1 J. Stewart, Bridges Not Walls, 4th ed. (New York: Random House, 1986), 181.

2 G. D. Bodie, D. Worthington, M. Imhof, and L. O. Cooper, “What Would a Unified Field of Listening Look Like? A Proposal Linking Past Perspectives and Future Endeavors,” International Journal of Listening 22 (2008): 105. For more on this, see also B. R. Burelson, “A Constructivist Approach to Listening,” International Journal of Listening 25 (2011): 27–41. Burelson describes listening as “a process that involves the interpretation of messages that others have intentionally transmitted in an effort to understand those messages and respond to them appropriately” (27).

3 L. K. Steil, “Listening Training: The Key to Success in Today’s Organizations,” in Listening in Everyday Life: A Personal and Professional Approach, ed. M. Purdy and D. Borisoff (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997), 215.

4 Ibid.

5 O. Hargie, Skilled Interpersonal Communication: Research, Theory and Practice (New York: Routledge, 2011), 179–81.

6 Ibid., 180.

7 J. D. Boudreau, E. Cassell, and A. Fuks, “Preparing Medical Students to Become Attentive Listeners,” Medical Teacher 31 (2009): 22–29.

8 Study by TCC Consulting (San Francisco), undertaken between 1987 and 1997.

9 M. K. Johnston, J. B. Weaver, K. W. Watson, and L. B. Barker, “Listening Styles: Biological or Psychological Differences?” International Journal of Listening 14 (2000): 37.

10 P. E. King and R. R. Behnke, “The Effect of Time Compressed Speech in Comprehensive, Interpretive and Short-Term Listening,” Human Communication Research 15 (Spring 1989): 430.

11 Johnston et al., “Listening Styles,” 37.