thinker are written

Critical thinkers reserve judgment and may even doubt a claim until they adequately investigate its usefulness.
Critical thinkers take the time to consider the information before reacting.
Critical thinkers use the knowledge that is already published in the scientific literature to determine whether the information is valid.
Critical thinkers ask questions about any information presented using existing scientific knowledge, the writings of an expert in the field, or even a simple Web search.
Critical thinkers consider other possible reasons why the claim could exist.
Critical thinkers do not allow their emotions to cloud their judgment when evaluating information.
Critical thinkers recognize that psychology is a young science, so we are constantly discovering new information, but there are still many unanswered questions.
Critical thinkers approach information in a neutral way, and do not allow their preconceived notions to color how they view the content in front of them.

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Portrait of Carl Rogers.
Carl Rogers
© Macmillan
Portrait of Abraham Maslow.
Abraham Maslow
© Macmillan

Question

true
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Skills You Can Use

Because you want to be a critical thinker before you share a link, you click on the article to read it.

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The text gives you some great tips on critical thinking questions you can ask to evaluate a source. The next few screens will ask you to evaluate you just read using these questions. The first question is below:

Top 5 Ways to Unlock the Other 90% of Your Brain!

buzzybeats.com, By Janice Does

As we know from watching the movie Lucy, humans only use 10% of our brains. Imagine how much easier your life would be if you could access the other 90% of your brainpower.

Astrology bookstore owner Ron Does offers the following tips for accessing the unused parts of your brain, based on his survey of five customers who bought books related to increasing brainpower:

  1. Use the Mindpower Meditation CD series. Meditation has the power to open our minds and connect us with a world beyond ourselves, which activates our latent brainpower. These CDs walk you through the process step-by-step.
  2. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Eating greens and other healthy foods that come directly from the earth will fuel both your mind and your body.
  3. Read your horoscope every day. By reading your horoscope, you can start to identify and predict important moments in your life, allowing you to engage that missing brain activity.
  4. Take brain-boosting supplements. These natural products contain ingredients that will give your mind that extra help it needs to find the “on” switch.
  5. Practice inverted yoga positions. Engaging in inversions will help increase the amount of blood flow to your brain, enriching its abilities.

About the author: Janice Does is a part-time blogger and full-time lover of all things astrology. In addition to writing for buzzybeats.com, she manages Astrology bookstore with her husband, Ron.

Thermometer.

Question

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Which of the following are potential problems with the background of Janice Does, the author of the article? Check all that apply.
Correct! Janice is married to her source and co-owns the bookstore, two conflicts of interest. In addition, she and her husband stand to make money if the products mentioned in the article are sold at their store. She loves astrology, which makes this article more likely to be based around pseudoscience. She does not have any higher degree listed, and anyone can become a blogger.
Actually, Janice is married to her source and co-owns the bookstore, two conflicts of interest. In addition, she and her husband stand to make money if the products mentioned in the article are sold at their store. She loves astrology, which makes this article more likely to be based around pseudoscience. She does not have any higher degree listed, and anyone can become a blogger.

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Now evaluate in terms of this critical thinking question.

Top 5 Ways to Unlock the Other 90% of Your Brain!

buzzybeats.com, By Janice Does

As we know from watching the movie Lucy, humans only use 10% of our brains. Imagine how much easier your life would be if you could access the other 90% of your brainpower.

Astrology bookstore owner Ron Does offers the following tips for accessing the unused parts of your brain, based on his survey of five customers who bought books related to increasing brainpower:

  1. Use the Mindpower Meditation CD series. Meditation has the power to open our minds and connect us with a world beyond ourselves, which activates our latent brainpower. These CDs walk you through the process step-by-step.
  2. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Eating greens and other healthy foods that come directly from the earth will fuel both your mind and your body.
  3. Read your horoscope every day. By reading your horoscope, you can start to identify and predict important moments in your life, allowing you to engage that missing brain activity.
  4. Take brain-boosting supplements. These natural products contain ingredients that will give your mind that extra help it needs to find the “on” switch.
  5. Practice inverted yoga positions. Engaging in inversions will help increase the amount of blood flow to your brain, enriching its abilities.

About the author: Janice Does is a part-time blogger and full-time lover of all things astrology. In addition to writing for buzzybeats.com, she manages Astrology bookstore with her husband, Ron.

Thermometer.

Question

true
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Now evaluate in terms of this critical thinking question about findings.

Top 5 Ways to Unlock the Other 90% of Your Brain!

buzzybeats.com, By Janice Does

As we know from watching the movie Lucy, humans only use 10% of our brains. Imagine how much easier your life would be if you could access the other 90% of your brainpower.

