Chapter 1. Chapter 27: Cardiovascular System
1.1 Introduction
Interactive Study Guide
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Welcome to the Interactive Study Guide for Chapter 27: Cardiovascular System! This Study Guide will help you master your understanding of the chapter's Driving Questions, using interactive Infographics and activities, as well as targeted assessment questions. Click "Next" to get started, or select a Driving Question from the drop-down menu to the right.
Death in Bogalusa:
From tragic deaths in a southern town, insight into heart disease
DRIVING QUESTIONS
- What structures make up the cardiovascular system, and how does blood flow through the system?
- What is the structure of the heart and of the different types of blood vessels?
- What is the composition of blood, and what does blood do?
- What is cardiovascular disease, and what are some of the risk factors for developing it?
1.2 Driving Question 1:
Driving Question 1
What structures make up the cardiovascular system, and how does blood flow through the system?
Why should you care?
One in three deaths in the United States is caused by cardiovascular disease. This means that diseases of the heart and/or blood vessels account for more deaths than cancer. Cardiovascular disease is an effective killer because it largely goes undetected until there is a problem, and by then it is usually too late. Since your heart and blood vessels are essential to sustain life, any alteration in function or effectiveness of this system will typically lead to death. Why is your cardiovascular system so important for life? To answer that question, let’s take a look at the organs and structures that make up the cardiovascular system and determine the function of each.
What should you know?
To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to:
- List the components of the cardiovascular system and identify the function of each.
- Trace the route of blood flow through the cardiovascular system.
Infographic Focus
The Infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 27.2 and 27.3.
Question Test Your Vocabulary
Choose the correct term for each of the following definitions:
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| db7V1Fjlv8vqw1lTgV4nUbG+vK12mqNv3mWS3JFAva9p4nOSjWl+lQj5GIiclRPAIu3y/ui7wjv8sI8ymQhlDvmpz0/WD6ejbmkjn6ysmKFDhrZEmvnIzkma77g52F8HtEOmJb2q0rsN/6DJtsLzta9/uNNuyz6QPyLfTDQTUlOhufsIw46AN6sZG9lMG3mcfCp+XUDFUFmnJYunDK6fPRwb5xjBj00IuKegiCqIVK2Y4WQ3 | Blood vessels (except the coronary veins) that carry blood toward the heart. |
| JX1a2CxQ1qeNWEBPiUON/kV/K/JaAXARFEOOzhN+zKjLY2flV8Z38KS/VfRWwb/9+CZ4nlYPrLWBuCoPYbutSO3XYaiumYKQKXivHAXrR3beFNc7PKeHpOtnbPpseGMYsLNQYLYbxXV+zyKhpanatWmAIXUF9oSggW2zN2+LG9LcQwFw3SMLbDXwvq0Mez7XYN1uljkJthz2chIwa5mYYO93BJ5hC2saxDuFntCv76AwEXwB | The chambers of the heart that receive blood. The right atrium receives low-oxygen blood from the body, and the left atrium receives high-oxygen blood from the lungs. |
| sMKp34O3z2lSalzqokN3rns0w2H2dfzQg5Mz6gqCbBMLT9cZAfeM9VXfQujd/6KnlqkoUiZphYBGy3TjwzgQvMgsWtKIbj2fRiuJxMV09av8u/RKHojc2qFkhxqUcShLMsTE6N0obOdEUwcvGecKcbYuFgjn8Uv60lN7QIOKMPjGafqWrv+YVzxPBjfhW1Ak39hDM6qeLlqSo+Jp5ZCVuiKjYuAADDEmwhySNUgH/aj1NZfw | A disease of the heart or blood vessels or both. |
| R56DWvju0AhL9t+hzLNQUu7y7Y77NhHzim1SdQHsqwq784GthsIYVBekCwi7x6ty/a79LU2WqL73e0Evb4GObXOEkxnd3sRvDgQHMf5DSlK4z5AT6zGU1EcCXeQqPGO+Pxrx4jFPfnBXOdlpO8PJiImhztoMG6EpUWKJzGHjY9qDLRHni46euR30aviM9bd/l2h3M7lWTNOFJ6pnuuxaPt3DKaUGnKrpr+x6Rl540txG0KlG | A restriction of blood flow to the heart resulting in damage to the heart muscle. |
| bkJbAQVb6CXSlbBSH3UBW4x7g5TyeXp7bIG+LMpY1y42CiaROlA4XPDUZTM5GvQMzLiIOCg1EbQnYYz9qv/nmTfXngRM4m/ryabb8V5hW1grak05antalME1D8vxGFF7Xlnv/N90ITxBkbT2ddDFEKDuOTIUEJ/VFGKsnkcjBBI4xYrqJ1IhqcnZ+DMan4gnyUkMH94mj+d0cIaFx3Ua6ZuoXtiLygRWVaRdxcE5S2hb3Dgw | The large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle. |
| 9Iw+ivts3KNlnJU3HbT35eU5K5Y5cP1j9J3fgpg3OTQV0kif5y/q+siYcWOM85q31xBt1Vo3fmL6pxIXJkQxXyEV6O0fpqYZfIG290NiJNY5gMOIMx7vMh4aTntZHxJPRm2Uk/knfqoAnScfNjnCLF9KEkpoH6LQgEmldifAdV2E/SjZOtxVPYccy4R7b3mt0p5ZAoTZe7mmnNMtFNKnfdAQeOcwYs/8YqO8pQX4QIPb73j8 | Blood vessels (except the coronary arteries) that carry blood away from the heart. |
| SAkWMGx+tmj5qdtZIBXTk42VEIoRcBYIksOY5yZHmyEXqu0SwPQGwOVLW60/ehUAhFlioA/iOwfBhiJoSgjoTyPj/DTJjvmEZY1JV03SlTJZjpxmoTAV7r3blnIIJ7AKI8rmUEZTwo4Sa9hbh+68ifkhiFYWQT8PKezWswBrLQNRZ83rZC+AzQ0SKIl1r9VWGqbP1qXU8R6SfCYzzBfGzztYjTrZQQr7b4mIZzOUbpXAsNvI | The muscular pump that generates force to move blood throughout the body. |
