Speak Up
BRIEF CONTENTS
About the Authors
PREFACE
NEW TO THIS EDITION
DIGITAL FORMATS
OTHER RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS AND INSTRUCTORS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCING PUBLIC SPEAKING
WHAT IS PUBLIC SPEAKING?
WHY STUDY PUBLIC SPEAKING?
Using Public Speaking as a Student
Using Public Speaking in Your Career
Video Activity 1.1: "Gehrig, Farewell Address"
Using Public Speaking in Your Community
PUBLIC SPEAKING: A GREAT TRADITION
Video Activity 1.2: "Kennedy, I Am A Berliner"
PUBLIC SPEAKING: A DYNAMIC DISCIPLINE
From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process
New Technologies, New Channels
Awareness of Audiences' Cultural Diversity
Video Activity 1.3: "Lama, Spirituality in Today's World"
Emphasis on Critical Thinking
A Focus on Free and Ethical Communication
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 1.4: "Churchill, St. James Palace Speech"
Video Activity 1.5: "Bush, September 2001 Address to Congress"
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 1
DEVELOPING YOUR FIRST SPEECH
WHY PREPARE?
THE CLASSICAL APPROACH TO SPEECH PREPARATION
PREPARING AND DELIVERING YOUR FIRST SPEECH
Analyze Your Audience
Select Your Topic
Determine Your Speech's Rhetorical Purpose
Create a Thesis Statement
Determine Your Main Points
Video Activity 2.1: "Previews, Transitions and Summaries"
Develop Supporting Materials
Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech
Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion
Incorporate Transitions
Consider Your Word Choice
Consider Presentation Aids
Practice Your Speech
Video Activity 2.2: "Mandela, Acceptance of Congressional Gold Medal"
Deliver Your Speech
Video Activity 2.3: "Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton"
OVERCOMING SPEECH ANXIETY
Prepare Early and Follow a Plan
Take Care of Yourself
Visualize Success
Use Relaxation Techniques
Volunteer to Speak First
Never Defeat Yourself
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 2.4: "Garza: How to Purchase a Guitar"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Full Introduction: Attention Getter, Thesis, and Preview
Full conclusion
Transitions (effective)
Speaking extemporaneously
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 2
SPEECH ETHICS
CODES OF ETHICS: ABSOLUTE, SITUATIONAL, AND CULTURALLY RELATIVE
LEGAL SPEECH VS. ETHICAL SPEECH
COMMUNICATING TRUTHFULLY
Lying
Half-Truths
False Inference
ACKNOWLEDGING THE WORK OF OTHERS
Video Activity 3.1: "Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)"
Quoting from a Source
Video Activity 3.2: "Citing Someone Else's Idea"
Paraphrasing the Work of Others
Common Knowledge
USING SOUND REASONING
BEING AN ETHICAL LISTENER
Show Courtesy
Demonstrate an Open Mind
Hold the Speaker Accountable
CHAPTER REVIEW
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Citing Sources (Paraphrase)
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 3
LISTENING SKILLS
THE LISTENING PROCESS
Listening vs. Hearing
Processing What You've Heard
Retaining What You've Processed
Listening Styles
THE CULPRITS BEHIND POOR LISTENING
Unprocessed Note Taking
Nonlistening
Interruptive Listening
Agenda-Driven Listening
Argumentative Listening
Nervous Listening
BECOMING A BETTER LISTENER
Filter Out Distractions
Focus on the Speaker
Show That You Are Listening
MAXIMIZING YOUR AUDIENCE'S LISTENING
Anticipate Ineffective Listening before Your Speech
LISTENING WHEN YOU ARE IN THE AUDIENCE
CHAPTER REVIEW
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 4
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
UNDERSTANDING SITUATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Size
Time
Location
Mobility
INCORPORATING DEMOGRAPHICS
Age
Video Activity 5.1: "Poplin, The Importance of Community Service and Civic Engagement"
Gender Composition
Video Activity 5.2: "Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown Over Time"
Sexual Orientation
Race and Ethnicity
Religious Orientation
Socioeconomic Background
Political Affiliation
