abbreviations, 327
Abedin, Huma, 72
abilities, assessing audience’s, 110
absolutism, ethical, 69
abstracts, in periodical indexes, 203
abstract word choice, 348
Academic Search Premier, 203
acceptance, latitude of, 520–21
acceptance speeches
defined, 589
strategies, 603–4
acknowledging work of others
common knowledge, 84
overview, 78–80
paraphrasing, 83–84
quoting, 80–83
action-oriented listening, 99
active learners, 245
active listening, 111–12
adaptiveness of oral language, 341–42
ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy, 563
ad populum (bandwagon) fallacy, 563–64
advanced search features, 217
after-dinner speeches
defined, 590
strategies, 608–11
age, 132
agenda-driven listening, 104–5
al-Sharif, Manal, 298–99
analogies, 242–43
anaphora, 358
anecdotes
in conclusions, 300–301
effectiveness of, 355–56
in introductions, 281–82
as supporting material, 240–42
Anthony, Susan B., 17
antithesis, 358–59
appeal to tradition, 568–69
appearance, personal. See personal appearance
argumentative listening
as cause of ineffective listening, 105
monitoring, in audience, 111
Aristotle, 547
arrangement, in canons of rhetoric, 39
articulation, speech, 384
assignment, topic selection and, 169–71
assistants, as presentation aids, 408–9
asynchronous presentations. See prerecorded presentations
atlases, 206
attention, gaining audience’s
asserting common ground, 284–85
building suspense, 283–84
quotations, 288–89
rhetorical questions, 286–88
stories and anecdotes, 281–82
striking or provocative statements, 282–83
using humor, 285–86
attention levels, 109–10
Attentiveness Curve, 98
audience
maximizing listening skills of: anticipating ineffective listening, 111–12
presentation aids and, 422–24
supporting materials and, 248–49
topic selection and, 178
See also audience analysis
audience analysis
common ground and, 143–44
demographics and: age, 138–39
disposition and, 148–50
gathering information: interviews, 150–53
for informative presentations, 494
introduction, 119–22
main points and, 256–57
prior exposure, 144–47
situational analysis, 155–56
situational characteristics: location, 124–27
audio clips, 416–17
Bachmann, Michele, 72
back-loading main message, 110
bandwagon (ad populum) fallacy, 563–64
bar graphs, 413
beliefs, core and peripheral, 528–29
biased language. See respectful and unbiased language
biases, noting (full disclosure). See disclosure, full
bibliography. See list of works cited
blockers, in groups, 636
body clock, 126–27
body language. See nonverbal communication: delivery skills
body of speech
defined, 255
outlining: citations, quotations, and other evidence, 312–13
Boehner, John, 72
books, 200–203
boomerang effect, 521
brainstorming, 165
brief examples, 235
Brown, Kevin M., 349–50
cameras, for recorded presentations
positioning of, 461–62
types of, 458
canons of rhetoric, 39–40
Catalog of U.S. Government Publications, 207
catalogs, library, 202
categorical pattern of organization
general applications, 268–70
informative speeches, 498
persuasive speeches, 536
causal pattern of organization
general applications, 267–68
informative speeches, 498
persuasive speeches, 532
causal reasoning
errors of, 563
guidelines for, 560–62
celebration speeches
defined, 590
strategies, 607–8
central route processing, 516–18
channel, in linear communication model, 19–20
chronemics, 126–27
chronological pattern of organization
general guidelines, 266–67
for informative speeches, 498
Cicero, 38–39
circle graphs, 414
citations
research process and, 195–96
in working outline, 314–15
claim-source-support order of presentation, 221–22
clarifiers, in groups, 635
clarity of presentation aids, 424–27
classical canons of rhetoric, 39–40
clinchers
anecdotes, 300–301
emotional messages, 299
ending with striking sentence or phrase, 298–99
highlighting thesis, 299
tying to introduction, 297–98
Clinton, Hillary, 24
common ground
asserting, in introduction, 284–85
audience analysis and, 143–44