| YwmuJbRtlF//pbZTeD53vnDCETUGMkVF2tFlvIok2qIfqSqHKUK/dI9XcGbMxFDJ/rhZJAUYXSsVsgzYrRX/B1MCtvNafYGqIL7uVlLV0mX/RILSbyEd5/XKjyN421v8rF/Ryi61hsp/nSPpLFdqYu6FzkHmpEwUyNWB78Zsd3n9tqB1HAZMbG4JbmK1ECOoe1xF3mj6mgIgScrcpnLvtbxyOU9Lmy9brtwbjyfDpE7vqH+S | The system that transports nutrients, gases, and other critical molecules throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. |
| 4U7J5UfOjp/pSIciiLJkB5DaZXjg2M0BiaTjTjFE4aLVNxzh3cqAgZPwMW4pCS08kSTvtxgWCv0hqLNugktybxlkps+tsmeyoiZ8XcudPmpu5QWHa5G4r3zcpS9PEgG5+I0chjnIOJKPB9mOyVEG52hYlmcXEpdt2taw9uNFb+gRQt5wgwkap1zJe/18tz5LquQE5O/lzBfVpKWzdW/nN3JuEGj6hgF56Jhv3rtfDB32b4Ai | The blood vessels that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart muscle. |
| jQGnGLZj060qQ2cVmMdOANv/930bI0N7rl71x6w8PJ2ctVLX76ayMnWNT74H53txaCN3q0PUif4p6O1jSg/rWKHFIRACG+DabfvpBPbo6ITcRnYPUhKy1yDTD3ASmnEVgCzuJ2pg/VsVA5ORqmkL8Vqq9V2EZfP/s9LVl74xKx0YdyR6Yjez3Uhl/L6BWCnSrII4n6InDichim8DJlhllbG/hMxreBkVwKpkBCAzLkUoARbE | The circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs. |
| AwqgcLg1r9lNyGax+8Of9pyZ3PvxpaeOiL3A6NRNPdTwhAkJiADYl61yvL13w1J6sKbLic6asNAlalHO4BlGEK0lj6OfGcuBHycKOAXlaa33dPZ7puVtJP2JB4r5gOSC36mdVhA4Fx0z/nHq1/KLvZhgvYhLonbSbL6Wp294nHHSB8Xk4/eZN1PEdYfkyvpkkH98kkU/7uQdr81qSp/DhXp4+28DDZighxTPeamctAHNOraF | The chambers of the heart that pump blood away from the heart. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the body. |
| CE0L++s9HAjKYayLRfu52n3Q6RNRpYB2kPh0Mc/RVcNpeNAfYWgQpKBUXVK8sY3PlLa9yECb3Jymeh7NQjTEFBd+6e+3jWJuzGsRCcmO+nYdxiRZV+ox1VC9/GWDVl/Qp1Qtpp+yLSf37S0rdpbk3K2H1mTmG8Z9/xy7gZzqFa0JY2hNzMaig06koh5SKIM+QBD///LdZB9tK28PU5CTOer2gjXdbYy8Z7nx+pow6poDfKiA | The circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body. |
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List the components of the cardiovascular system and identify the function of each.
Question 1.1
PvtjsddnT2F/FfsOrNguyyEsXPuqH0NxEeKTvt3qwGdMmjz7mF0hN1MMxiBRucpUdL9ODa3TRt2dFaaa
The major components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels (arteries and veins), and blood.
Question 1.2
Match the components below with their main function.
| Carry blood away from heart | 6kDinhh1e3Yb3nFXLLXeVFyUFRPLCIDRG4+8cimWuxk= |
| Carry blood toward heart | LWkQ/ICiwmr6C0ObpVBnCAvAkn+y+VDOopXCG59RL9g= |
| Muscular pump that moves blood through the body | KTD9TD9zzQJ95PIIKnEOCVZKfXG4F2XETCbXgjgoceY= |
| Carries oxygen to all parts of body and takes away carbon dioxide waste | K92AjyJIL9HVdHNeNBthVBu92B7+MYLlQlCl428IE0E= |
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Trace the route of blood flow through the cardiovascular system.
Question 1.3
YH7B5nO+EtUZJZpohiN8N21HLrIknEsk17EvrhUgh5/L5YJmFtc9NtAnqJrMWKm3ZS9euKmxYIDOTz8hO0kin1DB5mhlH1ZqFPJpPq8vKh7F+Nw2BgJeRGfgLpr+YZ0g5JNdbMiC7IRLpLFR3PGCDwJs6M46DRCPqVoMGqWMen6Q895GGavfaNzqMXM92gdx+j0fy6lniWeLuO+8FvPbbUyFBzkWRqdosTWy6dyKWAs=
The oxygen-rich blood goes from the lungs to the heart, where it is pumped through the arteries to all parts of the body. Once the blood has delivered the oxygen to the body, the deoxygenated blood makes its way back to the heart through a system of veins, where it is pumped by the heart to the lungs to receive more oxygen.
Question 1.4
LosTEjRU9UldBOBNwMbowbHEkM5RG132FXfTNVL3rCBWylxW6UmCOgauC9Xhl0vZmzak5hYHmHc=
The pulmonary circuit allows blood to pick up oxygen from the lungs and leave carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body in the breath.
Question 1.5
CqyNB5tJsvJJwwkZJN7IBFqzEuAuej0T/TR0ruxSXPjppY7wBDCCyYD39ZnJQ86DzA06FhWg0lc=
To deliver oxygen via the blood and remove carbon dioxide waste, also via the blood.
Review Questions
Question 1.6
What component(s) of the cardiovascular system is (are) essential to maintain bodily function? (Mark "yes" for all that apply.)
| a. heart | Efx3eLtX1Ia8xzC/fjL6GA== |
| b. veins | Efx3eLtX1Ia8xzC/fjL6GA== |
| c. arteries | Efx3eLtX1Ia8xzC/fjL6GA== |
| d. blood | Efx3eLtX1Ia8xzC/fjL6GA== |
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Question 1.7
M/yrrF2mbexZcbzuj55AScjHEVammMgVLG0gp2S0vBYkfi/IyE+C+j30xgJyTWWZPlgbgFUf+vT3TroBnGbOiK/6bGvP6bF0AxkjxeFvmEeDIcBJvLygVgeOkpm7jEDImb3x3mTxRMjAizu8wi6zfF2QB1lqGBlmR2XH3wEENa+1pVv2FCmw9g==1
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Question 1.8
goZDs0O6hbA98/G7Ft0TtwZ1OrZxpvn+6v5wc7fTbuuIjPx6Cn5yxwwdDrC+fIVeMwpEv68C5xeM1nxC2SJZICZIYcUSV6oPd5tHHKL6W2GpJdxfmHFlfkblzGo6yk3cI8C6XghF7SzOG/Lgv6IKUCaNpcIucW8mZPZspbeutTyh+xhCJwLwwUvH+gLiupplWGbhe6oUMZ0+MaCtU1dz7KL+1C8tOeI+o4M309eMGlesioaAoaWZGH0ILK0c6mrMBY/bJR6GoCk+zy6+7vfYfOEItUE8smBELvlTOa6rUC/qryYRPQGItfuAH25654wReHntLA5KmhI=2
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1.3 Driving Question 2:
Driving Question 2
What is the structure of the heart and of the different types of blood vessels?