Putting the Demographic Pieces Together
SEEKING COMMON GROUND
Video Activity 5.3: "Churchill, St. James Palace Speech"
IDENTIFYING PRIOR EXPOSURE
IDENTIFYING AUDIENCE DISPOSITION
GATHERING INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR AUDIENCE
Surveying Your Audience
Interviewing Your Audience
Considering and Observing Your Audience
SITUATIONAL AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
CHAPTER REVIEW
Keys
Key Term Videos
Demographics (Needs Improvement)
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 5
SELECTING YOUR TOPIC
DEVELOPING A SET OF POTENTIAL TOPICS
Research
Brainstorming
Word Association
Mind Mapping
SELECTING THE BEST TOPIC
Consider the Assignment
Consider Your Audience
Consider Your Knowledge and Interests
Video Activity 6.1: "Moise, Humanity 4 Haitian Development"
Consider the Speech Context
Choose a Topic and Stick with It
REFINING YOUR TOPIC
Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose
Narrow Your Topic
Video Activity 6.2: "Overused Topic (Needs Improvement)"
DRAFTING YOUR SPECIFIC PURPOSE
DRAFTING YOUR THESIS STATEMENT
Video Activity 6.3: "Thesis Statement and Thesis Statement (Needs Improvement)"
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 6.4: "Wiesel, 2006 Dartmouth College Commencement"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Thesis Statement
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 6
RESEARCHING YOUR SPEECH
WHY RESEARCH?
Video Activity 7.1: "Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room"
CREATING A RESEARCH PLAN
Inventory Your Research Needs
Find the Sources You Need
Keep Track of Your Sources
EVALUATING A SOURCE'S CREDIBILITY
Expertise
Objectivity
Observational Capacity
Recency
Video Activity 7.2: "Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)"
CONDUCTING LIBRARY RESEARCH
Books
Periodicals
Newspapers
Reference Works
Government Documents
USING THE INTERNET
Benefits of Internet Research
Disadvantages of Internet Research
Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources
Credibility of Social Media
Searching the World Wide Web
INTERVIEWING SOURCES
Prepare for Your Interview
Set Up Your Interview
Plan Your Interview Questions
Conduct the Interview
Evaluate Your Notes
PRESENTING EVIDENCE IN YOUR SPEECHES
Video Activity 7.3: "Citing Sources (Statistics)"
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 7.4: "Kruckenberg, John Kanzius and the Quest to Cure Cancer"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Citing Sources (Credibility) (Needs Improvement)
Citing Someone Else's Idea
Citing Sources (Paraphrase)
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 7
USING SUPPORTING MATERIALS FOR YOUR SPEECH
WHY USE SUPPORTING MATERIALS?
Building Audience Interest
Enhancing Audience Understanding
Strengthening Audience Memory
Winning Audience Agreement
Evoking Audience Emotion
TYPES OF SUPPORTING MATERIALS
Examples
Definitions
Testimony
Video Activity 8.1: "Royzspal, Litter"
Statistics
Video Activity 8.2: "Citing Sources (Statistics and Facts)"
Narratives
Analogies
GUIDELINES FOR USING SUPPORTING MATERIALS
Choose the Most Credible Proof
Use a Variety of Supporting Materials
Appeal to Different Learning Styles
Avoid Long Lists
Consider Your Audience
Video Activity 8.3: "Examples (Humorous)"
Respect the Available Time
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 8.4: "Kim, The Nonmonetary Uses of Gold"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Supporting Materials (Needs Improvement)
Examples (Humorous)
Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)
Anecdote (with statistic)
Conveying Information: Narrative (Needs Improvement)
Figures of Speech: Analogy Increases Understanding
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 8
ORGANIZING YOUR SPEECH
SELECTING YOUR MAIN POINTS
Consider Your Purpose
Take Your Audience into Account
Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points
ORGANIZING YOUR SUPPORTING MATERIALS
Subordination and Coordination
Video Activity 9.1: "Overholser: What is Good Journalism?"
