Chapter 6. Arga slide activity sample 6

Introduction

Arga slide activity sample 6
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You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.
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Activity Objective:

This tutorial will help you understand when and why you need to acknowledge sources. Upon finishing this tutorial, you will be able to distinguish among:

  • Common knowledge
  • Facts
  • Firsthand ideas and research
  • Other people’s words
  • Other people’s ideas, judgments, opinions, and arguments

Click the forward and backward arrows to navigate through the slides. You may also click the above outline button to skip to certain slides.

Do I Need to Cite Everything?

Example essay with in-text citations
Citations in a student’s research essay.

Beginning researchers often ask, “Do I have to cite everything?” This is a good question because not every piece of information in a research paper must be cited. Figuring out what to cite and what not to cite can sometimes be difficult, even for experienced researchers. Generally, if you are unsure, include a citation. It is always better to have an unnecessary citation in your paper than to omit one that is necessary.

Important: Your school’s policy on academic integrity and plagiarism might contain guidelines that differ from those in this tutorial. When in doubt, always follow the guidelines that are specific to your school.

Materials that Don’t Require Acknowledgment

The following types of sources do not require acknowledgment:

  • Common knowledge
  • Facts
  • Your own ideas
  • Your own field research

Common Knowledge

Examples of common knowledge. Example number one. The Sky is blue. Example number two. The US has 50 states. Example number three. In 2012, Mitt Romney and Barack Obama were candidates for President of the United States. Example that may not be common knowledge. Educators often subscribe to the banking concept of education.

Common knowledge refers to information that is widely known or easily observable. Ask yourself:

“Is this something everyone knows?”

Thinking about What Counts as Common Knowledge

Example sentence. Educators often subscribe to the banking concept of education. Analysis. To determine if this sentence is common knowledge, ask yourself, “Who is my audience? What do they know about my topic?” If your audience is educators who are familiar with Paulo Freire’s metaphor of students as containers that education fills with knowledge, then this statement counts as common knowledge and no citation is needed. If your audience is a general audience that might not know this concept and may mistakenly think it’s your own idea, then this statement is not common knowledge and you should provide a citation.

Facts

Examples of facts. Example number one. Queen Elizabeth II was crowned on June 2, 1953. Example number two. The ocean contains 470 species of sharks. Example number three. Most of the Pearl Harbor military base was destroyed on December 7, 1941. Example that may not be a fact. The failure to destroy submarines at Pearl Harbor meant that Japan was destined to lose the subsequent war with the United States.

Facts are uncontested pieces of information that can be found in a number of sources, especially reference sources such as encyclopedias. Ask yourself:

“Is this a commonly accepted fact?”

Thinking about What Counts as a Fact

Example sentence. The failure to destroy submarines at Pearl Harbor meant that Japan was destined to lose the subsequent war with the United States. Analysis. To determine if this sentence is a fact, ask yourself, “Is this an arguable statement?” Remember that facts are generally uncontested. This sentence makes an argument, and so it’s possible you could also find a source that disagrees with it. Therefore, it is not a fact and you should provide a citation.

Recognizing Facts

Question

For the following examples, use the dropdowns to indicate whether or not these statements are facts.

Are these statements facts?
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919. npEx4EMeIOkMPzNm
There are too many guns in private homes in the United States. NSShxP34I+b1ynxZ
Humans, or the species Homo sapiens, are part of the class Mammalia. npEx4EMeIOkMPzNm
1
false

Your Own Ideas

Examples of your own ideas. Example number one. My grandmother’s recipe box was our most cherished family heirloom. Example number two. Emily Dickinson’s poetry resonates with my personal feelings of alienation. Example number three. The US should have boycotted the Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Example of a sentence that may not be your own idea. From reading reviews of the show, it’s clear that Breaking Bad is meant to be a cautionary tale; however, its characters are too likable to allow the viewer to judge them from a moral distance.

Your Own Ideas are present whenever you interpret information from your research or when you draw independent conclusions. Ask yourself:

“Is this an insight or argument I came up with on my own?”

