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Question 1

1. The ____________ perspective of personality development is based on the theories of Sigmund Freud and suggests that unconscious conflicts are at the root of personality development.

  1. trait

  2. humanistic

  3. biological

  4. psychoanalytic

d. psychoanalytic

Question 2

2. A professor doing research on personality development insists that humans have capabilities that should be harnessed for personal growth. This professor appears to be proposing which of the following perspectives?

  1. humanistic

  2. behavioral

  3. psychoanalytic

  4. social-cognitive

a. humanistic

Question 3

3. Freud’s topographical model suggests our personalities and behaviors result from:

  1. components of the mind, including the id, ego, and superego.

  2. the reality principle.

  3. the pleasure principle.

  4. mental processes that occur at three levels of consciousness.

d. mental processes that occur at three levels of consciousness.

Question 4

4. According to Freud, the part of the personality that develops last and guides our behaviors to follow rules is the:

  1. preconscious.

  2. superego.

  3. id.

  4. ego.

b. superego.

Question 5

5. ____________ help to reduce the anxiety created by the conflict among the id, ego, and superego.

  1. Psychosexual stages

  2. Three levels of consciousness

  3. Defense mechanisms

  4. Erogenous zones

c. Defense mechanisms

Question 6

6. ____________ refers to the drive to achieve one’s full potential.

  1. Repression

  2. Conditions of worth

  3. Self-actualization

  4. Reciprocal determinism

c. Self-actualization

Question 7

7. Rogers believed that problems can develop when a person’s self-concept is ____________ with his experiences in the world.

  1. incongruent

  2. in harmony

  3. self-actualized

  4. conditioned

a. incongruent

Question 8

8. A person high in ____________ strongly believes she will succeed in a particular situation even if she has experienced failure in similar circumstances.

  1. reciprocal determinism

  2. reinforcers

  3. self-efficacy

  4. source traits

c. self-efficacy

Question 9

9. ____________ suggests personality is the result of interactions among cognitions, behaviors, and the environment.

  1. Self-efficacy

  2. Factor analysis

  3. Reciprocal determinism

  4. Expectancy

c. Reciprocal determinism

Question 10

10. Using ____________ and other research methods, Cattell proposed that there are 16 personality factors.

  1. source traits

  2. reciprocal determinism

  3. the Big Five

  4. factor analysis

d. factor analysis

Question 11

11. According to Eysenck, we can describe personalities based on:

  1. three dimensions of traits.

  2. self-actualization.

  3. locus of control.

  4. reinforcement value.

a. three dimensions of traits.

Question 12

12. Evidence for the biological basis of the five-factor model of personality includes:

  1. the instability of the personality characteristics over time.

  2. the stability of the personality characteristics over time.

  3. the fact that there are no gender differences in the personality characteristics.

  4. the absence of heritability of these personality characteristics.

b. the stability of the personality characteristics over time.

Question 13

13. ____________ can be determined when someone takes the same personality assessment more than once and the results do not change.

  1. Heritability

  2. Effectiveness

  3. Reliability

  4. Validity

c. Reliability

Question 14

14. The idea that personality traits influence perception is part of the logic underlying ____________, which attempt to explore characteristics that might not be accessible through interview or observation.

  1. projective personality tests

  2. semistructured interviews

  3. structured interviews

  4. fMRI studies

a. projective personality tests

Question 15

15. The neo-Freudians agree with Freud on many issues, but tend to disagree with which of the following?

  1. his belief in the positive aspect of human nature

  2. his belief in the importance of personality growth throughout life

  3. his intense emphasis on the instincts of sex and aggression

  4. his notion that caregivers cannot shape personality

c. his intense emphasis on the instincts of sex and aggression

Question 16

16. How would a behaviorist describe some of your personality characteristics?

Answers will vary, but can be based on the following information. According to behaviorists and learning theory, the environment shapes personality through processes of classical conditioning and reinforcers. Observation and modeling also play a role in personality development.

Question 17

17. What is the difference between the humanistic perspective and the social-cognitive perspective of personality development?

Answers will vary. The humanistic perspective suggests that we are innately good and that we have capabilities we can and should take advantage of as we strive for personal growth. The choices we make in life influence our personalities. The social-cognitive perspective focuses on relationships, environmental influences, cognitive activity, and individual behavior as they come together to form personality. The humanistic perspective views personality as what we are able to do, whereas the social-cognitive perspective views personality, in part, as how we react to the environment.

Question 18

18. Describe the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex. How are they different?

Both the Oedipus (for boys) and the Electra (for girls) complex represent important conflicts that occur during the phallic stage. For both boys and girls, the conflict can be resolved through the process of identification. Although basic urges and developmental processes underlie both of these complexes, there are several important differences. The Oedipus complex is the attraction a boy feels toward his mother, along with resentment or envy directed toward his father. When a little boy becomes aware of his attraction to his mother, he realizes his father is a formidable rival and experiences jealousy and anger toward him. With the Electra complex, a little girl feels an attraction to her father and becomes jealous and angry toward her mother. Realizing she doesn’t have a penis, she may respond with anger, blaming her mother for her missing penis.

Question 19

19. Consider how you are doing in your college courses. Name three causes for your successes that represent an internal locus of control. Name three causes for your successes that represent an external locus of control.

Answers will vary, but can be based on the following definitions. An internal locus of control suggests that the causes of life events reside within an individual, and that one has some control over them. An external locus of control suggests that causes for outcomes reside outside of an individual, and there is little control over them.

Question 20

20. Describe the differences between objective and subjective approaches to the assessment of personality.

Objective assessments of personality are based on a standardized procedure in which the scoring is free of opinions, beliefs, expectations, and values. Critics of objective assessments contend they do not allow flexibility or fully appreciate individual differences in experiences. Findings from subjective assessments of personality are based, in part, on personal intuition, opinions, and interpretations. Critics of the subjective assessments suggest there is not enough consistency across findings because of nonstandard scoring procedures.

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