When a Subpoint Doesn't Fit
ARRANGING YOUR MAIN POINTS
Spatial Pattern
Chronological (Temporal) Pattern
Causal Pattern
Comparison Pattern
Categorical Pattern
Video Activity 9.2: "Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown Over Time"
Persuasive Speech Patterns
USING ORGANIZING WORDS AND SENTENCES
Transitions
Video Activity 9.3: "Patterns of Arrangement: Causal"
Signposts
Internal Previews and Internal Summaries
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 9.4: "List, Gender-based Responses in Sports Chatrooms"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Patterns of Arrangement: Spatial
Patterns of Arrangement: Chronological (Temporal)
Patterns of Arrangement: Causal (Single Causes for Multiple Effect)
Patterns of Arrangement: Topical (Categorical)
Transitions (Effective)
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 9
INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCING YOUR SPEECH
Gain Your Audience's Attention
Video Activity 10.1: "Anecdote (Personal) in an Informative Introduction"
Signal Your Thesis
Show Your Audience What's in It for Them
Establish Your Credibility
Preview Your Main Points
Video Activity 10.2: "Attention Getter, Support, Creative Preview"
CONCLUDING YOUR SPEECH
Transition to Your Conclusion
Summarize Your Main Points
Finish with a Memorable Clincher
Video Activity 10.3: "Clincher: Evokes Response"
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 10.4: "Full Introduction: Attention-Getter, Thesis and Preview and Full Conclusion"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Attention Getter: Humor
Attention Getter: Rhetorical Questions
Preview Statement
Clincher: Evokes Response
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 10
OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
TWO STAGES OF OUTLINING
The Working Outline
The Speaking Outline
CREATING YOUR WORKING OUTLINE
Outlining the Body of Your Speech
Video Activity 11.1: "Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room"
Outlining Your Introduction
Outlining Your Conclusion
Video Activity 11.2: "Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All"
Creating a List of Works Cited
Inserting the Title, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
A SAMPLE WORKING OUTLINE
CREATING YOUR SPEAKING OUTLINE
Formatting Your Speaking Outline
Elements of Your Speaking Outline
Video Activity 11.3: "Rate: Too Fast (Needs Improvement)"
A SAMPLE SPEAKING OUTLINE
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 11.4: "Hutchinson, Freedom and Success"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Speaking Extemporaneously
Transitions (Effective)
Full Introduction: Attention Getter, Thesis, and Preview
Full Conclusion
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 11
LANGUAGE AND STYLE
THE IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE AND WORD CHOICE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE MEANING
Denotative Meaning
Connotative Meaning
PRESENTING YOUR MESSAGE CLEARLY
Understandable Language
Concrete Words
Proper Use of Words
Concise Language
EXPRESSING YOUR IDEAS EFFECTIVELY
Repetition
Hypothetical Examples
Personal Anecdotes
Vivid Language
Video Activity 12.1: "Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room"
Figurative Language
Video Activity 12.2: "Figures of Speech: Simile"
Video Activity 12.3: "Figures of Speech: Metaphor"
CHOOSING RESPECTFUL AND UNBIASED LANGUAGE
Avoid Stereotypes
Use Gender-Neutral References
Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups
Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality
A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness
CHAPTER REVIEW
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Speaking Effectively: Vividness and Alliteration
Speaking Memorably: Repetition
Speaking Memorably: Antithesis (Development v. Optimal Development)
Figures of Speech: Simile
Figures of Speech: Metaphor
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 12
DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH
SELECTING THE RIGHT MODE OF DELIVERY
Reading from a Manuscript
Memorizing from a Manuscript
Speaking from an Outline
Impromptu Speaking
USING VERBAL DELIVERY SKILLS
Volume
Tone
Rate of Delivery
Video Activity 13.1: "Rate Too Fast (Needs Improvement)"
Projection
Articulation
Pronunciation
Pausing
USING NONVERBAL DELIVERY SKILLS
Eye Contact
Gestures
Video Activity 13.2: "Gestures: Overly Scripted (Needs Improvement)"
Physical Movement
Proxemics
Personal Appearance
CHAPTER REVIEW
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Apologizing for Delivery Errors (Needs Improvement)
Speaking extemporaneously in an impromptu speech
Volume: Too low (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Rate and understanding (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Pronunciation (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Vocal fillers (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Eye Contact
Gestures: Effective
Fidgeting (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Dressing appropriately (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 13
USING PRESENTATION AIDS
WHY USE PRESENTATION AIDS?
