1. The 3 Ds used to distinguish abnormal behavior are:

dysfunction, distress, deviance

2. Although classifying mental disorders through the DSM is helpful to mental health professionals, its use has been criticized because the manual:

c. labels individuals, which only heightens problems with stigma.

3. Melissa experienced recurrent, all-consuming thoughts of disaster and death. These ____________ were accompanied by her ____________, which included repeating certain behaviors, such as locking her car and entering a room, an even number of times.

a. obsessions; compulsions

4. To help explain the causes of psychological disorders, researchers often use the ____________ perspective, which examines the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

b. biopsychosocial

5. A woman is extremely anxious when she is unaccompanied in public. She no longer uses public transportation, refuses to go to the mall, and does not like being away from home. Perhaps she should get evaluated to see if she has which of the following diagnoses?

b. agoraphobia

6. A man with a diagnosis of ____________ exhibits a distinct fear or anxiety related to social situations, particularly the idea of being scrutinized by those around him.

c. social anxiety disorder

7. While walking to class one day, you notice a woman who is short of breath, clutches her chest, and appears lightheaded. You are concerned she may be experiencing a heart attack. She tells you she knows it is not her heart, but that she suffers from ____________, which involve sudden, extreme fear that escalates quickly.

c. panic attacks

8. A neighbor describes a newspaper article she read last night about a man in his twenties who has been known to lie and con others, be aggressive and impulsive, and show little empathy or remorse. These are long-standing traits of his, so it is possible that he has:

b. antisocial personality disorder.

9. Which of the following plays a role in the etiology of major depressive disorder?

d. serotonin

10. One of the major distinctions of bipolar II disorder is that, unlike bipolar I disorder, it involves:

a. at least one major depressive episode as well as a hypomanic episode.

11. One symptom that both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder share is:

c. problems associated with sleep.

12. Which of the following is a symptom of a manic episode?

d. irritability

13. A man with schizophrenia has hallucinations and delusions, and seems to be out of touch with reality. A psychologist explains to his mother that her son is experiencing:

b. psychosis.

14. A woman in your neighborhood develops a reputation for being emotionally unstable, intense, and extremely needy. She also doesn’t seem to have a sense of herself and complains of feeling empty. She struggles with intimacy and her relationships are unstable. If these are long-standing traits, which of the following might she be evaluated for?

a. borderline personality disorder

15. Dissociative identity disorder (commonly called multiple personality disorder) involves two or more distinct ____________ within an individual.

b. personalities

16. Describe the “3 Ds” and give an example of each in relation to a psychological disorder.

Answers will vary, but can be based on the following information. Dysfunction is the degree to which a behavior interferes with one’s life or ability to function (for example, washing one’s hands to the point of making them raw, as in obsessive-compulsive disorder). Distress is feeling regularly upset or uncomfortable because of unwanted behaviors or emotions (for example, continually feeling sad and hopeless, as in major depressive disorder). Deviance is the degree to which a behavior is considered to be outside of the standards or rules of a society (for example, removing one’s clothes in inappropriate settings, as in bipolar disorder).

17. What is wrong with the following statement: “My friend is schizophrenic”?

Answers will vary. This statement does not follow the suggestion of using “people-first language.” Instead, it is defining an individual by her disorder. People are much more than their diagnoses. The diagnosis does not describe who your friend is, but only what is causing her distress or discomfort.

18. How can classical conditioning be used to explain the development of panic disorder?

Classical conditioning can play a role in the development of a panic disorder by pairing an initially neutral stimulus (for example, a mall) with an unexpected panic attack (the unconditioned stimulus). The panic attack location then becomes a conditioned stimulus. When the location is visited or even considered, a panic attack can ensue (now the conditioned response).

19. How does negative thinking lead to depression?

Cognitive therapist Aaron Beck suggested that depression is a product of a cognitive triad, which includes a negative view of experiences, self, and the future. Negative thinking may lead to self-defeating behaviors, which, in turn, reinforce the beliefs.

20. Briefly summarize the theories of the etiology of schizophrenia.

Answers will vary, but can be based on the following information. Schizophrenia is a complex psychological disorder that results from biological, psychological, and social factors. Because this disorder springs from a complex interaction of genes and environment, researchers have a hard time predicting who will be affected. The diathesis–stress model takes these factors into account, with diathesis referring to an inherited disposition (for example, to schizophrenia) and stress referring to the stressors in the environment (internal and external). Genes, neurotransmitters, differences in the brain, and exposure to a virus in utero are all possible biological factors. Neurotransmitters are also thought to play a role in schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis, for example, suggests that the synthesis, release, and concentrations of dopamine are all elevated in people who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia and are suffering from psychosis. There are several environmental triggers thought to be involved in one’s risk for developing the disorder as well as the severity of symptoms (for example, complications at birth, social stress, and cannabis abuse are related to a slightly increased risk of schizophrenia onset).