Why should you care?
You have likely heard that clogged arteries are bad and may lead to a heart attack. Maybe you know someone who has had a stent (a mesh tube that holds open a weak or damaged blood vessel), placed in an artery to reestablish blood flow. If blood flow is so important to life, it is good to understand how blood is pushed around the body and the structures that carry it.
What should you know?
To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to:
- Draw the major components of a human heart and trace the path that blood (both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) follows as it flows through the organ.
- Compare and contrast arteries and veins.
Infographic Focus
The Infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 27.2 and 27.3.
Question Test Your Vocabulary
Choose the correct term for each of the following definitions:
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1ZU+LrP8bcURJ/F6Zv8BL44A+X1V0dn+clJtrlCTHEXiozqRdl5XjJU9DKgtgBw25nPELkqSa1a+sRr0H9ECP9u2t7XjhXt1ZN/5n/0P0y7He66Nx4BbFfGdkj815t54Eg//4wFEmcutGtI+Qkn4p4eRD+cZHJ+LlpFcHA== | Blood vessels (except the coronary arteries) that carry blood away from the heart. |
| FLSHDNG+sgeCc9nBP+db7r+bUS391L9kyyNL7GSMYGLOOV+MgW/Jr/SaUMVF0/3Io7Y/OCQqwr4x40DGNPCUvm9Um8m3GNvphtnZ/wS3MuWXdNf1dbkM6ahfWgy4V0sqi6gpyvb6Pdcme46uf877CQ9aU8bDQyv/gcOSzg== | The chambers of the heart that receive blood. The right atrium receives low-oxygen blood from the body, and the left atrium receives high-oxygen blood from the lungs. |
| jNIqsJeZeOaUnyEeq642IVaqGY4OGCUUzZIHYx75sQncbu50/dJB+AE64IXPC8ek1TI001E5rg+mqLTEnWfttTSsxoMdrSak2GaVovsb+cRNkafDGRLUzT5EUJ1RC0u696lHfhVPGY/NeIOOKRdYNLCP8uwcDM2+hCwAYw== | Blood vessels (except the coronary veins) that carry blood toward the heart. |
| OObAigNyXxzc1ltJNILzBsrvTWD2hrNc28nG3LRrZWWK1xyjHO8Lvo8byWXSL+YK4DzGqr3lmbr1DXG76TP3P6m/KjtwRmV5lcHKAjJGkTneANS44xXmzQpZkwzCTFuh195Pi7u4NVcQi/OqJ0RM1yMZFGt7hZIvhxgW7ysaN5YYLZlRCKcx7g== | The muscular pump that generates force to move blood throughout the body. |
| I0C72weA5cd9p2Ro1sNWirofa77xWlkyPAgArb+CQ2c5Gl7aj7lWnDDGhMsNhe8TM8heOHAaCw3dCsBSagqnTSb0+bL1l9QWanILPHU+aMYV4Xay2/fj1XE8d9xL1QNp5OOErTaX2jMe3KMOIhKl2z40jg6dxk4rPunRRQ== | The large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle. |
| ZTmOaHnnEu2LWc04BKvDVX8422K6JyhEQMV8ZwjeGEkOU6p8/cO+W+eRn0mdV04yGSWt534r9KB5Mp8RTx0McvLT33CoC71RY3l7BLkX/R3yiUJC6COrFVXwPHzFYrX2HkcJK1fQ6SxQ/xISPL5VWNaNsU1evh/wL0qvAA== | The circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body. |
| 3RUTTPXo0jrzNHm0dxAmbqks8+ekb7Hf8NvdiSPU6x6Xb2brim/p5hm7sCIS12THkSn/DI3yrFB7Io4ppZMAfN4BD1G5kOcWKUN/2CJNi30m8/duMb2yzpbzDGWUd8wKFbYiJRH3In2zbIUPtf+QpVbKpHZAwcDgBUvzmA== | The circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs. |
| ZiNgXZ/5MiNqDzZN9fhc5cKQ/uh7S5gXUs+1Nfg+BS00Am9fdSS3eiWwJP/obpDASVncGm+3Q5sxRMAccuELx9aTA0WD15AXkqgovD4SsYS+EWtugbCgWcq5rVUOH4ZDmzOIVgbqT8yB9aG33az7lb+zxQwO7bziEkafAA== | The chambers of the heart that pump blood away from the heart. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the body. |
| uuKUQCKx7V022KMeOfrM8NP77zfbqIEZ29uUR2ZlbVUPUmJoMLnA3NN5FJQSsUw+Q4DslG3h75T44Eb7t63/4il8HlkLVEvQAQE9AdoRoedH5qp0B8zmc2iWpi4rcSwV6jDWPhczTLmXgiR0dI1c7HWYsBM4y69EjdGV8w== | The blood vessels that deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart muscle. |
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Draw the major components of a human heart and trace the path that blood (both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor), flows through the organ.
Question 1.9
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Question 1.10
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Heart valves keep the blood flowing in one direction. The correct flow of blood is necessary to bring oxygen-poor blood to the heart so it can be reoxygenated in the lung) and to carry oxygen-rich blood to all tissues in the body. If blood flow were reversed or changed from time to time, instead of oxygenated blood, the body might receive the oxygen-poor, nutrient-deficient blood, which does not provide cells with the nutrients they need to maintain life.