mediated presentations and, 453–54
common knowledge, 84
communication, models of, 18–22
comparison pattern of organization
general applications, 268
informative speeches, 498
persuasive speeches, 532–33
comparison reasoning, 558–59
competence, credibility and, 547
compromisers, in groups, 636
conciseness, 351–52
conclusions
clinchers in: anecdotes, 297–98
outlining, 316
summarizing main points, 296–97
transitioning to, 295
concrete word choice, 348–50
conflict, managing, 631–33
conflicts of interest. See disclosure, full
connotative meanings, 344–45
constructive criticism, 113–14
content-oriented listening, 100
context
considering, in topic selection, 171
explaining, for statistics, 240
taking evidence out of, 76–78
Coolidge, Calvin, 23
core beliefs, 528–29
CQ Electronic Library/CQ Weekly, 208
credibility, personal (ethos)
building, 548–49
elements of, 547
establishing, in introduction, 292–93
losing, 549–51
overview, 546
value of evidence and, 191
word choice and, 340
credibility of sources
choice of supporting materials and, 244
criteria for evaluating: expertise, 199–200
Internet research and: overview, 212–14
criteria-application pattern of organization, 534–36
critical thinking, 27–28
critiques, speech, 112–14
cultural diversity, 24–27
culturally relative ethics, 71
Davis, Viola, 612
decoding, in linear communication model, 20
defeated listening, 111–12
definitions
as method of informing, 472–73
as supporting materials, 236–37
De inventione (Cicero), 39
delivering your speech
introduction, 369–70
modes of delivery: impromptu speaking, 374–76
nonverbal delivery skills: eye contact, 396–97
tailoring delivery to encourage active listening, 111
verbal delivery skills: articulation, 379–80
delivery, in canons of rhetoric, 40
delivery reminders, 328
demographics, audience
dimensions of: age, 138–39
informative presentations and, 494
presentation aids and, 422–23
demonstration, 477–79
denotative meanings, 343–44
description, 473–77
designated leaders, 626
detailed outline. See working outline
diagrams, 412–13
diction. See language
dictionaries, 206
dictionary definitions, 237
dilemmas, false, 567
directories, Web, 217
disclosure, full (noting biases)
credibility and, 550–51
ethics and, 531
disposition, audience
audience analysis and, 148–50
persuasive speaking and, 518–22
distractions, filtering out, 106–7
distractors, in groups, 637
documenting sources, 221
domain names, 211–12
dominators, in groups, 637
Douglas, Stephen, 16
Douglass, Frederick, 16
drawings, 412
Duckworth, Tammy, 12–13
education and occupation, audience, 139–41
elaborators, in groups, 634
emergent leaders, 626–27
emotion, appeals to. See pathos
encoding, in linear communication model, 19
encouragers, in groups, 636
encyclopedias, 206
energy levels, considering, 109–10
e-readers, checking out library books with, 202
ethics
acknowledging the work of others: common knowledge, 80–83
codes of: absolute, situational, and culturally relative, 69–71
communication studies and, 29–30
introduction, 67–69
legal speech vs. ethical speech, 72–73
listening and, 85–86
persuasive presentations and: attributing research, 530–31
recording interviews, 220
sound reasoning and, 84–85
speech critiques and, 114
truthful communication: false inferences, 73
ethnicity, 135–36
ethos. See credibility, personal
etymological definitions, 237
eulogies
defined, 590
strategies, 604–6
evaluating, in communication process, 96
evaluators, in groups, 635
events, 486–88
evidence
persuasive speaking and, 553–55
presenting, 221–22
in speaking outline, 327–28
taking out of context, 76–78
topic research and, 190–91
in working outline, 314–15
See also logos
example reasoning, 556–57
examples
hypothetical, 354–55
in speech critiques, 114
as supporting materials, 234–35
expert definitions, 237
expertise, credibility of research sources and, 197
expert testimony, 237–38
explanation, 473
extemporaneous delivery, 310–11
extended examples, 235
