Notes

1. Adapted from Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden (New York: Random House, 1977), 13–17.
2. See David Christian, Maps of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
3. Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, chap. 22.
4. See David Christian, “World History in Context,” Journal of World History 14, no. 4 (December 2003), 437–58.

1. Richard Rainsford, “What Chance, the Survival Prospects of East Africa’s Last Hunting and Gathering Tribe the Hadzabe, in a Gameless Environment?,” Information about Northern Tanzania, March 1997, http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00757.html.
2. What follows comes from Sally McBreatry and Alison S. Brooks, “The Revolution That Wasn’t: A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behavior,” Journal of Human Evolution 39 (2000): 453–563.
3. John Mulvaney and Johan Kaminga, Prehistory of Australia (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999), 93–102.
4. For a recent summary of this debate, see Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2005), chap. 5.
5. Brian M. Fagan, Ancient North America (London: Thames and Hudson, 1995), 77–87.
6. Ben Finney, “The Other One-Third of the Globe,” Journal of World History 5, no. 2 (1994): 273–85.
7. Fred Spier, Big History and the Future of Humanity (West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 132; David Christian, Maps of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 143.
8. Richard B. Lee, The Dobe Ju/’hoansi (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), 58.
9. J. C. Beaglehole, The Journals of Captain James Cook (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1968), 1:399.
10. Inga Clendinnen, Dancing with Strangers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 159–67.
11. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature (New York: Viking, 2011), 47–52.
12. Marshall Sahlins, Stone Age Economics (London: Tavistock, 1972), 1–39.
13. Christopher Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), chap. 2.
14. Marija Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1989), 316–18.
15. D. Bruce Dickson, The Dawn of Belief (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990), 210.
16. Derived from Christian, Maps of Time, 208.
17. Brian Fagan, People of the Earth (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 200–201.
18. Charles C. Mann, “The Birth of Religion,” National Geographic, June 2011, 35–59.
19. Bruce Smith, The Emergence of Agriculture (New York: Scientific American Library, 1995), 206–14.
20. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Vintage, 1997), 132, 157–75.
21. Peter Bellwood, First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005), 54–55.
22. Neil Roberts, The Holocene: An Environmental History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 116.
23. Nina V. Federoff, “Prehistoric GM Corn,” Science 302 (November 2003): 1158.
24. Theodora Kroeber, Ishi in Two Worlds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), 229. See also Karl Kroeber and Clifton Kroeber, Ishi in Three Centuries (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003).
25. Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 69.
26. Elizabeth Wayland Barber, Women’s Work: The First 20,000 Years (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), chap. 3.
27. Andrew Sherrat, “The Secondary Exploitation of Animals in the Old World,” World Archeology 15, no. 1 (1983): 90–104.
28. Tom Standage, A History of the World in Six Glasses (New York: Walker and Company, 2005), chaps. 1, 2; Li Zhengping, Chinese Wine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 1–3.
29. Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), 15.
30. Ian Hodder, “Women and Men at Catalhoyuk,” Scientific American 15, no. 1 (2005): 35–41.
31. Marija Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), xix.
32. Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 281–94.
33. Elaine Godden and Jutta Malnic, Rock Paintings of Aboriginal Australia (London: New Holland, 2001), preface.
34. Gregory Curtin, The Cave Painters (New York: Random House, 2006), 96.
35. Ian Hodder, “Discussions with the Goddess Community,” Çatalhöyük: Excavations of a Neolithic Anatolian Höyük, accessed January 23, 2012, http://www.catalhoyuk.com/library/goddess.html.
36. Jack Linthicum,, “A Journey to 9,000 Years Ago,” January 17, 2008, http://sci.tech-archive.net/Archive/sci.archaeology/2008-01/msg00519.html.
37. Robin Melrose, The Druids and King Arthur (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011), 94.
38. Reuters, “Stonehedge May Have Been Pilgrimage Site for the Sick,” September 23, 2008, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/09/23/us-britain-stonehenge-idUKTRE48M0R320080923.