TYPES OF PRESENTATION AIDS
The Speaker
Assistants
Objects
Visual Images
Graphs
Text-Based Visuals
Audio and Video
USING TECHNOLOGY WISELY
Using Presentation Software
Using Other Technology
GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING PRESENTATION AIDS
Consider the Forum
Consider Your Audience
Make Sure Your Aids Support Your Points
Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear
Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids
Video Activity 14.1: "Presentation Software: Checking Beforehand (Needs Improvement)"
USING PRESENTATION AIDS DURING YOUR SPEECH
Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids
Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids
Maintain Eye Contact
Video Activity 14.2: "Presentation Software (Needs Improvement)"
Remember the Purpose of Your Aids
CHAPTER REVIEW
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Presentation Software: Over-reliance (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 14
MEDIATED PUBLIC SPEAKING
THE RISE OF MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking
Prerecorded and Real-Time Presentations
ADVANTAGES OF MEDIATED PRESENTATIONS
General Advantages
Advantages of Prerecorded Speeches
Advantages of Real-Time Technologies
Video Activity 15.1: "Reagan, Moscow State University Address"
CHALLENGES OF MEDIATED PRESENTATIONS
Loss of Naturalness
Loss of Immediacy
Decreased Nonverbal Communication
Diminished Feedback
Difficulty Managing Distractions
Technological Difficulties
OPTIMIZING DELIVERY AND MESSAGES IN MEDIATED PRESENTATIONS
Delivery Considerations
Message Adaptations
Practice Delivering and Recording
RECORDING YOUR CLASSROOM SPEECH
Camera
Setting and Background
Video Activity 15.2: "Attention Getter (Needs Improvement)"
Attire
Camera Positioning
Video Activity 15.3: "Fallacy: Red Herring (Needs Improvement)"
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR REAL-TIME PRESENTATIONS
Practice with Your Equipment to Make Sure It Works
Select a Robust Internet Connection
Use Group Chat/Video and Screen Sharing
Create Opportunities for Audience Interaction
Solicit Feedback through an Alternative Medium
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 15.4: "Gentz, My Hero Marilyn Hamilton"
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 15
INFORMATIVE SPEAKING
TECHNIQUES FOR INFORMING
Definition
Explanation
Description
Demonstration
Video Activity 16.1: "Garza, How to Buy a Guitar"
Narrative
Video Activity 16.2: "Conveying information: Narrative (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)"
TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
Objects
Individuals or Groups
Events
Processes
Video Activity 16.3: "Conveying information: Description"
Ideas
DEVELOPING YOUR INFORMATIVE SPEECH
Analyzing Your Audience
Selecting a Technique
Focusing on Your Goal to Inform
CLARIFYING AND SIMPLIFYING YOUR MESSAGE
SAMPLE INFORMATIVE SPEECH
CHAPTER REVIEW
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Definition: Operational (functional) from dictionary
Conveying information: Description, explanation, analogy
Conveying information: Description
Conveying information: Demonstration
Conveying information: Narrative (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Demographics (NEEDS IMPROVEMENT)
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 16
PERSUASIVE SPEAKING
THE NATURE OF A PERSUASIVE SPEECH
Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members
Persuasive Speeches Advocate Fact, Value, or Policy Claims
Video Activity 17.1: "Claims: Policy" and "Claims: Fact"
THE NATURE OF PERSUASION
Two Paths to Persuasion
The Importance of Central Route Processing
Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?
TAILORING YOUR PERSUASIVE MESSAGE TO THE AUDIENCE
Adapting to Audience Disposition
Appealing to Your Audience's Needs
Connecting to Your Listeners' Values
Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits
Acknowledging Listeners' Reservations
Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs
ETHICAL PERSUASION
Help Your Audience Make an Informed Decision
Research Your Facts
Note Any Biases
Attribute Your Research Properly
ORGANIZING YOUR PERSUASIVE SPEECH
Organizing Fact Claims
Organizing Value Claims
Organizing Policy Claims
Video Activity 17.2: "Patterns of Arrangement: Monroe's Motivated Sequence."
