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PREFACE

CHAPTER 1 introduction to the science of psychology

Presenting Psychology

What Is Psychology?

The Goals of Psychology

Roots, Schools, and Perspectives of Psychology

Philosophy and Physiology

Psychology Is Born

Psychology’s Perspectives

Science and Psychology

Critical Thinking

The Scientific Method

Research Basics

Descriptive Research

Naturalistic Observation

Case Study

Survey Method

Correlational Method

Experimental Research

Experimental Method

Research Ethics

CHAPTER 2 biology and behavior

Introducing the Brain

A Complex Communication Network

The Last Frontier: From Bumps to Brain Scans

Neurons and Neural Communication

Just the Basics

Processes Inside the Neuron

Communication Between Neurons

Neurotransmitters and Behavior

Agonists and Antagonists

The Supporting Systems

The Spinal Cord and Simple Reflexes

What Lies Beyond: The Peripheral Nervous System

The Endocrine System and Its Slowpoke Messengers

The Amazing Brain

Right Brain, Left Brain: The Two Hemispheres

The Split-Brain Operation

The Special Roles of the Left and the Right

Neuroplasticity

The Cortex: A Peek Beneath the Skull

The Lobes: Up Close and Personal

Digging Below the Cortex

Drama Central: The Limbic System

Deeper Yet: The Brainstem and Cerebellum

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CHAPTER 3 sensation and perception

An Introduction to Sensation and Perception

The Basics

Studying Sensation

Vision

Light Is Sight

The Colors We See

You Won’t Believe Your Eyes

The Retina

Dark and Light Adaptation

Is That Oprah Winfrey Over There?

In Living Color

Hearing

Listen, Hear

All Ears

How the Brain Perceives Pitch

I Can’t Hear You

Smell, Taste, Touch: The Chemical and Skin Senses

Smell: Nosing Around

Taste: Just Eat It

Touch: Feel the Magic

Oh, the Pain

Kinesthesia: Body Position and Movement

Perception

Illusions: The Mind’s Imperfect Eye

Perceptual Organization

Depth Perception

Perceptual Constancy and Perceptual Set

Extrasensory Perception: Where’s the Evidence?

CHAPTER 4 consciousness

An Introduction to Consciousness

Consciousness and Memory

Studying Consciousness

The Nature of Consciousness

Sleep

An Introduction to Sleep

The Stages of Sleep

Sleep Disturbances

Who Needs Sleep?

Dreams

In Your Dreams

Dream a Little Dream

Altered States of Consciousness

Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants

Alcohol

Stimulants

Hallucinogens

Overuse and Addiction

Hypnosis

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CHAPTER 5 learning

An Introduction to Learning

What Is Learning?

Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s Basic Research Plan

Time for Some Terms

Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

From Dogs to Triathletes: Extending Pavlov

Yuck: Conditioned Taste Aversion

Little Albert and Conditioned Emotional Response

Classical Conditioning: Do You Buy It?

Operant Conditioning

The Shaping of Behavior

Common Features of Operant and Classical Conditioning

Types of Reinforcement

The Power of Partial Reinforcement

Timing Is Everything: Reinforcement Schedules

The Trouble with Punishment

Classical and Operant Conditioning: What’s the Difference?

Observational Learning and Cognition

The Power of Observational Learning

Latent Learning

CHAPTER 6 memory

An Introduction to Memory

Three Processes of Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

The Information-Processing Model of Memory

Levels of Processing

Flow with It: The Stages of Memory

Sensory Memory: The Here and Now

Short-Term Memory

Working Memory: Where the Action Is

Long-Term Memory: Save It for Later

Improving Memory

Retrieval and Forgetting

What Can You Retrieve?

The Encoding Specificity Principle

How Easily We Remember: Memory Savings

How Easily We Forget: Memory Slips Explained

Misinformation: Can Memories Be Trusted?

False Memories

The Biology of Memory

Amnesia

Where Memories Live in the Brain: A Macro Perspective

Where Memories Live in the Brain: A Micro Perspective

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CHAPTER 7 cognition, language, and intelligence

An Introduction to Cognition

Cognition and Thinking

Concepts

Mental Imagery

Biology of Cognition

Gender and Cognition

Problem Solving and Decision Making

What’s the Problem?

Approaches to Problem Solving

Barriers to Problem Solving

Decisions, Decisions

The Trouble with Heuristics and the Confirmation Bias

You’ve Been Framed!

Language

The Power of Language

The Basic Elements of Language

Thinking What We Say or Saying What We Think?

Intelligence

What Is Intelligence?