1. Personal Development for Smart People Forum: Fun and Recreation, “Escaping Civilization,” May 30, 2007, http://www.stevepavlina.com/forums/fun-recreation/7504-escaping-civilization.html.
2. Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 174–91; Proyecto Arqueológico Norte Chico, “Project Description,” Field Museum, 2005, http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/PANC/proj_desc.htm.
3. Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 83–84.
4. David Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 114.
5. For a summary of many theories, see Stephen K. Sanderson, Social Transformations (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), chap. 3.
6. Robert Carneiro,“A Theory of the Origin of the State,” Science 169 (1970): 733–38.
7. Susan Pollock, Ancient Mesopotamia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 48.
8. The Epic of Gilgamesh, translated and edited by Benjamin R. Foster (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 10, tablet 1: 226–32.
9. Samuel Noah Kramer, History Begins at Sumer (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981), 3–4.
10. James Legge, trans., The Chinese Classics (London: Henry Frowde, 1893), 4:171–72.
11. Margaret Ehrenberg, Women in Prehistory (London: British Museum, 1989), 107.
12. Sherry Ortner, “Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?” in Women, Culture, and Society, edited by Michelle Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1974), 67–88.
13. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 70.
14. Marian Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 2:168–75.
15. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature (New York: Viking, 2011), chaps. 2, 3.
16. Prologue to The Code of Hammurabi, http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/Hammurabi-Prologue.
17. Adolf Erman, The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, translated by Aylward M. Blackman (London: Methuen, 1927), 136–37.
18. Henri Frankfort et al., Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963), 39, 138.
19. Quoted in Peter Stearns et al., World Civilizations (New York: Longman, 1996), 1:30.
20. See Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), chap. 5.
21. K. J. W. Oosthoek, “The Role of Wood in World History,” Environmental History Resources, 1998, http://www.eh-resources.org/wood.html#_ednref1.
22. Pascal Vernus, Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 70–86; Toby Wilkinson, Lives of the Ancient Egyptians (London: Thames and Hudson, 2007), 259–61.
23. Cyril Aldred, The Egyptians (London: Thames and Hudson, 1998), 138.
24. For a summary of a long debate about the relationship of Egypt and Africa, see David O’Connor and Andrew Reid, eds., Ancient Egypt in Africa (London: UCL Press, 2003).
25. James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969), 647–48.
26. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 1:25–27.
27. M. J. Rowlands et al., eds., Center and Periphery in the Ancient World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 59.
28. Marvin Harris, ed., Cannibals and Kings (New York: Vintage, 1978), 102.
29. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 2:177.
30. Jonathan M. Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998), 84.
31. Ibid., 100.
32. Gregory L. Possehl, The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2002), 114.

1. Stephen K. Sanderson, Social Transformation (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), chap. 4.
2. From ibid., 103.
3. Colin Ronan and Joseph Needham, The Shorter Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 58.
4. William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: Doubleday, 1977), 94.

1. Cullen Murphy, Are We Rome? The Fall of an Empire and the Fate of America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007).
2. J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1983), 76.
3. George Rawlinson, trans., The Histories of Herodotus (London: Dent, 1910), 1:131–40.
4. Erich F. Schmidt, Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions, OIP 68 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 63.
5. Quoted in Anthony N. Penna, The Human Footprint (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 151.
6. Quoted in Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece from Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 86.
7. Christian Meier, Athens (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1993), 93.
8. Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, translated by Aubrey de Selincourt, revised by J. R. Hamilton (London: Penguin, 1971), 395–96.
9. Stanley Burstein, The Hellenistic Period in World History (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1996), 12.
10. Norman F. Cantor, Antiquity (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 25.
11. Paul Halsall, “Early Western Civilization Under the Sign of Gender,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (London: Blackwell, 2004), 293–94.
12. Keith W. Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 334.
13. S. A. M. Adshead, China in World History (London: McMillan Press, 1988), 4–21.
14. See Padma Manian, “Harappans and Aryans: Old and New Perspectives on Ancient Indian History,” History Teacher 32, no. 1 (1998): 17–32.
15. Roger Boesche, The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002), 17.
16. Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 90.
17. Zhengyuan Fu, Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 188.
18. The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia (London, 1907), 71–72.
19. Jane Portal, ed., The First Emperor: China’s Terracotta Army (London: British Museum Press, 2007), 110.
20. Quoted in Anders Blixt, “Qin Shi Huang Di, ‘The Tiger Emperor’: The First Emperor of China,” accessed February 1, 2012, http://biphome.spray.se/coif/history/qin/shie09.html.
21. Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988), 187.