Thinking about What Counts as Your Own Ideas

Example sentence. From reading reviews of the show, it’s clear that Breaking Bad is meant to be a cautionary tale; however, its characters are too likable to allow the viewer to judge them from a moral distance. Analysis. To determine if this is your own idea, ask yourself, “Is this my own opinion based on my research?” Sometimes distinguishing your ideas from your sources’ ideas can be difficult, especially during the research process, when you are reading and absorbing so many others’ ideas. Conclusion. If the statement is your own views, no citation is needed.

Your Own Field Research

Examples of your own field research. Example number one. At the mall, hundreds of shoppers were rushing to find last-minute holiday deals. Example number two. A poll worker I spoke with indicated that voter turnout had been low. Example number three. Only three of the twenty students in class agreed that they understood the reading assignment. Example sentence that may not be your own research. When I asked the mayor about his vision for the city’s future, he told me, “If we focus on a smart public transportation initiative, we will solve our traffic problems.”

Your own field research is knowledge that you create by conducting a field study such as a survey, interview, or observation. Ask yourself:

“Is this information I collected on my own?”

Thinking about What Counts as Your Own Field Research

Example sentence. When I asked the mayor about his vision for the city’s future, he told me, “If we focus on a smart public transportation initiative, we will solve our traffic problems.” Analysis. To determine if this is your own research, ask yourself, “Am I describing my own research or quoting directly from someone I interviewed in the field?” Conclusion. If the statement is not your own observation from the field, you should provide a citation.

Materials that Require Acknowledgment

Commonly consulted sources for research projects include books, articles from journals or newspapers, and Web sites. Keep in mind that some of your sources may be somewhat unusual, such as blog comments, an interview you conduct yourself, or the instruction manual for a model ship kit. Everything that you draw from another source, unless it falls into one of the categories described earlier (common knowledge, fact, your own ideas, and your own field research), must be cited.

Your citations should appear in two places: first, in the body of your paper, and second, in a list at the end of the paper. The style of citation your teacher has asked you to use will affect the formatting of these citations.

Materials that Require Acknowledgment

Example of in-text citation in MLA style. The citation reads open parenthesis Lenhart and Lewis 20 close parenthesis. Example of in-text citation in MLA style without page numbers. The citation reads open parenthesis Lenhart close parenthesis.
In-text citations in MLA style.

For example, in Modern Language Association (MLA) style, your in-text citations should include the author’s last name and the page number where the information can be found.

Materials that Require Acknowledgment

An MLA works cited entry for a book. The authors are listed as Carnahan comma Kristin comma and Chiara Coletti period. The book title, in italics, is Ten dash Year Trend in SAT Scores Indicates Increased Emphasis on Math Is Yielding Results colon Reading and Writing Are Causes for Concern period. The publication information, including location, publisher, and year, is New York colon College Board comma 2002 period. The publication medium is listed as Print period. An MLA works cited entry for an online article. The author is listed as College Board period. The title is listed as open quotation mark 2011 SAT Trends period closed quotation mark. The source URL, in italics, is Collegeboard period org period. The site’s publisher and date of publication are listed as College Board comma 14 S e p t period 2011 period. The publication medium is listed as Web period. The access date is 6 D e c period 2012 period.
A Works Cited entry in MLA style.

Complete bibliographic information for each source will appear in a section titled “Works Cited.”

You can think of citations as a kind of map for your reader. An in-text citation guides the reader to the “Works Cited” section so that she can see where a particular idea came from. The “Works Cited” section gives precise directions on how to find the source itself.

Materials that Require Acknowledgment

The following types of sources do require acknowledgment:

  • Another person’s words
  • Another person’s ideas
  • Judgments, opinions, and arguments that are not yours
  • Visual information
  • Information that can be attributed to a company or organization rather than a single person
  • Information gathered from class lectures or from another aural source

Another Person’s Words

Always cite direct quotations.

Ask yourself:

“Is this a direct quotation from another source?”

