PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 introduction to the science of psychology
Presenting Psychology
What Is Psychology?
The Goals of Psychology
Roots, Schools, and Perspectives of Psychology
Philosophy and Physiology
Psychology Is Born
Psychology’s Perspectives
Science and Psychology
Critical Thinking
The Scientific Method
Research Basics
Descriptive Research
Naturalistic Observation
Case Study
Survey Method
Correlational Method
Experimental Research
Experimental Method
Research Ethics
CHAPTER 2 biology and behavior
Introducing the Brain
A Complex Communication Network
The Last Frontier: From Bumps to Brain Scans
Neurons and Neural Communication
Just the Basics
Processes Inside the Neuron
Communication Between Neurons
Neurotransmitters and Behavior
Agonists and Antagonists
The Supporting Systems
The Spinal Cord and Simple Reflexes
What Lies Beyond: The Peripheral Nervous System
The Endocrine System and Its Slowpoke Messengers
The Amazing Brain
Right Brain, Left Brain: The Two Hemispheres
The Split-Brain Operation
The Special Roles of the Left and the Right
Neuroplasticity
The Cortex: A Peek Beneath the Skull
The Lobes: Up Close and Personal
Digging Below the Cortex
Drama Central: The Limbic System
Deeper Yet: The Brainstem and Cerebellum
CHAPTER 3 sensation and perception
An Introduction to Sensation and Perception
The Basics
Studying Sensation
Vision
Light Is Sight
The Colors We See
You Won’t Believe Your Eyes
The Retina
Dark and Light Adaptation
Is That Oprah Winfrey Over There?
In Living Color
Hearing
Listen, Hear
All Ears
How the Brain Perceives Pitch
I Can’t Hear You
Smell, Taste, Touch: The Chemical and Skin Senses
Smell: Nosing Around
Taste: Just Eat It
Touch: Feel the Magic
Oh, the Pain
Kinesthesia: Body Position and Movement
Perception
Illusions: The Mind’s Imperfect Eye
Perceptual Organization
Depth Perception
Perceptual Constancy and Perceptual Set
Extrasensory Perception: Where’s the Evidence?
CHAPTER 4 consciousness
An Introduction to Consciousness
Consciousness and Memory
Studying Consciousness
The Nature of Consciousness
Sleep
An Introduction to Sleep
The Stages of Sleep
Sleep Disturbances
Who Needs Sleep?
Dreams
In Your Dreams
Dream a Little Dream
Altered States of Consciousness
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
Alcohol
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Overuse and Addiction
Hypnosis
CHAPTER 5 learning
An Introduction to Learning
What Is Learning?
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Basic Research Plan
Time for Some Terms
Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning
From Dogs to Triathletes: Extending Pavlov
Yuck: Conditioned Taste Aversion
Little Albert and Conditioned Emotional Response
Classical Conditioning: Do You Buy It?
Operant Conditioning
The Shaping of Behavior
Common Features of Operant and Classical Conditioning
Types of Reinforcement
The Power of Partial Reinforcement
Timing Is Everything: Reinforcement Schedules
The Trouble with Punishment
Classical and Operant Conditioning: What’s the Difference?
Observational Learning and Cognition
The Power of Observational Learning
Latent Learning
CHAPTER 6 memory
An Introduction to Memory
Three Processes of Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
The Information-Processing Model of Memory
Levels of Processing
Flow with It: The Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory: The Here and Now
Short-Term Memory
Working Memory: Where the Action Is
Long-Term Memory: Save It for Later
Improving Memory
Retrieval and Forgetting
What Can You Retrieve?
The Encoding Specificity Principle
How Easily We Remember: Memory Savings
How Easily We Forget: Memory Slips Explained
Misinformation: Can Memories Be Trusted?
False Memories
The Biology of Memory
Amnesia
Where Memories Live in the Brain: A Macro Perspective
Where Memories Live in the Brain: A Micro Perspective
CHAPTER 7 cognition, language, and intelligence
An Introduction to Cognition
Cognition and Thinking
Concepts
Mental Imagery
Biology of Cognition
Gender and Cognition
Problem Solving and Decision Making
What’s the Problem?
Approaches to Problem Solving
Barriers to Problem Solving
Decisions, Decisions
The Trouble with Heuristics and the Confirmation Bias
You’ve Been Framed!
Language
The Power of Language
The Basic Elements of Language
Thinking What We Say or Saying What We Think?
Intelligence
What Is Intelligence?
