1. To get a child to practice the piano, you allow her 15 minutes to play her favorite computer game when she is done practicing. Playing on the computer eventually represents ____________ for her to practice the piano.

d. an incentive

2. Learned behaviors that are motivated by reinforcers in the environment have

a. extrinsic motivation.

3. ____________ are complex behaviors that are fixed, unlearned, and consistent within a species.

c. Instincts

4. Biological needs and homeostasis motivate us to meet our needs. If a need is not fulfilled, this creates a state of tension that pushes us to meet it. This describes the ____________ theory of motivation.

b. drive-reduction

5. Humans have different optimal levels of need for arousal. These individual differences indicate that some people are ____________; they appear to seek out activities that increase arousal.

a. sensation seekers

6. When the ____________ is stimulated electrically, it sends a hormone signal to decrease appetite. If this region of the brain is destroyed, an animal will drastically overeat.

d. ventromedial hypothalamus

7. A serious health issue characterized by a body mass index of 30 or higher is known as:

b. obesity.

8. Kory routinely eats large amounts of food that most people could not eat in similar situations or in a similar amount of time. Kory often feels an inability to control her eating and frequently eats alone because she is embarrassed by how much she eats. It is likely that Kory has a diagnosis of:

d. binge-eating disorder.

9. Emotion is a psychological state that includes a subjective experience, a physiological component, and a(n):

c. behavioral expression.

10. To study the universal nature of emotions, Paul Ekman traveled to New Guinea to explore native peoples’ detection of facial expressions. Although unfamiliar with Western facial behaviors, the participants in his study

b. could identify the facial expressions common across the world.

11. The Schachter–Singer theory suggests that the experience of emotion is the result of

c. physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

12. The ____________ suggests that emotion is a very personal reaction to and interpretation of the environment, and that emotion does not result from a cognitive label of physiological arousal.

b. cognitive-appraisal approach

13. According to Masters and Johnson, sexual arousal begins in the ____________ phase, when physical changes begin to take place.

a. excitement.

14. In a fear-provoking situation, initial processing can be unconscious. Information from the thalamus can take two paths: It may go to the ____________ for processing, or directly to the ____________, which sets the stage by preparing the body for response to a threat.

a. cortex; amygdala

15. Evidence from research on emotions suggests that when looking at faces, women seem to

d. be better able to identify what emotion is being felt than are men.

16. Describe research findings on the influence of biology in sexual orientation.

Sexual orientation is the “enduring pattern” of sexual, romantic, and emotional attraction that individuals exhibit toward the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes. Research has focused on the causes of sexual orientation, but there is no strong evidence pointing to any one factor or factors. There is some evidence that genetics and hormones may influence sexual orientation; however, most agree sexual orientation is the result of a complex interaction between nature and nurture.

17. Describe a situation you are aware of when someone’s motivation did not follow the order outlined in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Answers will vary, but can be based on the following definition. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is considered to be universal. The needs in the hierarchy are ordered in terms of the strength of their associated drive, with the most critical needs at the bottom. The pyramid includes increasingly higher-level needs: physiological needs; safety needs; love and belongingness needs; esteem needs; self-actualization; self-transcendence. Maslow suggested that one’s most basic needs must be met before higher-level needs motivate behavior. An example of someone not following the prescribed order of needs might be a martyr who is motivated by self-transcendence needs, ignoring safety needs altogether.

18. How are bacterial and viral sexually transmitted infections different?

Sexually transmitted infections are diseases or illnesses passed on through sexual activity. Bacterial infections such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia often clear up with antibiotics. Viral infections like genital herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV) have no cure, only treatments to reduce symptoms.

19. List some of the display rules you respond to on a daily basis. What different display rules do you follow at school in comparison to those at home?

Answers will vary, but can be based on the following definition. Display rules provide a framework or guidelines for when, how, and where an emotion is expressed. Display rules are a product of cultures.

20. What are some activities you can get involved in to increase your happiness?

Answers will vary, but can include physical exercise, showing kindness, getting involved in activities that benefit others, recording positive thoughts and feelings of gratefulness in a journal, identifying and pursuing goals, and so on.