1. Which of the following changes did Pinel introduce when he reformed the treatment of individuals with psychological disorders?

c. removed the inmates’ chains

2. Although most therapies share the common goal of reducing symptoms and increasing quality of life, they do this in various ways. One dimension in which they may differ is theoretical perspective. Psychotherapists who aim to increase awareness of self and the environment tend to use:

c. insight therapy.

3. Free association and interpretation are used by ____________ in their treatment of patients.

a. psychoanalysts

4. What are some of the weaknesses of Freud’s theory?

b. It is difficult to test through experimentation

5. A friend told you about his therapist, who is nondirective, uses active listening, and shows empathy and unconditional positive regard. It sounds as if your friend’s therapist is conducting:

d. person-centered therapy.

6. Systematic desensitization uses ____________ that represent(s) a gradual increase in a client’s anxiety.

a. hierarchies

7. Which of the following statements would not be among Beck’s collection of cognitive errors?

b. Getting fired once does not mean my career is over.

8. The key advantage of behavior therapy is that it:

a. tends to work quickly.

9. Which of the following claims about group therapy is true?

d. Seeing others improve offers hope and inspiration.

10. The goal of ____________ is to understand each family member’s unique role in an integrated system, often exploring relationship problems rather than symptoms of particular disorders.

d. family therapy

11. ____________ therapy emphasizes the positive nature of humans. With a focus on the present, it seeks to identify current problems and emphasizes conscious experience.

d. Humanistic

12. ____________ is the scientific study of how medication alters perceptions, moods, behaviors, and other aspects of psychological functioning.

d. Psychopharmacology

13. Overall, psychotherapy is cost-effective and helps to decrease disability, hospitalization, and problems at work. Which of the following factors seems to reduce its effectiveness?

b. limitations on choice of therapist as mandated by a health insurance policy

14. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a technique that essentially causes ____________ in the brain.

c. seizures

15. One factor a therapist needs to consider is how ____________ may interact with the therapy process: for example, whether a client is from a group that is collectivist or one that values individualism.

a. culture

16. Compare cognitive behavioral therapy to insight therapies.

Answers will vary, but may be based on the following information. Cognitive behavior therapy is an action-oriented type of therapy that requires clients to confront and resist their illogical thinking. Insight therapies aim to increase awareness of self and the environment. These approaches share common features: The relationship between the client and the treatment provider is of utmost importance, as is a sense of hope that things will get better. And these approaches generally seek to reduce symptoms and increase the quality of life, whether a person is struggling with a psychological disorder or simply wants to be more fulfilled.

17. Beck identified a collection of common cognitive distortions. Describe two of these distortions and give examples of each.

Answers will vary (see Table 13.2).

18. How would a behavior therapist help someone overcome a fear of spiders?

Answers will vary, but may be based on the following information. Exposure is a therapeutic technique that brings a person into contact with a feared object or situation while in a safe environment, with the goal of extinguishing or eliminating the fear response. An anxiety hierarchy (a list of activities ordered from least to most anxiety-provoking) can be used to help with exposure.

19. How does culture influence and interact with the therapeutic process?

Answers will vary, but may be based on the following information. One challenge of providing therapy is to meet the needs of clients from vastly different cultures. Within any group, there is great variation from one individual to the next, but it is still necessary for the therapist to keep in mind the client’s cultural experience. This includes being respectful of cultural norms and sensitive to the many forms of prejudice and discrimination that people can experience. Every client has a unique story and a singular set of psychological needs. Responding to those needs and determining which approach will be most effective are key to successful therapy.

20. Describe several strengths and weaknesses of online psychotherapy.

Answers will vary, but may be based on the following information. As more people gain access to the Internet and as more therapists try to specialize and market their services, online therapies have multiplied. E-therapy can mean anything from e-mail communications between client and therapist to real-time sessions via a webcam. These digital tools are valuable for serving rural areas and providing treatment to those who would otherwise have no access. Videoconferencing is also useful for consultation and supervision. But online psychotherapy raises many concerns, including licensing and privacy issues, lack of nonverbal cues, and potential problems with developing therapeutic relationships.