Astrology bookstore owner Ron Does offers the following tips for accessing the unused parts of your brain, based on his survey of five customers who bought books related to increasing brainpower:

  1. Use the Mindpower Meditation CD series. Meditation has the power to open our minds and connect us with a world beyond ourselves, which activates our latent brainpower. These CDs walk you through the process step-by-step.
  2. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Eating greens and other healthy foods that come directly from the earth will fuel both your mind and your body.
  3. Read your horoscope every day. By reading your horoscope, you can start to identify and predict important moments in your life, allowing you to engage that missing brain activity.
  4. Take brain-boosting supplements. These natural products contain ingredients that will give your mind that extra help it needs to find the “on” switch.
  5. Practice inverted yoga positions. Engaging in inversions will help increase the amount of blood flow to your brain, enriching its abilities.

About the author: Janice Does is a part-time blogger and full-time lover of all things astrology. In addition to writing for buzzybeats.com, she manages Astrology bookstore with her husband, Ron.

Thermometer.

Question

true
LiN/UiPqcDOUblP9aSPP4zDw40iUTzwXx4fz0GDdv72iT/KIx3zC+XjOw0Vfwc6nCDnbIg4EkYHmwHkklij3HzO2rBgWpzwwqv88Q1FD1JdOgerVITvjqbb72wR7xt7opsxirHe0jaCK30w4WPLM4qhEy0FJVilyBQg4baMx+fMbrCtpa9qoVQepd89M5gOetRhYKoqqTGPWoX2QeKsEGFJ2W+NQuUx6PoAa0Cet0LeyiioUxzBEogSetOuydAxENnlEf03rjeGKWN/s30udVA1AcZi3Em9o67olqMOdRHJMgBwUpRjn7sQuW/PCsbRprDa0YYmgetj49tIdCfm8+FzfS+8gbkdqmMqsU4Xbpz0krL0e7Q1KFT/9PkhD8aSuKRLr6/JTcq10Z6bmdO8AmefKanHPuFGAXqJPWbTu39VSQGnUL1NSvuu9NtqC8pLl8M13iuxzU5LhaulPdEQvaoUrkVhKclYIfnuWzdFH7cH2dr4iRpb6ALRFuTYDVPSXukvBBt0+wNofH5M60j2WjWhccS8gUU4/rpOc3iRUQr67NrEu64EATk44xvuwgJkYJoFUV45nYQk/e/3vpGDwJUeTzdorSKvFX3esWlIiwt/wJreYChPEEJME6nDri2YRtSQ6xPx9MEEB+f8mjvMPGrBshFlTxvEXNAXTXv5qRV4lQcvbfFrnT9N9GIjJ+yzki2SKBjn2sAMcmyA7Lfsj65NpTDK3PTMNbnhv86IFlC6wMrOtAGWenAS3+5BLULk2nU5bxoO0dWoEy5lw7y0vLYbR5n4wzfs5WqV6itdswaRfgAQfCvGPsgUUBjEkBEEGEQZEj6rV8AhMeosbI6ySeLRZGsXZ8QtG16cB+WMNL42FvHP6KdFrrrHG+S/0cZ6iBERl4xfuUsBs/ZkhePgNtVfiX0AdUWWljoy3DAJjl5JmBcsLSl3IAI0vhV5b58i/lxFE82WuBHXYcBv6WTQubyiL+WbcUIYhwrPDg9F5GG1bHIoojff4hC1ycE2FUeA/V98cr1z6DYwi1XmCHIVE1wctRLSnwi2dFSRQIMcdlFq3TUO1IpoTjv0VxgbVsFaZBUrFjHSfoWODFNt4bfl5PLz1KR2A9xW8SANazo8sEfgyFVkFSc65kBAQNN1OR799JA6ypoxZoS0xXaY+Z5Ccb+SAea0pYP1Hb23/1W56NPA5fmud+4x4G2yebpq6okBz0wsrFOXjMQ+Lkf34YG+176t2RW+lwvwishUGJGphPe5r3kVoPqzYZSN+sO5cZwXmh3AkwfkSOrO9j1rmr39g8ic08Y2cjLU7mvwE0itDyLbR1Y/v+Lb6xs5r2csYJIpLzeSzuS0+Zw1rLGCeywe2d+sgXGhUlXrx+U0ueQnmt5CL7Y7GnCBPSKK4C9TLhEMvFr4OpZOhCRNAiaNE7UAfLhAJ39E+WGljXpsqciKxAAlXtfAYcfNbwPwof6qGgN23GFnIGYcMjbVhffsO0w6mCW/mwVjckyNcCHxzSacWcjZoRbKtHUpSVV6CeTB2egp9tTyY9iMdy/Mq5/UFwLifzTB1GDqeh7RI22d0ySIP0hxyNSORHbERAdeWces7MI6TiaP5yyNryctO1lSe7+PWTeogfKUtY39V9gRVUCDLmXmVb30N1kzQGr4kwwEK4USmFZp/d9Zdmu9fpUq7OnJKFQ==

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Now evaluate in terms of this critical thinking question about methods.

Top 5 Ways to Unlock the Other 90% of Your Brain!

buzzybeats.com, By Janice Does

As we know from watching the movie Lucy, humans only use 10% of our brains. Imagine how much easier your life would be if you could access the other 90% of your brainpower.