Measuring Brainpower

Let’s Test the Intelligence Tests

The Diversity of Human Intelligence

Origins of Intelligence

Creativity

CHAPTER 8 human development

The Study of Human Development

Developmental Psychology

Three Debates

Three Methods

Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development

Chromosomes and Genes

From Zygote to Embryo to Fetus

Infancy and Child Development

Newborn Growth and Development

The Language Explosion

Piaget and Cognitive Development

Vygotsky and Cognitive Development

Temperament and Attachment

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Adolescence

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Gender Development

Emerging Adulthood

Adulthood

Physical Development

Cognitive Development

Socioemotional Development

Death and Dying

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CHAPTER 9 motivation and emotion

Motivation

What Is Motivation?

Instinct Theory

Drive-Reduction Theory

Arousal Theory

Needs and More Needs: Maslow’s Hierarchy

Back to Basics: Hunger

Hungry Brain, Hungry Body

Let’s Have a Meal: Cultural and Social Context

Obesity

Eating Disorders

Sexual Motivation

The Birds and the Bees

Sexual Orientation

How Sexual Orientation Develops

The Sex We Have

Sexual Dysfunction

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Emotion

What Is Emotion?

Emotion and Physiology

Cognition and Emotion

It’s Written All over Your Face

Types of Emotions

The Biology of Fear

Happiness

Gender and Emotions

CHAPTER 10 personality

An Introduction to Personality

What Is Personality?

Psychoanalytic Theories

Freud and the Mind

Id, Ego, and Superego: The Structural Model of the Mind

Defense Mechanisms

Freud’s Stages of Development

An Appraisal of Psychoanalytic Theory

The Neo-Freudians

Freud’s Legacy

Humanistic, Learning, and Trait Theories

The Brighter Side: Maslow and Rogers

An Appraisal of the Humanistic Theories

Learning and Social-Cognitive Theories

Trait Theories and Their Biological Basis

An Appraisal of the Trait Theories

Personality Assessment

Is It Legit? Reliability and Validity

What Brings You Here Today?

What Do You See? Projective Personality Tests

Objective Personality Tests

Technology and Personality Assessment

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CHAPTER 11 stress and health

An Introduction to Stress

Stress and Stressors

Major Life Events

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

It’s Nonstop: Chronic Stressors

What a Hassle, What a Joy

Stress and Your Health

Fight or Flight

Is Stress Making You Sick?

Stress and Substances

Too Much Cortisol

Factors Related to Stress

Conflicts

I Can Deal: Coping with Stress

I Am in Control

Tools for Healthy Living

CHAPTER 12 psychological disorders

An Introduction to Psychological Disorders

What’s Normal, What’s Not

Classifying and Explaining Psychological Disorders

“Abnormal,” But Not Uncommon

What Causes Psychological Disorders?

Worried Sick: Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Panic Disorder

Specific Phobias and Agoraphobia

Social Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

From Depression to Mania

DSM–5 and Major Depressive Disorder

The Biology of Depression

Psychological Roots of Depression

Bipolar Disorders

DSM–5 and Bipolar Disorders

Schizophrenia

A Complex Disorder

Untangling the Roots of Schizophrenia

Disorders of Personality and Identity

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

Dissociative Disorders

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CHAPTER 13 treatment of psychological disorders

An Introduction to Treatment

Who Gets Treatment?

A Primitive Past: The History of Treatment

Treatment Today: An Overview of Major Approaches

Insight Therapies

Taking It to the Couch, Freudian Style: Psychoanalysis

Goodbye, Couch; Hello, Chairs: Psychodynamic Therapy

You Can Do It! Humanistic Therapy

Behavior and Cognitive Therapies

Get to Work! Behavior Therapy

You Are What You Think: Cognitive Therapies

Biomedical Therapies

Medicines That Help: Psychopharmacology

When Drugs Aren’t Enough: The Other Biomedical Therapies

Psychotherapy: Who’s in the Mix?

Let’s Get Through This Together

Does Psychotherapy Work?

Nonstandard Treatment: Self-Help and E-Therapy

CHAPTER 14 social psychology

An Introduction to Social Psychology

What Is Social Psychology?

Research Methods in Social Psychology

Social Cognition

Attributions

Attitudes

Social Influence

Power of Others

Persuasion

Compliance

Conformity

Obedience

Groups and Aggression

When Two Heads Are Not Better Than One

Aggression

Stereotypes and Discrimination

It’s All Good: Prosocial Behavior, Attraction, and Love

Prosocial Behavior

On the Up Side

Interpersonal Attraction

What Is Love?

APPENDIX Aintroduction to statistics A-1

APPENDIX Bcareers in psychology B-1

APPENDIX Ccheck your answers C-1

Glossary

References

Name Index

Subject Index