Citing Another Person’s Words

Example sentence. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Analysis. This is a direct quote from Abraham Lincoln's Gettsyburg Address. Your audience might recognize the famous words, but others won’t know and you are still obligated to place the quotation marks around the words that are directly quoted, introduce the quote by telling your audience who said it and where it comes from, and consult the documentation style appropriate for your course to make sure you've provided a corret in-text citation.

Another Person’s Ideas

Always cite another person’s ideas, even if you have summarized or paraphrased them yourself.

Ask yourself:

“Is this an idea I found in another source?”

Citing Another Person’s Ideas

Question. What if I have used my own words to communicate an idea I found in another essay? Analysis. In the course of researching a topic, you might encounter an idea or piece of information you summarize or paraphrase, using your own words. Answer. Even if you use your own words, you must acknowledge where ideas originate. If it is another person’s ideas, you should provide a citation.

Judgments, Opinions, and Arguments

Remember that these aren’t facts or common knowledge. If they aren’t your own insights, they are someone else’s ideas. Ask yourself:

“Is this an argument from another source?”

Citing Judgments, Opinions, and Arguments

Example sentence. Some believe that decriminalizing possession of marijuana would free up police resources to focus on dangerous crime and save taxpayers millions in tax dollars used to incarcerate non-violent offenders. Analysis. Make sure your audience knows the difference between arguments you make yourself and other writers’ arguments, even when they support your opinion. Ask yourself, “Does this argument rely on arguments made by other writers?” Conclusion. If it relies on another person’s argument, you should provide a citation.

Visual Information

If you use a chart, graph, or picture from another source—or if you use the information from that chart, graph, or picture—acknowledge the source.

Citing Visual Information

Example sentence. One chart shows that, since 1989, the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States has almost doubled. Analysis. If you’re describing visualized information or data, you are still relying upon the work presented in another source. In this case, you would want to tell your reader that this information came from a report by Gretchen Livingston entitled, “Growing Number of Dads Stay Home with Kids.”

Information that can be attributed to a company or organization rather than a single person

It is often the case that Web pages tend not to list individual authors. In this case, the organization that sponsored the publication should be listed as the author. If an author is unknown, as in an anonymous manuscript, your citation should indicate that.

Citing Information from a Company or Organization

Example sentence. A statement called horse-drawn carriages “unnatural, unnecessary, and an undeniable strain on the horses’ quality of life.” Analysis. Information on the web is often not attributed to a specific author. In the example above, the quoted material is taken from a statement published by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) on its website. So, in your essay you would refer to the ASPCA as the author of this statement and list it as the author in your works cited page or list of references.

Information from class lectures or from another aural source

If you heard the information rather than saw it, you must still cite it. There are various ways to cite information you’ve heard, including as a lecture, a personal communication, or an interview. Consult the appropriate documentation style for your course to find out how this material should be cited.

Exercise: When to Acknowledge Sources

Read each of the following statements and decide whether or not material included in the statement requires acknowledgment by the student writer.

If acknowledgment is required, click on Requires Acknowledgment.

Otherwise, click on Does Not Require Acknowledgment.

Question 1 of 10

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The small-time crook, played by Michael Moriarty, announces, “I want a Nixon-style pardon.”

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rjviDynnEwEuN0NBLAfF/e+17zPdejADZA4Uq83fcxNbVnEOJ9MAfBcrg7sBFq9ES0/1uH4ugUj3EsI8Z3qgmJTWy2L9pB+QvXl2n2bk2WK6LS0jYdkpRwrA2vBpNPZl8/vyxysB7McMA+ERUgI9j+whzHunw91Jv2WU/KM+rTEy0tswgAOZLFXGNBvbtpv2Fpy7HZqG8jLhSjbT6ifuct3c1t+BxVqatiyIVGfuXQMXlerGZN+G2MtrKWWcTUjcRzLr3S6CUqH7IN9KxdxKzsJpA+jZSSLmq23a/IGSev8BmhENaQ+YQnJ215ceY5s8f0Mfs/fBNx04xA+x1u3bW72fE9woPCDjw+TZPhO1PJWnl/hK/GV/1mX9MWge10Rdrr8a3yrwnhJPRmXtpjhTTQZpdlNymM4Oky4eNl1EwKH/Mrsw6lesn3Tz5r20vbTqZ/5iLxLcR1QRGgkq

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
Fifty-three percent of the people questioned in a 1958 Gallup poll said that they would reject any black candidate for president on the basis of race.