“Extra Credit You Can Live Without” (Martinez), 576–82
eye contact
delivering speech and, 388–92
interviews and, 220
mediated presentations and, 452–53
presentation aids and, 432–33
F2F (face-to-face) communication, 439. See also mediated communication
fact claims
defined, 514
organizing, 532–34
fallacies, logical. See logical fallacies
false dilemma fallacy, 567
false inferences, 75–78
Falwell, Jerry, 149
fear appeals, 571–72
feedback
mediated communication and, 465–66
speech critiques, 112–14
in transactional communication model, 21
figurative analogies, 242–43
figurative language, 358–60
fillers, verbal, 386–87
filtering out distractions, 106–7
fixed-response questions
on audience surveys, 152
in interviews, 219
flowcharts, 416
formality, 342–43
forum (location)
presentation aids and, 421–22
as situational characteristic, 127–28
freedom of expression, 29–30
front-loading main message, 110
full disclosure (noting biases). See disclosure, full
full-text periodical indexes, 203
functional definitions, 237
gatekeepers, in groups, 636
Gehrig, Lou, 12
gender
audience composition and, 132–33
language and, 361–62
generalizations, hasty, 562
general periodical indexes, 203–4
gestures
live presentations and, 392–94
mediated presentations and, 453
goodwill, credibility and, 547
Google Scholar, 217
government documents, 207–8
GPO Access, 208
Grimké, Angelina, 16–17
group chat/video, 464
group presentations
overview, 642
panel discussions, 644–45
single group representative format, 645–46
symposia, 643–44
groups
decision making in, 640–42
dynamics of, 621–23
informative speaking about, 483–86
leadership of: leading meetings, 624–27
membership of: tips for participating in small groups, 634–37
groupthink, 630
half-truths, 74–75
harmonizers, in groups, 636
hasty generalizations, 562
Havel, Václav, 282–83
hearing vs. listening, 95–96
hierarchy of needs, 523
hierarchy of points
subordination and coordination, 259–63
when a subpoint doesn’t fit, 263–64
hooks, memory, 232
hostile audiences, 148
humor, 285–86
hypothetical examples, 354–55
ideas, informative speaking about, 491–93
imagery, 358
immediacy, mediated communication and, 448–49
implied leaders, 626
impromptu speaking, 376–78
indentation, 311
indexes
library, 194
periodical, 203–5
individuals, informative speaking about, 483–86
inductive reasoning. See reasoning
ineffective listening
anticipating, in audience, 109–11
causes: agenda-driven listening, 101–2
inferences, false, 75–78
information gatherers, in groups, 634
information providers, in groups, 634
informative presentations
clarifying and simplifying message, 499–502
developing: audience analysis, 495–97
introduction, 471–72
rhetorical purpose and topic selection, 176
sample speech: “Spider Silk: A Miracle Material Derived from . . . Goats?” (Parish), 502–7
techniques for: definition, 479–81
topics for: events, 488–91
informed decisions, 529–30
initiators, in groups, 634
integration, in listening process, 95
interests, topic selection and
initial, 171
narrowing the topic, 179–80
interference, in linear communication model, 20
internal previews and summaries, 274–75
Internet connection, for real-time mediated presentations, 464
Internet research
benefits, 208–9
credibility of social media, 214–15
credibility of Web sites, 212–14
disadvantages, 209–12
overview, 193
searching the World Wide Web, 215–17
interpreting, in communication process, 96
interruptive listening, 103–4
interviews
of audiences, 153–54
of sources: conducting the interview, 219
introduction, speeches of
defined, 589
strategies, 598–600
introductions to presentations
establishing credibility, 292–93
gaining audience’s attention: asserting common ground, 285–86
outlining, 315–16
overview, 280–81
previewing main points, 293–94
signaling thesis, 289–90
WIIFM (what’s in it for me) statements, 290–91
invention, in canons of rhetoric, 39
“Invisibility: Science Fiction No More!” (Betancur)
speaking outline, 329–32
working outline, 319–25