Question 1.11
D/wS8FVhx128FpjqYz6rfO2SUwFICTqzVP5V7UHNIKmj2msuI/BmkfIiAQcV8YTYDaXfOFY1+bN97eKC8SPFlewpXBj4Wi57O6sJNofC4G/4hkGzmPktrrtcyFmfasT8jpimeZP1ds5DwBSJf595BQ66QbG0731HAormx5Rb1d332/LtlK+7AVwd5wIMAloCKAruufKsauFqOpa50FBLwieEQdaO0rRkscHSLw==
Question 1.12
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
Despite popular belief, veins and arteries are not defined by the oxygen state of the blood they carry. Rather, it is the direction of the blood flow (toward the heart or away from the heart) that is important. In both the systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit, veins carry blood TOWARD the heart while arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart… no matter the oxygen state of the blood.
Compare and contrast arteries and veins.
Question 1.13
Fill in the following table with the type of blood vessel (artery or vein) that has that characteristic (can be more than one answer in a cell):
| Present in the pulmonary circuit | gJECCPBRxCA0pRZGwrcrR1sTqHqc7ifZ7K6tulHS+YmRq5Fg3g2mNM2Xh4g= |
| Low-pressure vessels | hfgyNPCN0EmGAG05ug2w6YnP3uRTFbbBiVqYdFkFIaPaCd0hMXMHbLPV+7o= |
| Supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle itself | wCZBiFQ8blldsdnEzsPCue1rsuem0SUZCPn+Cix/grFxSygPho+O0CRmxZs= |
| Carries oxygen-rich blood | gJECCPBRxCA0pRZGwrcrR1sTqHqc7ifZ7K6tulHS+YmRq5Fg3g2mNM2Xh4g= |
| Thin walled | hfgyNPCN0EmGAG05ug2w6YnP3uRTFbbBiVqYdFkFIaPaCd0hMXMHbLPV+7o= |
| Carries oxygen-poor blood | gJECCPBRxCA0pRZGwrcrR1sTqHqc7ifZ7K6tulHS+YmRq5Fg3g2mNM2Xh4g= |
| Present in the systemic circuit | gJECCPBRxCA0pRZGwrcrR1sTqHqc7ifZ7K6tulHS+YmRq5Fg3g2mNM2Xh4g= |
| High-pressure vessels | wCZBiFQ8blldsdnEzsPCue1rsuem0SUZCPn+Cix/grFxSygPho+O0CRmxZs= |
| Have valves to control direction of blood flow in systemic circuit | hfgyNPCN0EmGAG05ug2w6YnP3uRTFbbBiVqYdFkFIaPaCd0hMXMHbLPV+7o= |
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Question 1.14
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The coronary arteries are responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle itself. If the heart does not have an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen, the muscle will start to die. When this happens, the heart cannot contract properly or regularly and eventually may stop. If your heart is not beating (contracting), it cannot move blood around your body, your tissues will die, and eventually so will you. So these coronary arteries are what keeps the heart itself running (which keeps you running).
Review Questions
Question 1.15
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Incorrect.
Question 1.16
dUs6HW1Guo6fiHhRB/RHNx+6IB2baEOYFVK2hO5dgvCgLGaIdBueNDHzL94hreK1lJ/lxiKTJ9HlJONDZoTlXKw8bFAGL/QWbcNjgCedewjAcjGYkUOpZlp9E/g5UTl8w88H3pACmNbQm9Fl2LUuhTXX2kZMqyoeP5OHTuOHPKnpMXbGXPd1s6inEilgyrUxXqwlv1Bh0Z2odqKA2
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Question 1.17
ylSu05NM+6OQutWUI/Z4rzuaqC8anULPfVFDk33rldwxjQQE+UKIl73jv5rO6yF+NHeqwRFnXj60htYnKcXNKUWSu3Qv6Uce4u+5a57T8QZkZ8tECurL2i1Zdl1aO5sFoU/fQ8bozcTrK81MPfJeUhUG/9jkF6coSqtR1eQcHJMxTv9d5rv32qswHA1iU/gBQiDItxZ//JgJ+bHmrA40v9oICniJENsRZjbW0dE5XCJl0uBVCorrect.
Incorrect.
1.4 Driving Question 3:
Driving Question 3
What is the composition of blood, and what does blood do?
Why should you care?
Every tissue in your body needs blood to survive. For some parasitic organisms, like fleas and ticks, blood is the only food source necessary to maintain excellent health. Other parasites, like the one that causes malaria, actually live in blood, and their life cycle depends on it. So what makes blood so important to many living organisms? In short, blood is a nutrient- and oxygen-rich liquid that can easily be transported all over the body to deliver vital components to almost every cell and carry away waste products generated by these cells. Blood is also an excellent delivery system for the immune cells, which must fight infection and patrol every area of the body. If you lose too much blood, your body will stop functioning and you will not survive.
What should you know?
To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to:
- Describe the main components of human blood and what each component does.
- Explain how capillaries contribute to the overall function of blood.
Infographic Focus
The Infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 27.5 and 27.6.
Question Test Your Vocabulary
Choose the correct term for each of the following definitions:
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ky/gyMG0uDhkX3CBs7Ya+jD9QAEDb6pJbiQ/S0WPZsdemjHPWG8PVE1LeqbQ495Y75z951Wj97UbYAmEUmv36T0yPxmTwi6+netmabYxzxOIPFvxZhzyWNwq9pM= | Leukocytes are involved in the body’s defenses (the immune response). |
| 3I2wWtO5qQow6fENqO+orFhahKjLaENau5DNs/6Yp/a7sXHaqgNd56rQTZYE26NqMJAqTIhbXm0wbt2edQqDE2PBx/GkbGyArPbZgeDKSQXcZSQHMU3nJQB18G8= | The smallest blood vessels. Capillaries are the sites of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the blood and tissue cells. |
| dRTaJ6rXZrDdMf+A+Nbr9gTFc8V9AJprgkfg/vhNtAyaB9v9u2HA/Kvim6KAFdT61r/LRN7Xo38nxjUMdDrdoFNqch+oDuzqV3RR2rD2w6mGML+sDQv5L8TP0LM= | Fragments of cells involved in blood clotting. |
| 4KFlTwafNl5RyHo4aZ8YdI3t9u9P5htrkbzCq1ecm0Dy2SafG6gF7o9dc1GNRnphTZKMFpR3Di+6LA7wwID1wGBeunWVhM6FWHqTEadPf3d42mORubkgYywIJ2Y= | type of blood cell specialized for carrying oxygen. |
Table
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Describe the main components of human blood and what each component does.