Measuring Brainpower
Let’s Test the Intelligence Tests
The Diversity of Human Intelligence
Origins of Intelligence
Creativity
CHAPTER 8 human development
The Study of Human Development
Developmental Psychology
Three Debates
Three Methods
Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development
Chromosomes and Genes
From Zygote to Embryo to Fetus
Infancy and Child Development
Newborn Growth and Development
The Language Explosion
Piaget and Cognitive Development
Vygotsky and Cognitive Development
Temperament and Attachment
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Adolescence
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Gender Development
Emerging Adulthood
Adulthood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Socioemotional Development
Death and Dying
CHAPTER 9 motivation and emotion
Motivation
What Is Motivation?
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Needs and More Needs: Maslow’s Hierarchy
Back to Basics: Hunger
Hungry Brain, Hungry Body
Let’s Have a Meal: Cultural and Social Context
Obesity
Eating Disorders
Sexual Motivation
The Birds and the Bees
Sexual Orientation
How Sexual Orientation Develops
The Sex We Have
Sexual Dysfunction
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Emotion
What Is Emotion?
Emotion and Physiology
Cognition and Emotion
It’s Written All over Your Face
Types of Emotions
The Biology of Fear
Happiness
Gender and Emotions
CHAPTER 10 personality
An Introduction to Personality
What Is Personality?
Psychoanalytic Theories
Freud and the Mind
Id, Ego, and Superego: The Structural Model of the Mind
Defense Mechanisms
Freud’s Stages of Development
An Appraisal of Psychoanalytic Theory
The Neo-Freudians
Freud’s Legacy
Humanistic, Learning, and Trait Theories
The Brighter Side: Maslow and Rogers
An Appraisal of the Humanistic Theories
Learning and Social-Cognitive Theories
Trait Theories and Their Biological Basis
An Appraisal of the Trait Theories
Personality Assessment
Is It Legit? Reliability and Validity
What Brings You Here Today?
What Do You See? Projective Personality Tests
Objective Personality Tests
Technology and Personality Assessment
CHAPTER 11 stress and health
An Introduction to Stress
Stress and Stressors
Major Life Events
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
It’s Nonstop: Chronic Stressors
What a Hassle, What a Joy
Stress and Your Health
Fight or Flight
Is Stress Making You Sick?
Stress and Substances
Too Much Cortisol
Factors Related to Stress
Conflicts
I Can Deal: Coping with Stress
I Am in Control
Tools for Healthy Living
CHAPTER 12 psychological disorders
An Introduction to Psychological Disorders
What’s Normal, What’s Not
Classifying and Explaining Psychological Disorders
“Abnormal,” But Not Uncommon
What Causes Psychological Disorders?
Worried Sick: Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Panic Disorder
Specific Phobias and Agoraphobia
Social Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
From Depression to Mania
DSM–5 and Major Depressive Disorder
The Biology of Depression
Psychological Roots of Depression
Bipolar Disorders
DSM–5 and Bipolar Disorders
Schizophrenia
A Complex Disorder
Untangling the Roots of Schizophrenia
Disorders of Personality and Identity
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Dissociative Disorders
CHAPTER 13 treatment of psychological disorders
An Introduction to Treatment
Who Gets Treatment?
A Primitive Past: The History of Treatment
Treatment Today: An Overview of Major Approaches
Insight Therapies
Taking It to the Couch, Freudian Style: Psychoanalysis
Goodbye, Couch; Hello, Chairs: Psychodynamic Therapy
You Can Do It! Humanistic Therapy
Behavior and Cognitive Therapies
Get to Work! Behavior Therapy
You Are What You Think: Cognitive Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Medicines That Help: Psychopharmacology
When Drugs Aren’t Enough: The Other Biomedical Therapies
Psychotherapy: Who’s in the Mix?
Let’s Get Through This Together
Does Psychotherapy Work?
Nonstandard Treatment: Self-Help and E-Therapy
CHAPTER 14 social psychology
An Introduction to Social Psychology
What Is Social Psychology?
Research Methods in Social Psychology
Social Cognition
Attributions
Attitudes
Social Influence
Power of Others
Persuasion
Compliance
Conformity
Obedience
Groups and Aggression
When Two Heads Are Not Better Than One
Aggression
Stereotypes and Discrimination
It’s All Good: Prosocial Behavior, Attraction, and Love
Prosocial Behavior
On the Up Side
Interpersonal Attraction
What Is Love?
APPENDIX Aintroduction to statistics A-1
APPENDIX Bcareers in psychology B-1
APPENDIX Ccheck your answers C-1
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