invitational questions, 130
jargon, 347
John Paul II, 137–38
JSTOR, 204
Kennedy, Edward, 149
Kennedy, John F., 18
keywords, 194
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 338
knowledge
of audience, 110 (see also prior exposure)
personal, 179–80
labeling, 311
language
clarity and: conciseness, 346–47
denotative and connotative meanings, 343–45
effectiveness of: figurative language, 356–58
importance of, 339–40
introduction, 337–39
loaded, 575
oral vs. written, 341–43
respectful and unbiased: appropriate references to ethnic groups, 363
latitudes of acceptance and rejection, 520–21
lay testimony, 238
leadership, group
managing conflict, 631–33
overview, 623–24
selecting a leader, 624–27
learning styles, 245–47
Lee, Suzanne, 174
legally protected speech, 72–73
LexisNexis Academic, 204
librarians, 205
library research
books, 200–203
government documents, 207–8
newspapers, 205–6
overview, 200
periodicals, 203–5
reference works, 206
Lincoln, Abraham, 16
linear communication model, 19–20
line graphs, 413
listening and listening skills
as audience member, 112–14
causes of poor listening: agenda-driven listening, 101–2
ethics and, 85–86
improving: filtering out distractions, 107–8
in interviews, 220
introduction, 91–94
maximizing in audience: anticipating ineffective listening, 108–9
process of: listening styles, 97
list of works cited
elements of, 49
in working outline, 316–18
lists, 247–48
literal analogies, 242
loaded language, 575
location. See forum
logical fallacies
ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy, 563
ad populum (bandwagon) fallacy, 563–64
appeal to tradition, 568–69
ethics and, 84–85
false dilemma fallacy, 567
hasty generalization, 562
post hoc fallacy, 563
reversed causality, 563
slippery slope fallacy, 566
straw person fallacy, 565–66
logical reasoning. See reasoning
logos (evidence and meaning)
overview, 551–53
using evidence, 553–55
using reasoning (see reasoning)
loudness of delivery, 379–80
lying, 73–74
main message, front- and back-loading, 110
main points
arranging: categorical pattern, 264–65
previewing, in introduction, 293–94
selecting: appropriate number of main points, 255
in speaking outline, 327
summarizing, in conclusion, 296–97
maintenance-oriented roles, 635–36
manuscripts
memorizing speech from, 373–74
reading speech from, 371–73
maps, 411
Maslow, Abraham, 523
McCain, John, 72
mediated communication
advantages: prerecorded only, 445–46
challenges: decreased nonverbal communication, 450–51
introduction, 437–39
optimizing delivery and messages: building common ground, 451–52
recording classroom speech: attire, 458
rise of: overview, 441–42
special considerations for real-time presentations: audience interaction, 464
meetings, leading, 628–31
memorial speeches
defined, 590
strategies, 604–6
memorizing from a manuscript, 373–74
memory, in canons of rhetoric, 39–40
message, in linear communication model, 19
metaphors, 359–60
Microsoft Academic Search, 217
mind mapping, 168–69
mixed-media presentations, 419
mixed metaphors, 360
mobility, audience, 128–30
models of communication, 18–22
moderators, in panel discussions, 644
modes of delivery
impromptu speaking, 376–78
memorizing from a manuscript, 373–74
reading from a manuscript, 371–73
speaking from an outline, 374–76
Monroe’s motivated sequence, 537
movement, physical. See physical movement
multitasking, 450
narrative, as method of informing, 479–81
narratives. See anecdotes
naturalness, mediated communication and, 447
needs, audience, 523–24
nervous listening, 105–6
neutral audiences, 148–49
newspapers, 205–6
noise, in linear communication model, 20
nonlistening, 102–3
nonverbal communication
delivery skills: eye contact, 396–97
mediated presentations and, 449
nonverbal symbols, 19
norm facilitators, in groups, 636
notes, interview
evaluating, 221
taking, 220
note taking
providing speech critiques and, 113
unprocessed, 101–2
Obama, Barack, 147
objective, research, 192–93