Question 1.18
Match the following definitions to the blood component.
| Essential to cell survival | 1U8u7VA66V0TJ+sD0RAYy7BtwtlUCoOojuB+dKY7iXRfAw6rTo6P/8Am4pZ5zeiSpNx3P9TMXsbFPSt7ZGhreL9brAo= |
| Liquid composed of water and protein | MJWoa+gdJS93KH8Rgkbv8tCYdKVJQ5OeLUmo7iwFW0DhAKENdRJBE9HRPWnSV0iVqfLU2r3+tuKIJ1Lyx3fznP8TfFM= |
| Lack a nucleus, carry oxygen | eyzBZOzRNhbINKq/vu1PiqCihyTupj8cjWOBOophfO9It+4ZEx0v3is1c+1TUbWKjA8bv9oQXTeR+P66XXLrjkUjO7U= |
| Involved in immune response | AWdOdLaQiidpkaspLdIzG4ZouvzP1mMBYaVL1A1frWOpdqNcjR1yOE27UTlqQOZPBUsBE+DCSNPqE5rMU+X/CKhadO4= |
| Waste product excreted by cells | uAmT5XtWGULTZ7ukFWAm4vSW3XmjVTD39nGraPN+1QUDhAsUSZHAf+r2uwsyhgjrtXkaxjcoR67PE0LOhrq1nymjmLo= |
| Fragments of cells, involved in blood clotting | //aoxBfsDQIH4IImjPAXW4cLPA6IZPd/wYPP5WIW+igO0pf6/C8AXIMh4y/aIZLOJLrx4iMh/8yq/sgOViDIu8wSkgA= |
Table
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Correct.
Try again.
Incorrect.
Question 1.19
8yTDfmoOWD5okA1jWVwnV/rfDH8RonkV1AvInHg7scvtk3uyuD71Wz/iHpjK0tqq
Since blood is a liquid, it can easily be transported throughout the body and reach every area. Liquids are also capable of accepting dissolved gases, so proteins, like hemoglobin, can carry them to body tissues. A liquid is most suitable for carrying oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide wastes, important for proper cell, and thus body, functioning. Liquids can also be transported quickly throughout the entire body.
Question 1.20
The following is a list of the physical characteristics of a red blood cell. Next to each characteristic, explain how that feature aids in the function of the red blood cell.
HVnLATKKgVWkIsCKsUHPEvaly4jvdZAul0HCOv4VXOrml2bYWowdzH+23F3HasVLYxmKv2qXRX5X0ISOPGpH9oSlVrI=
Since blood is a liquid, it can easily be transported throughout the body and reach every area. Liquids are also capable of accepting dissolved gases, so proteins, like hemoglobin, can carry them to body tissues. A liquid is most suitable for carrying oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide wastes, important for proper cell, and thus body, functioning. Liquids can also be transported quickly throughout the entire body.
Since blood is a liquid, it can easily be transported throughout the body and reach every area. Liquids are also capable of accepting dissolved gases, so proteins, like hemoglobin, can carry them to body tissues. A liquid is most suitable for carrying oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide wastes, important for proper cell, and thus body, functioning. Liquids can also be transported quickly throughout the entire body.
Since blood is a liquid, it can easily be transported throughout the body and reach every area. Liquids are also capable of accepting dissolved gases, so proteins, like hemoglobin, can carry them to body tissues. A liquid is most suitable for carrying oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide wastes, important for proper cell, and thus body, functioning. Liquids can also be transported quickly throughout the entire body.
Small size (in comparison to other body cells): Red blood cells are small because they have to fit through capillaries to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
Unique concave shape: This increases the surface area of the blood cell so that more oxygen exchange can take place.
Flexibility: Being flexible helps the red blood cell navigate the labyrinth of blood vessels to travel all over the body.
No nucleus: The red blood cell’s primary job is to deliver oxygen to tissues. Since it is so small, it has only a certain amount of space in which to carry oxygen. To maximize this space, red blood cells expel their nuclei as they mature.
Explain how capillaries contribute to the overall function of blood.
Question 1.21
rZaxaXZhlCuVHmCpcbVW/Pj3yf3Fwk57Nx2ttrzCzGmX2YScHtcpTX7o4otLMtV4rmKN34XmfXAJcrvLr9a3R85TsOBuKzgYU6XSWWwxfqVLQxUXwXL1hpfjAfG9odm9j8egamWqeXenq+MFZrori8zzuXkhFCRayMCHqZKsjEVIkHAT+Eyffdtc3dQ6E7tVX5orpPPLSJ3iTn4hNUism5onuS42qbBBO+0YcchHyTpaocchJahQ+hK4ejRxlVoixSaT3GHVZDd+1Ufsax738R3DCGLKKZUiv0xqM3wkK6LefFUQuf9dwnIeb9uyjqTFysO592mzUcIe5dewZv1gbUwfUaEsLT0ZfLgHMWfBuF2ci+efCBTzUascvdjkodAfUbylVkjDJyMYFUkUmc4bF8CIBHj9DdmTowIduYkUvOPmEVb4V1Cgt56iRgI=
Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, are found in every tissue in the body. They are thin walled, which aids in the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissue cells and the blood. The blood that flows through capillaries moves at a reduced rate (because of the small diameter of the vessel), which aids in nutrient and gas exchange by allowing time for this exchange. In summary, if you think of the circulatory system as a collection of roads, veins and arteries are like major multilane highways that can get you to the general area of your destination (like your foot), while capillaries are like the winding back roads that take you to individual houses (or cells). Capillaries allow the blood to (a) get to almost every cell in the body and (b) perform its function.
Review Questions
Question 1.22
dosLx0Fr4DgvBPEEo9A4KrFsl5aIlRJMuCJEXVIP9E+izQ+19EZQ8w0oTOBo+fhOpsFfscP9xSyCi21Dcw+SydNHr9kRyGPcEkYz+otZlL0bwYc/hlWZy+E04Xkc0FB3wDUoeqkAxUF/sUkLtB46/zI8ysOvoicTf8Q80JmaYtkcd2CvRqvrkA==2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Question 1.23
VA0cKypDWvJTqKfv5Q7oVxOtf4loPC4NWumd3r8VnmH7FwT2LJdJvb/aHMgkIZC2AJv3q/pk2zJHdh008N4FR62ibIZ3SWnMmH5ju21Xj5sVDzyWpQFCQ+EYQrVs6ZuOjt1PwKxg81B3wPoykty1DgTC2iYu9G4vq1lPFDq6Mbq4HzS86b2k0baUsHy2Lp5+OLddY6AaW8EXrt40Correct.