Question 5 of 10

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

Question 7 of 10

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CMJhfcC9WRuajDbddvF+KEXOXMlh7LYiW0SCIxLGnmP3Ui4TZ9MW4OK0rmtbxarpwCvIREd5ID9Xr8mlV9C+LhudxIZ1I9JIqofPxhqgbPgDrz6DRmrmA0HfQtCYHiD58evnbz33+kJfurHy1ymYD2bPQNG/XipMVA3RguY6gm0NRYNOAZ2fwFLamuZ+X7xgS7fqTmwoTr55cjEZkTNjFl0GSGk1UOlo5xOtzV2oUW61kBuE+4EkmLND4VYSlNvgdQvPAwcBw8uz5j4smhRlcfLdBkXx9bZGfAGd8VbG2Zw7CoSZ/nx0Ly09cR9P2PVU2O0WluBs1wDIpQJmNKIWhcEI58SH91zbPRNowBs2B+6dhW5SCwdnk+Gky9YMtDcXqRt1ozFJgp1CSsVTtkkhiqGFS3GKVIdeIKfwMpjpOEG02xup+oajZ7PItVzWJfd7zQqNFfOLV+U4LcUozKrXaE0RF24XaZfMEXo99jmbJ++dArBn

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NP5xxKxXV473sHqum/oCIX8uo341zBOxq+3mD3L9Ra87tALWUH+KmVv6ku9iaVfmfV1rog/OIiQtOewTpGXrbd2ssaHGvaGIZWT36zU29ZPyLm3oglfl4/5Ul378vvZnhjjL4DvGMkSuA+jC6/A614+AEon73gXQKQIvPNifyhbOpTbqg7cqkS5wrwZ/uqSrCr0OkZC6Re0Qmo60f9J7KEb/BVWjNdHEXDSRCz31a8rJ3fzA74vGyXNYoXV1eahxf3JzdmPsJCL19TqD9+mhNCBU3kuegWmeRo9zxlSRfX+Ml0/ARbq16ARjtEzDV5AccDQq8MbQkDzcvWseanPO6YYs6FhGapG+XBD8QXU4gONBZXiTFOCaJCTvNwOc8Z4TeMt5kA==

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TSq8ZdPVHcOtt82XNjtFY473T2XgyLgCJOZwd85pWZ2QiDg+/ekvLIitqFt6Gk3PEdffyl8EGOdcbr/A97a0Wntl8fCh99rv/MM9RUpw8M2srjAJXvq0wPNI5PgjzikPGAce0WD/YpOB0S+Lvlx7Q7YffL6ky0qOzRbeV/CvaxVkaHgxad50jF7KHQTlc2SRVhx5EFqxtlY7TNBy2yxx6zmekpe+4QBrIeToVRzBxBp5PjoqyFxWpqq01IBRdAF2vnFhZ46AIzkHQbf2TsVuYs1Llndnk9CvEqyr/bFGTaiXcmBnlJW6NVPEy2HXnWddO6Q8yHLoPKFsfmNTf2wBIMvBlXsbdqWb7/rCg9uYl2IyKvg7wFdiZPNywg/Nz2qdjjCakySoTiF126x/EJlW700euKDMpq/eV1Dmg5Z8YQOdPUCPnMa9edBuNdSmklFtJUpWWIHZuYSQwpKKCwkF+Abge9QKXbhbumZjiKA9ij7zUENs

Question 10 of 10

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
In Jameson Heights, an affluent and predominantly white neighborhood, I observed abundant fresh fruits and vegetables at reasonable prices in each of the three supermarkets; in nearby Jamesonville, an impoverished neighborhood with predominantly Latino and African American residents, I found only limited and poor-quality produce in the single remaining grocery store, and the prices were higher than in the Jameson Heights supermarkets.

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