objectivity of research sources
guidelines for assessing, 197–98
Internet sponsoring organizations and, 212
objects
informative speaking about, 481–83
as presentation aids, 409–10
observational capacity, 198–99
observation of audiences, 154–55
omissions, 78
online periodical indexes, 203–4
open-ended questions
on audience surveys, 152–53
in interviews, 219
oral vs. written language, 341–43
organization, in listening process, 95
organizing speeches
arranging main points: categorical pattern, 264–65
introduction, 253–55
selecting main points: appropriate number of main points, 255
supporting materials: subordination and coordination, 263–64
using organizing words and sentences: internal previews and summaries, 271–73
outlines, mental, 377–78
Packard, Vance, 523
panel discussions, 644–45
panning, 391–92
paraphrasing
avoiding plagiarism and, 83–84
power wording and, 222
participatory media, 214
pathos
conclusions and, 299
ethical use of, 573–75
guidelines for using, 569–73
special-occasion speeches and, 592–94
patterns of organization
criteria-application pattern, 534–36
general: categorical, 264–65
for persuasive presentations: categorical, 538–39
pausing, 386–88
peer-reviewed periodicals, 203
people-oriented listening, 100
periodicals, 203–5
peripheral beliefs, 528–29
peripheral route processing, 516–18
personal anecdotes, 355–56
personal appearance
general considerations, 398–99
special considerations for mediated presentations, 460–61
personal attack (ad hominem) fallacy, 563
persuasion, methods of
ethos (credibility): building, 546
introduction, 545–46
logos (evidence and meaning): overview, 551–53; using evidence, 553–55; using reasoning (see reasoning)
reasoning (see reasoning)
See also persuasive speaking
persuasive speaking
ethics and: attributing research, 530–31
organizing persuasive presentations: fact claims, 534–36
overview: central and peripheral route processing, 511–12
as rhetorical purpose, 176
sample speech: “Extra Credit You Can Live Without” (Martinez), 576–82
strategic discourse: tailoring message to audience: acknowledging reservations, 524–25
See also persuasion, methods of
photographs, 412
physical movement
live presentations, 394–95
mediated presentations, 453
pie charts, 414
plagiarism
common knowledge, 84
overview, 78–80
paraphrasing, 83–84
quoting, 80–83
plans, research
determining objective, 192–93
identifying sources, 193–94
keeping track of sources, 195–96
policy claims
defined, 516
organizing, 536–39
political affiliation, audience, 141–42
political correctness, 364
post hoc fallacy, 563
preparation outline. See working outline
prerecorded presentations
advantages of, 443–45
defined, 441
producing: attire, 458
presentation, speeches of
defined, 589
strategies, 601–3
presentation aids
guidelines for developing: audience, 424
for informative speeches, 501
introduction, 403–4
maximizing audience listening with, 110–11
reasons for using: adding interest, 406
types of: assistants, 411–13
using during speech: controlling audience interaction, 433
using technology, 418–21
presentation software, 418–20
presentation time
as situational characteristic, 124–26
special-occasion speeches and, 597
supporting materials and, 249
previewing main points, 293–94
preview of speech preparation process
classical approach, 38–40
preparation and delivery, overview of: audience analysis, 53–54
reasons for preparing, 37–38
previews, internal, 274–75
prior exposure
audience analysis and, 144–47
presentation aids and, 423–24
problem-cause-solution pattern of organization, 534–36
processes, informative speaking about, 488–91
processing, listening skills and, 96–97
projection, vocal, 383–84
pronunciation, 550
“Providence College Commencement Address” (Davis), 612–16
provocative statements, in introductions, 282–83
proxemics, 396–97
public speaking (general introduction)
defined, 6–9
as field of study: critical thinking, 22–24
history of, 13–18
introduction, 3–5