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 17.3: "Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Claims: Fact
Claims: Policy
Patterns of Arrangement: Monroe's Motivated Sequence
Patterns of Arrangement: Problem-Cause-Solution
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 17
METHODS OF PERSUASION
ETHOS: YOUR CREDIBILITY AS A SPEAKER
Understanding the Elements of Credibility
Building Your Credibility
Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility
LOGOS: THE EVIDENCE AND REASONING BEHIND YOUR MESSAGE
Using Evidence
Using Reasoning
Video Activity 18.1: "Reasoning: Inductive"
Avoiding Logical Fallacies
Video Activity 18.2: "Fallacy Either-Or (False Dilemma): Diplomacy or World War III"
PATHOS: EVOKING YOUR LISTENERS' EMOTIONS
Using Emotional Appeals
Video Activity 18.3: "Claims: Fact, Appeal to Emotion + Credibility"
Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos
SAMPLE PERSUASIVE SPEECH
CHAPTER REVIEW
Video Activity 18.4: "Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All"
Key Terms
Key Term Videos
Classical Appeals: Logos (Logic)
Reasoning: Inductive
Fallacy: Hasty Generalization (Needs Improvement)
Fallacy: Ad Hominem (Used Humorously (Needs Improvement)
Fallacy Either-Or (False Dilemma): Diplomacy or World War III
Classical Appeals: Pathos (Emotion)
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 18
SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEAKING
TYPES OF SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECHES
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECHES
Appealing to Your Audience's Emotions
Video Activity 19.1: "Carter, Eulogy of Gerald Ford"
Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion
Adapting to Your Audience's Expectations
Evoking Shared Values
Video Activity 19.2: "Wiesel, 2006 Dartmouth College Commencement"
Respecting Time Constraints
STRATEGIES FOR EACH TYPE OF SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECH
Strategies for Speeches of Introduction
Strategies for Speeches of Presentation
Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance
Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize
Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate
Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches
SAMPLE SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECH
CHAPTER REVIEW
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 19
GROUP COMMUNICATION
EFFECTIVE GROUP LEADERSHIP
Selecting a Leader
Leading Meetings
Managing Conflict
EFFECTIVE GROUP MEMBERSHIP
Three Types of Member Roles
Tips for Participating in a Small Group
GROUP DECISION MAKING AND THE REFLECTIVE-THINKING PROCESS
Define the Problem
Analyze the Problem
Establish Criteria for Solving the Problem
Generate Possible Solutions
Select the Best Solution
DELIVERING GROUP PRESENTATIONS
Symposium
Panel Discussion
Single Group Representative
CHAPTER REVIEW
Key Terms
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Activities
Quiz
Suggested Activities for Chapter 20
SAMPLE INFORMATIVE SPEECHS
SAMPLE INFORMATIVE SPEECH: PRECISION-GUIDED TUMOR KILLERS
SAMPLE PERSUASIVE SPEECH: CHILD SLAVERY AND THE PRODUCTION OF CHOCOLATE
SAMPLE PERSUASIVE SPEECH: RECLAIMING PUBLIC SPACES FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN AND GIRLS
SAMPLE SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECH: REMARKS AT THE FUNERAL OF CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER ROSA PARKS
SAMPLE SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECH: SPEECH TO ACCEPT THE 1949 NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE
NOTES
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Glossary
Index
Chapter 1: Student Activities
Chapter 2: Student Activities
Chapter 3: Student Activities
Chapter 4: Student Activities
Chapter 5: Student Activities
Chapter 6: Student Activities
Chapter 7: Student Activities
Chapter 8: Student Activities
Chapter 9: Student Activities
Chapter 10: Student Activities
Chapter 11: Student Activities
Chapter 12: Student Activities
Chapter 13: Student Activities
Chapter 14: Student Activities
Chapter 15: Student Activities
Chapter 16: Student Activities
Chapter 17: Student Activities
Chapter 18: Student Activities
Chapter 19: Student Activities
Chapter 20: Student Activities