Incorrect.
Question 1.24
Capillaries are (mark "yes" for all that apply):
| a. the largest blood vessels in our system. | Fd/yhwSeUQ6ZqQj4 |
| b. the site of oxygen and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissue cells. | uS+xJY+rPntALoOB |
| c. not involved in the circulatory system. | Fd/yhwSeUQ6ZqQj4 |
| d. the site where cellular waste diffuses into the blood. | uS+xJY+rPntALoOB |
Table
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
1.5 Driving Question 4:
Driving Question 4
What is cardiovascular disease, and what are some of the risk factors for developing it?
Why should you care?
As stated previously, one in three deaths in the United States is caused by cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, it is likely that you will know, or already do know, someone who has had cardiovascular disease. With the obesity epidemic on the rise, so are the risk factors and prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Many of the risk factors that can lead to cardiovascular disease are preventable, especially when a successful prevention strategy is established early in life. It is important to know which risk factors are under your control and how to eliminate them from your life.
What should you know?
To fully answer this Driving Question, you should be able to:
- Describe some forms of cardiovascular disease or risk factors that can affect cardiovascular health.
- List and describe controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and explain how each contributes to the development of disease.
- Compare and contrast the two forms of cholesterol in the blood and how an excess of one may lead to cardiovascular disease.
- Describe some preventive measures that lower an individual’s risk of cardiovascular disease.
Infographic Focus
The Infographics most pertinent to the Driving Question are 27.1, 27.4, and 27.7 to 27.9.
Question Test Your Vocabulary
Choose the correct term for each of the following definitions:
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| SSLeUSG4o0E19mOnfSW7BSGGSVd/12d7D6Fmuvk1/NUGxTfB9mgCyPpI+Uah7a2fg33MG6QriACUGqZRq1UX9pDD9vpEnKJ8Hkfvd6NugWlvGsCoz8VIG8TwNTmA+RrQ3wzDr07c6fGzOyOO3/YJb23Bpib5nA02JnAPDpxzvXfFBkbS6TXFVACFlzZIKMCtq8zvQwzDg2pkztGjH5ZOmMcNSevtCXOUJODqCChiYE05xhmOzp03HqI5Ijvthpc/oI3aAtq/AsSf3W/gDnjDFFUErrd7g+2PqIhvCQIlOR80S6W2mp9yQVb4GLk3EmIr | The overall pressure in blood vessels, expressed as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. |
| zgaDphk8EIJ4B7NNCmbw3Ox5+4RtMSAXYYL8lsOF1EP4xoaA7AADpil/JEf5gMcm+XjwXWQRf0kl3vdceX3fy7g3F416Va80ij7FB47CUOP81se9VSZdwH/kFYpUxnI9Jfl1BMe18+jbZaOEGoHh+lJHhGj1MkQJURpC9J3lH8n0Vjx8/ECBfjOtrqSJCgymFQoUDVo2WbdJWJTaygsS/mqC30Nd6PE5xwe5fxe5rRjz3aJGznK341baW0Y3VONA1tLdvteQvRg21sBE6e8Z23gWOyqMRMkZ1urVZ5CPzXgSxMtRz002Kxb1HC2E5L/7 | A disease process that restricts blood flow through arteries; also known as hardening of the arteries. |
| WVErqXEu2oD5kQ0J/pt6+SUAVxY/fx3pu0wWPmoYG5o4maMbU4b2qRKr5uZjRHBhPaW9E9M9blJZPLHu/HIrnxnYf/8ytdZd8lt9+GD7asMwGnVO2dwpSJ66qIRBoCk6SOgWkTtO4smvE1jcaoxL1c05DpSIL/TseyDxIVXYVVTlb0JFh8UeGZ7mpHff+JHnGg5Q1Yr2krRhaUBdJWCLwMGc7nYlX0A2ELVHadgEKIHo4Gv7r6TpF2W1x/OmpZS3FZNN+RuLhy5T2r+5WJtVcP2ukZAm4UZhGfwyPcZkNAiyV7L0d4GEzHR096HaOvWX | A form of cholesterol and protein in the blood that contributes to cardiovascular disease. |
| /cRlej/pCcH0QSLb0xJM9cEbT/GJT87iGllVrKX0w5VsY/ZchKlmxzDRenM72Inbn5GW+LD1L8IWXZ2LyR+FgnefTWhJJupiwB9RwVUXbHj87o39rIlt0HdGMJ6wLUfofhMxpzESKGxCLV86H72CjLHSc8B8p9PJ9ddxv4tXvXZVUnX7mjfeVGM61Ny5Qdj34v2/+i58UCjfmt7Df8mvoYhYT0y3xx7n1cVUU8AN8jyiOav5Niu3VtWpPa40RVhb2uoqbPcps+4NsjDQAgyvuLDOMQdJcbwg2f6lNSSlYmJRCLsJXwxB6yvRIv6+Pu/f | A restriction of blood flow to the heart, resulting in damage to the heart muscle. |
| OtRgBmh7AFv9TluMF1EGilC20TeFdKdepWqOj7+5dTXEw2zvHsxOtfPtxsbgq5AVAS6OH3LyMaWXdz62mLIUQYwGL3pBI+v8PCTa2HLjfZ+wNP2WP3JGP0onk8dBWQp8Qzmjpk9am7c5Xlk8/iSWu8fKiTUhpEqsFDxBltNxngfZ45RZhk3Odlw9z5CXZ//Vb0IAswUWVktw5Jaufdg6fXYteSTHPqbi8slFBj+VpRGRVmIKXbLR0K38GfAUBhLjUWZ1EjDTPE8/PNYq9eazB4qkSrjfE66Ow6+WRoBiQA3VS3BnWO4tcoqYkEWoP66T | A form of cholesterol and protein that is protective. |