uses for: career, 10
purpose, rhetorical. See rhetorical purpose
purpose, specific. See specific purpose
questions
from audience: anticipating, 130
to audience: opening with, 286–88
in interviews: conducting, 219
on surveys: fixed-response questions, 152
Quintilian, 13
quotation books, 206
quotations
in introductions, 288–89
in working outline, 314–15
quoting, 80–83
race and ethnicity, 135–36
rate of delivery, 381–83
reading from a manuscript, 371–73
Reagan, Ronald, 18
real-time mediated presentations
advantages, 445–46
defined, 441
producing: audience interaction, 464
reasoning
logical fallacies: ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy, 565–66
types of: causal reasoning, 560
receiver, in linear communication model, 20
recency of research sources, 199–200
recorders, in groups, 635
recording presentations. See prerecorded presentations
redundancy. See repetition
reference works, 206
reflective learners, 245–46
reflective-thinking process, 640–42
reiteration, 501
rejection, latitude of, 520–21
relativism, ethical, 71
relaxation techniques, 60
religion, 136–38
repetition
effectiveness of, 352–54
informative presentations and, 502
in written vs. oral language, 343
representative examples, 557
researching your topic
creating a research plan: determining objective, 195–96
evaluating credibility of sources: expertise, 199–200
Internet research: benefits, 215–17
interviewing sources: conducting the interview, 219
introduction, 189–90
library research: books, 206
reasons for, 190–91
topic selection and, 164–65
reservations, acknowledging, 526–27
respectful and unbiased language, 360–61
appropriate references to ethnic groups, 362
gender-neutral terms, 361–62
political correctness, 364
stereotypes, 361
unnecessary references to ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality, 363
responding, in communication process, 96
responsibility, ethics and, 71
retention, as listening skill, 97
reversed causality, 563
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 13
rhetoric, classical canons of, 39–40
rhetorical purpose
deciding on, 175–76
narrowing topic and, 180
rhetorical questions
in introductions, 286–88
in mediated presentations, 455
Ride, Sally, 299
roles, group member
maintenance-oriented roles, 635–36
self-oriented roles, 636–37
task-oriented roles, 634–35
Romney, Mitt, 138
scaled questions, 152
screen sharing, 464
scripts. See manuscripts
search engines, 215–17
selecting a topic
developing a set of potential topics: brainstorming, 165–68
drafting specific purpose, 182–83
drafting thesis statement, 183–84
introduction, 161–63
narrowing the choices: assignment, 174
refining the topic: deciding rhetorical purpose, 176–81
selection, in listening process, 95
self-oriented roles, 636–37
sensing, in communication process, 96
sentences, 312–13
setting and background, for recorded presentations, 458–60
sexual orientation, 134–35
shared meaning, 21–22
signposts, 273–74
sign reasoning, 560
similes, 359–60
single group representative format, 645–46
situational audience analysis, 155–56
situational characteristics
location, 127–28
mobility, 128–30
overview, 122
size, 123–24
time, 124–27
topic selection and, 181
situational ethics, 69
size, audience
mediated communication and, 443
taking account of, 123–24
slideware, 418–20
slippery slope fallacy, 566
social media, 214
sound recordings, 416–17
source, in linear communication model, 19
sources, research
credibility of: expertise, 199–200
identifying, 193–94
keeping track of, 195–96
spatial pattern of organization
general guidelines, 264–65
for informative speeches, 498
speaking outline
defined, 310–11
delivering speech from, 374–76
elements of, 326–28
formatting, 325–26
sample: “Invisibility: Science Fiction No More!” (Betancur), 329–32
special-occasion speaking
guidelines for: adapting to audience’s expectations, 597
introduction, 587–89
rhetorical purpose and topic selection, 176
sample speech: “Providence College Commencement Address” (Davis), 612–16