Astrology bookstore owner Ron Does offers the following tips for accessing the unused parts of your brain, based on his survey of five customers who bought books related to increasing brainpower:

  1. Use the Mindpower Meditation CD series. Meditation has the power to open our minds and connect us with a world beyond ourselves, which activates our latent brainpower. These CDs walk you through the process step-by-step.
  2. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Eating greens and other healthy foods that come directly from the earth will fuel both your mind and your body.
  3. Read your horoscope every day. By reading your horoscope, you can start to identify and predict important moments in your life, allowing you to engage that missing brain activity.
  4. Take brain-boosting supplements. These natural products contain ingredients that will give your mind that extra help it needs to find the “on” switch.
  5. Practice inverted yoga positions. Engaging in inversions will help increase the amount of blood flow to your brain, enriching its abilities.

About the author: Janice Does is a part-time blogger and full-time lover of all things astrology. In addition to writing for buzzybeats.com, she manages Astrology bookstore with her husband, Ron.

Thermometer.

Question

What are some of the problems you see with the sample or methods of the study?

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Answers will vary but should include the point that the sample was only five people, which is too small, and that the data were collected very informally and thus not in a controlled, scientific manner.

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Finally, evaluate in terms of this critical thinking question about replicating studies.

Top 5 Ways to Unlock the Other 90% of Your Brain!

buzzybeats.com, By Janice Does

As we know from watching the movie Lucy, humans only use 10% of our brains. Imagine how much easier your life would be if you could access the other 90% of your brainpower.

Astrology bookstore owner Ron Does offers the following tips for accessing the unused parts of your brain, based on his survey of five customers who bought books related to increasing brainpower:

  1. Use the Mindpower Meditation CD series. Meditation has the power to open our minds and connect us with a world beyond ourselves, which activates our latent brainpower. These CDs walk you through the process step-by-step.
  2. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Eating greens and other healthy foods that come directly from the earth will fuel both your mind and your body.
  3. Read your horoscope every day. By reading your horoscope, you can start to identify and predict important moments in your life, allowing you to engage that missing brain activity.
  4. Take brain-boosting supplements. These natural products contain ingredients that will give your mind that extra help it needs to find the “on” switch.
  5. Practice inverted yoga positions. Engaging in inversions will help increase the amount of blood flow to your brain, enriching its abilities.

About the author: Janice Does is a part-time blogger and full-time lover of all things astrology. In addition to writing for buzzybeats.com, she manages Astrology bookstore with her husband, Ron.

Thermometer.

Question

What would you need to know to determine whether the study has been replicated?

46O/GvlXlao=
Answers will vary but should include the point that you would have to look up similar studies to see whether other studies had found the same results.

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Think It Through!

After evaluating this article using the critical thinking questions, you decide to do some further research to find accurate information on the topic. You find the following video, from Emory University, on YouTube:

Press button transcript
Video transcript

KRISH SATHIAN: So there is this myth that we only use 10% of our brains. And that's really simply not true. We are probably using all of our brain much of the time and much of our brain all of the time.

Even when you're engaged in a task, and some neurons are engaged in that task, the rest of your brain is occupied doing other things-- which is why, for example, the solution to a problem can emerge after you haven't been thinking about it for a while or after a night's sleep. And that's because your brain is constantly active. If it were true that we only use 10% of the brain, then we could presumably sustain damage to 90% of our brain-- with a stroke, or something, or brain injury, or something like that-- and not have any effects, and that's clearly not true.

So the question of where the 10% myth originated is an interesting one. The answer is, it's murky. According to some accounts it dates back to William James, a professor of psychology at Harvard, who suggested based on his work that humans don't really use their brain to its full capacity. And then, somehow, this got distorted over time and somebody slapped a figure on there and became the 10% myth as we understand it now.

Question

Consider the first critical thinking question: “What is the professional background of the author?” How do you think the background of the speaker in this video, Emory University neurologist Krish Sathian, MD, PhD, compares to the background of Janice Does?

46O/GvlXlao=
Answers will vary but should include the point that Dr. Sathian has a much more appropriate background to be discussing these issues with authority. Indeed, he could be considered an expert in the field. He is both a neurologist and neuroscientist with both a medical degree and a doctoral degree. As established earlier in the activity, Janice Does has no credentials that establish her as an authority in this area and has several conflicts of interest and red flags that make her less credible.

Question

true
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Question

true
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1.12

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In Your Own Words

You close the article written by Janice Does and return to your social media feed. You now have to decide whether or not to share the link.

Question

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Answers will vary, but should say that you will not share the article and that you will tell your friend it is not credible or accurate. Answers could also explain what you have learned about critical thinking to your friend, and that you will ask the critical questions in order to evaluate sources prior to posting links on social media.

1.13

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Show What You Know!

Question

true
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Question

true
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

Question

true
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

Question

true
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

Question

true
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