| ZxwyWBd0JW5LDy2X62nm21l7d2o0M2oihSpSUn01iW1V0YZNE5dl5mX+QvKjGMzoDMtXfP+0tZHQomYZ3+wmHONDYkUvDuuCHEMnU6yjWU3i0X8GFhQY82RWXVCRAJjjOjXpL677fAz8m3KPyu5Fq/2VW+eqmzOF7alfmHX/7zJU2FJby4rax6scVmLAeJxjx8A0j5CZ8SUksSmnFOcaqhwuEOJ7ED9FxAQHW654XPuHfrJJn0qdSsPHtzymfcv0p3TSPsTdmXUbSa9FoI7oVbCssS1dqadmNcfcU7V1N5j6oNBNTxmHqw3xhuGYcTWh | A disease of the heart or blood vessels or both. |
| bAjg+7+KuqhpsTlayjchawdfJHZuQEM6aof7AVIkIdkUaKPgCPi1MxMvsY51yaqLuVHfhwzFJd3zXGuvtZPxkFeL+7ERHQp5FLYEvQoEJsZlWu021v/aKMq/6V7MJo3P2/1lPguxR7/6M9mt5R+8XxVHoSYQqdcffl/b6B/ZH8ubbcj34mcQHAukXcRWflX+Xe+Cx+iGPTpOhbJfV9rWPVo0ZSYM+zjVf3aw5/Ie3X74Ev5zPCzBEV0Wreay1+K+JDgo/UtmLsW9ABEUtxgDFq4HrrlH4DsNBBxC755SfF6I5kB2I+nznmKYMHwUNOUn | The pressure in arteries when the ventricle is relaxed. |
| giJlHB4XgVz1FtYxMfDH9jxwv8nXnPYFJcEho6vANYlkWrNUJDWj9Jn6u/btXZw7jbUkbABMbGoAs77YfD1csLF5L29w5HrYvga3Y8ogyl9JqBNJq4TN0kSrsqLPjMxHts1UA5Y97lUi+E+T9KsNOukY6oYyeVB/t47H0jxvp8lGi167IC5xLeaU+ZIGi8hvg7I5cEZWgWMbh/mRg7hpLT8m2RQVPNmlwnWYqri5Bvn+HY0XnujCh9dTpyBW6DvoGFluXacpY5v0YZel4W9SFBVmGXPvhJ2LQh98v2DBwK6pidx3/55vGlhlpQUgyvoz | A lipid that is transported in the blood by specialized proteins. |
| Uv35KnjWIAuY2e+ZkEBvA9WUI9to/S6LQTBg2RBclO8ou8L45u37OPeJ5ftjfC7s8ps8lC8tRSPGQl4NJR90hBHmH31IJtIqDFQxZZUPBvyG0208Cd999Npqqh4gtBTsYryu/rry2MgQ3tM7qmDtez4t+dnlzV3TtqsoU8wiTx6PDDVZ7aaM1J32rrHyoiN1ZbjZFiO42haZTOs1Clfy7XqFrbp1HL1LU4KjHc3g9FDzcrZRHpDGKvXqJ4JYb0t5bP8bQQpn1KiH83sNr5yXizlsTJMxObjiXiYTxk7QExx3gVTu3Eownvj+XBISYddr | disease characterized by chronically elevated levels of blood sugar. |
| /IM/ZglTgNjr891gNDGmlmpqSOZ4ZQSDl7vN1kta9/xHNda5r0Bkq/4atPuV51iZL8JXYFe2OYdusrGNfM2z4VhZJQLav7izov/xOwwu8y5rEfLMvkIqtlCsLHF+6bc+Hz9x3pjpVAYP2cj3X8vbCCcFzAuzRfiffIespLPo0VWQpBsVq1JoFizJNCL7dd+OJIv0qlSxX8HSVI7apSDDAt9OQTLXXurFHaBe03Pqbj0cM6SW3MvXs7ThsChVGyV28xZfrxR/l4K61hHPZV0lXtBXwMWUG/sTJ4Xj8NpxH0CY/QdaVyyNvFnaHEiBP3QQ | Raised fatty deposits that accumulate inside arteries, limiting the flow of blood. |
| /F3wM2eaxPQGQGjsx6VS9EZkRGsWQnULT+YCn8zuV/n4VwL7MU5BywlmfDC9DglYanWpNV5hglK+CCiodq76gZB+ARhypFv0BRtpQrjrgCk1B3+4356sW4Zop0GK5B4VIvNM79S1iRmmt8Xy0/mtaaCzvm5BX/JuUW5xkbZXuZidGmJ1lbvWQGDXroyxZ9L+s73G3yUhWeVOQc3rq5Vd3aS9ZMz6T+t4Un/uwo/EG5uynZKHdOex2BhHjfcdf53eAqu+zK8UZM8Zy8GZ36Q+n+OuiMfhJjcjdxrpcyXG68jIM/raqRPzn4NyPfIF93/m | The pressure in arteries at the time the ventricle contracts. |
| ha/Z0az0TDaED82zo1Kl4HVUWMvOiLcZyZDGIGGpJJ9pL1ZalBoMuEXl73De0vHONqXXQfIdYkp2MlbS/34QPMUA1PfKzMS8iOCBgdoj1nzonTeujpYyCdh5HSIRx2Poh7nX+MSFa/BzjkhusHxx3cAu/sZDq6f8R3pnwMO+oHFiBaGvcWwt+Murf1JIOBjMAd5jTbLSzjCATXpz+7pvlNcIisVkjOw02FpNfVTT89NYhEwhxyqrr4nn/tsfDfVhedl9PG8OfIGvem10wKt5IUdNz1+dbHhAWyS83bWv5FPBR8JgoU0atA0ndNPLzgYT | A disruption in blood supply to the brain. |
| lC8dX1OJ64XX985yGi5Qo3cGw60OqmU09BKG4byhlC10nxMK+r8V6w4nn4mtH3jzNzXw0/VtE9MceCphvYDm0H385jqNcl5HykCsjNlsDhGg8C5Ra1+g/KUPPkOVHFCV8wXnyALpUZYFXlzpZQBiBRk3FFPV3Vxq8TFj4CZeWdXRss9egMC2toStLUuSXub5IgMvm0AubXMF7GMwRGH1nlFG1NQeM3XQj00pb13kUYTmEJfmQj4lfgLVA+Bt3ei7o7JANHeMs/UmEn8IE/LZmXXJoGhibhVJ7c1PgRlHcHtt31x+6eP6vnQ5H5+zf4BO | Anything (e.g., a behavior or exposure) that increases the probability of developing a disease. |
| D/64cjZnolRGFMFSyERbfahvEwW8Xl/BMMO0v68LaiL2fliLpv3yFXPwAfGNcmvRXw4H4xiy4hL8jETGanSd/pfu7As42IE51IFakX+iZiorD+zaw0ivBOc7yoqn1Vud3Qbsp6y+6Vo/GnnOjE//N2hJlLyU707yc8lf6k5HV+JlD8iYEhCh6UcNDhGadQ7LmvOXp25dr7BfkyO9m0LTRcRd4Qry4n7wkcCNlYAz3O2WaS7Y1uAEwcxoGe0nbugvEM8DBAgr5tlgszx3svmTRMzzO+FN3zWV0AjdBS0vC7OPQ19SMoGLJDwxmriXrVK0 | Elevated (high) blood pressure. |
| KMnYkvecfzQ5QwR8/7pRTJHZI37qpacJuZdAYS3pOc7bhg0ONdtalskAvp9Xt6bzB6l1QQqa/UqchFI8Bknq2BDQnJmm5mgz5HKP6qZf9zqmCsqY4QJsGE3K+Zy1SJ8ivnvb+wSqOaXpgFuoQHZiCCqTjJFcaLKsny1lwEUHppjT9yEdVJV5+tOGdw8S6ekkRqnizcx/TsNAdDm3Fq1LK62/saxlaQn11CkX0f3weEeGfWsHy0K5xOU1EI8S+p+WTXoE5X4+bziv7X2zuQtdSIBgdfD/dLkifVw7MjzhvccHF1jqYUAXkbiMBh2Zkl2P | The detectable force of blood entering arteries, e.g. the neck or wrist. |
Table
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Describe some forms of cardiovascular disease or risk factors that can affect cardiovascular health.