specific strategies: acceptance speeches, 601–3
types of, 589–92
specific purpose
topic selection and, 182–83
in working outline, 318
speech anxiety
overview, 56–57
preparing early and following a plan, 57–58
relaxation techniques, 60
taking care of yourself, 58–59
visualizing success, 59–60
volunteering to speak first, 60–61
speed of delivery, 381–83
“Spider silk: A Miracle Material Derived from ... Goats?” (Parish), 502–7
sponsoring organizations, 212
stage fright. See speech anxiety
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 17
stationary audiences, 128–29
statistics, 239–40
stereotypes, 361
Stone, Lucy, 17
strategic discourse: tailoring message to audience
acknowledging reservations, 526–27
demonstrating benefits, 526
disposition, 518–22
focusing on peripheral beliefs, 528–29
needs, 523–24
values, 524–25
straw person fallacy, 565–66
striking sentences and phrases
ending clinchers with, 298–99
in introductions, 282–83
style, in canons of rhetoric, 39
styles, listening, 98–100
subordination (subpoints and sub-subpoints)
coordination and, 259–63
in speaking outline, 327
when a subpoint doesn’t fit, 263–64
in working outline, 313
summaries
in conclusion, 296–97
internal, 274–75
superficial listening, 112
supporting materials
guidelines for using: appealing to different learning styles, 245
introduction, 227–28
mediated presentations and, 455
organizing your speech and: subordination and coordination, 263–64
reasons for using: building audience interest, 233
types of: analogies, 237–38
surveillance, audience, 109–10
surveys, 150–53
suspense, building, 283–84
sympathetic audiences, 148
symposia, 643–44
synchronous presentations. See real-time mediated presentations
synthesizers, in groups, 635
synthetic thinking, books as source of, 202
takeaways, 456
task-oriented roles, 634–35
technological difficulties, 450–51
technological presentation aids, 418–20
temporal pattern of organization. See chronological pattern of organization
testimony, 237–38
text-based visuals, 414–16
thesis statement
drafting, 183–84
highlighting, in clincher, 299
signaling, in introduction, 289–90
in working outline, 318
tics, verbal, 388
time, presentation. See presentation time
time-oriented listening, 100
title, 318
tone of delivery, 380–81
topical pattern of organization. See categorical pattern of organization
topic statements, 184
top-level domains, 211–12
tradition, appeal to, 568–69
transactional communication model, 20–22
transitions
organizing your speech and, 271–73
in speaking outline, 328
in working outline, 315
Truman, Harry S., 23
trustworthiness, credibility and, 547
truthful communication
false inferences, 75–78
half-truths, 74–75
lying, 73–74
overview, 73
two-sided arguments, 526–27
unbiased language. See respectful and unbiased language
unprocessed note taking, 101–2
value claims
defined, 514–15
organizing, 535–36
values, audience, 524–25
verbal charts, 414
verbal clutter, 352
verbal delivery
mediated communication and, 451–52
skills: articulation, 379–80
verbal fillers, 386–87
verbal learners, 246
verbal symbols, 19
verbal tics, 388
video clips, 416–17
Virtual Chase, 213–14
visual images, as presentation aids, 411–13
visualization, 59–60
visual learners, 246
vivid language, 356–58
volume of delivery, 379–80
Web directories, 217
WIIFM (what’s in it for me) statements
in introductions, 290–91
persuasive speaking and, 526
Wikipedia, 214
withdrawers, in groups, 636
word association, 165–68
word choice. See language
working outline
body of speech: citations, quotations, and other evidence, 312–13
conclusion, 316
defined, 309–10
introduction, 315–16
list of works cited, 316–18
sample: “Invisibility: Science Fiction No More!” (Betancur), 319–25
title, specific purpose, and thesis, 318
works cited, list of. See list of works cited
worldviews, 26–27
World Wide Web, searching, 215–17
See also Internet research
yearbooks, 206
Yousafzai, Malala, 3–4