Question 1.25
The following is a list of common cardiovascular diseases or risk factors that can affect cardiovascular health. Next to each, list the definition, biological manifestation of the disease and the organ(s) or component(s) the disease affects. The first entry is filled out for reference.
| Disease | Definition | Biological Manifestation | Organ(s) or Component(s) Affected |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Attack | Event that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive a steady or sufficient blood flow, causing damage. | Typically caused by built-up fatty deposits (plaques) in the coronary arteries. | Heart, coronary arteries |
| Stroke |
gzSKVBDrvH01RmKU
none
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none
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none
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| Hypertension |
gzSKVBDrvH01RmKU
none
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none
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none
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| High Cholesterol |
gzSKVBDrvH01RmKU
none
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gzSKVBDrvH01RmKU
none
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none
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| Atherosclerosis |
gzSKVBDrvH01RmKU
none
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gzSKVBDrvH01RmKU
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|
Correct.
| Disease | Definition | Biological Manifestation | Organ(s) or Component(s) Affected |
|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Attack | Event that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive a steady or sufficient blood flow, causing damage. | Typically caused by built-up fatty deposits (plaques) in the coronary arteries. | Heart, coronary arteries |
| Stroke | Damage or death that occurs when there is not enough blood flow to the brain. | Blood clots that form on plaques can break off and clog other blood vessels. A stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks the blood vessels that run to the brain. | Blood vessels, brain |
| Hypertension | Continuous elevated blood pressure. | Occurs when either the systolic or diastolic pressure is constantly high. This high pressure puts stress on the arteries and may do physical damage, either exploding them or tearing them. Damage may lead to plaque formation. | Arterties |
| High Cholesterol | A high proportion of low-density lipoprotein (the “bad” form) to high-density lipoprotein (the “good” form). | High LDL leads to buildup of cholesterol in blood vessels that may eventually block blood flow to organs and tissues. | Blood vessels |
| Atherosclerosis | The buildup of fatty deposits in the blood vessels. | Because of tears or other damage to blood vessels, fatty deposits accumulate at the site of damage and can harden (form plaques) and block blood flow over time. Plaques can also collect calcium and harden over time. | Blood vessels |
List and describe controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and explain how each contributes to the development of disease.
Question 1.26
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A controllable risk factor is a known risk factor for a disease that an individual can avoid. For example, being overweight can lead to many diseases, but body weight can be controlled through exercise and diet.
Question 1.27
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age, genetic predisposition, race, sex
Question 1.28
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Obesity, diabetes, smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, stress, and alcohol consumption
Question 1.29
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Stress may lead to cardiovascular disease by the association of stress with high blood pressure. High blood pressure can damage arteries, which can lead to plaque formation and blood flow blockages.
Compare and contrast the two forms of cholesterol and discuss how an excess of one may lead to cardiovascular disease.
Question 1.30
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The main difference between these two forms of cholesterol is the protein that they bind to (either low density or high density). LDL is carried to body cells and can be deposited in the blood vessels. HDL is processed in the liver and eliminated from the body.
Question 1.31
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High amounts of LDL in proportion to HDL can be deposited in the blood vessels themselves. This leads to plaque formation, which may eventually lead to blockages in the blood vessels.
Question 1.32
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Cholesterol in the right amounts is essential to the proper function of cells. As discussed in previous chapters, the cell membrane, made up of phospholipids, needs cholesterol to maintain proper structure. Without LDL, no cholesterol would be transported to these cells.
Describe some preventive measures that lower an individual’s risk of cardiovascular disease.
Question 1.33
For each of the risk factors, describe preventive measures that may reduce an individual’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
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Obesity: Exercise and diet can greatly reduce an individual’s body mass index, which in turn will lower the chance of developing heart disease.
Smoking: By quitting or abstaining from smoking altogether, an individual will decrease the risk of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease.
High LDL: An individual can change the diet to include more foods rich in HDL (like nuts and olive oil) and limit consumption of foods saturated in LDL (like butter and lard). In some cases, though, there is a genetic component to raised levels of LDL for which prescription drugs may be the only effective measure.
High blood pressure: High levels of stress can affect a person’s blood pressure, so perhaps taking up yoga or meditation may alleviate some of this stress. Obesity can also lead to high blood pressure, since the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body. By reducing body mass index, an individual may also lower the blood pressure.
Question 1.34
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Dr. Berenson says that preventive measures to lower cardiovascular disease rates must be taught in childhood because in his groundbreaking epidemiological study, he saw early indicators of future disease states in children. He also saw that the number of risk factors a child had correlated with the extent of cardiovascular disease. Our culture has most likely had a great impact on the increase in cardiovascular deaths in the United States. Habits such as little exercise and high consumption of fatty food has led to a nation that is at risk for developing a plethora of diseases. If these habits can be prevented or reversed in childhood, the occurrence of adult cardiovascular disease will likely decrease.
Review Questions
Question 1.35
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Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Question 1.36
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Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Question 1.37
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Incorrect.
Question 1.38
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Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.