1. “Birthday of Confucius . . . ,” China View, September 28, 2009. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/28/content_12123115.html]
2. S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany: SUNY Press, 1986), 1–4; Karen Armstrong, The Great Transformation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006).
3. Quoted in Arthur Waley, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), 159–60.
4. Nancy Lee Swann, trans., Pan Chao: Foremost Woman Scholar of China (New York: Century, 1932), 111–14.
5. Kam Louie and Morris Low, Asian Masculinities (London: Rutledge, 2003), 3–6.
6. Quoted in Huston Smith, The Illustrated World’s Religions (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1994), 123.
7. Lao Tsu, Tao Te Ching, translated by Gia-Fu Feng and Jane English (New York: Vintage Books, 1972), 80.
8. Catherine Clay et al., Envisioning Women in World History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), 1:67–77.
9. Quoted in Karen Andrews, “Women in Theravada Buddhism,” Institute of Buddhist Studies, accessed February 19, 2012, http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/A/Andrews/womenTheraBudAndrews.html.
10. A. L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1967), 309.
11. S. A. Nigosian, The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research (Montreal: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 1993), 95–97.
12. Isaiah 1:11–17.
13. Plato, Apologia, translated by Benjamin Jowett (1891).
14. Hippocrates, On the Sacred Disease, translated by Francis Adams, Internet Classics Archive, accessed February 2, 2012, http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/sacred.html.
15. Thanissaro Bhikkhu, trans.,“Karaniya Metta Sutta: Good Will,” 2004, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.than.html.
16. Matthew 5:43–44.
17. See Marcus Borg, ed., Jesus and Buddha: The Parallel Sayings (Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press, 1997).
18. For a popular summary of the voluminous scholarship on Jesus, see Stephen Patterson et al., The Search for Jesus: Modern Scholarship Looks at the Gospels (Washington, DC: Biblical Archeological Society, 1994).
19. Galatians 3:28.
20. Cynthia Bourgeault, The Meaning of Mary Magdalene (Boston: Shambala, 2010).
21. Ephesians 5:22–23; 1 Corinthians 14:35.
22. Ekkehard W. Stegemann and Wolfgang Stegemann, The Jesus Movement: A History of Its First Century (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999), 291–96.
23. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom (London: Blackwell, 2003), 69–71.
24. Robert Sider, “Early Christians in North Africa,” Coptic Church Review 19, no. 3 (1998): 2.
25. “The Martyrdom of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas,” Frontline, “From Jesus to Christ,” PBS, April 1998, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/primary/perpetua.html.
26. Mary Ann Rossi, “Priesthood, Precedent, and Prejudice: On Recovering the Women Priests of Early Christianity,” Journal of Feminist Studies 7, no. 1 (1991): 73–94.
27. Chai-Shin Yu, Early Buddhism and Christianity (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981), 211.
28. “Footprints of the Buddha,” Internet Sacred Text Archive, accessed February 2, 2012, http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/igj/igj09.htm.

1. Lydia Polgreen, “Business Class Rises in Ashes of Caste System,” New York Times, September 10, 2010.
2. Po Chu-I, “After Passing the Examination,” in More Translations from the Chinese, by Arthur Waley (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1919), 37.
3. Quoted in Michael Lowe, Everyday Life in Early Imperial China (New York: Dorset, 1968), 38.
4. “Ge Hong’s Autobiography,” in Chinese Civilization, 2nd ed., edited by Patricia B. Ebrey (New York: Free Press, 1993), 91–96; Keith Knapp, “Ge Hong,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005, http://www.iep.utm.edu/gehong/.
5. Selected Poems from T’ang Dynasty, Li Shen, “Old Style,” http://xinshi.org/xlib/lingshidao/hanshi/tang1.htm, accessed February 21, 2012.
6. Robert Ford Campany, To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 91–96.
7. Karl Jacoby, “Slaves by Nature: Animals and Human Slaves,” Slavery and Abolition 15 (1994): 89–97.
8. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
9. A. L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1967), 152.
10. Sarah Pomeroy et al., Ancient Greece (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 63, 239.
11. R. Zelnick-Abramovitz, Not Wholly Free (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 337, 343.
12. Keith Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 30.
13. 1 Peter 2:18.
14. Milton Meltzer, Slavery: A World History (New York: Da Capo Press, 1993), 189.
15. Judith Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), chap. 4.
16. Quoted in Bret Hinsch, Women in Early Imperial China (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 155.
17. Nancy Lee Swann, trans., Pan Chao: Foremost Woman Scholar of China (New York: Century, 1932), 111–14.
18. Lisa Raphals, Sharing the Light: Representations of Women and Virtue in Early China (Albany: SUNY Press, 1998).
19. Valerie Hansen, The Open Empire (New York: Norton, 2000), 183–84; Thomas Barfield, The Perilous Frontier (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1989), 140.
20. Vivian-Lee Nyitray, “Confucian Complexities,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Weisner-Hanks (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 278.
21. Aristotle, Politica, translated by H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library No. 264 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932), 1254b10–14.
22. Quoted in Pomeroy et al., Ancient Greece, 146.
23. “The Destruction of Pompeii, 79 AD,” EyeWitness to History, 1999, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pompeii.htm.
24. August Mau, Pompeii: Its Life and Art (New Rochelle: Caratzas Bros., 1982), 16.
25. “Graffiti from Pompeii,” Pompeiana.org, accessed February 2, 2012, http://www.pompeiana.org/Resources/Ancient/Graffiti%20from%20Pompeii.htm.

1. “Morales Becomes Head of a Pluri-national State Blessed by Aymara Gods,” MercoPress, January 22, 2010, http://en.mercopress.com/2010/01/22/morales-becomes-head-of-a-pluri-national-state-blessed-by-aymara-gods.
2. Population figures are taken from Paul Adams et al., Experiencing World History (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 334.
3. “The Stela of Piye,” accessed February 3, 2012, http://wysinger.homestead.com/piyevictorystela.html.
4. Toby Wilkinson, Lives of the Ancient Egyptians (London: Thames and Hudson, 2007), 287.
5. Stanley Burstein, “State Formation in Ancient Northeast Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade,” History Cooperative, 2001, http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/interactions/burstein.html.
6. Roderick J. McIntosh, Ancient Middle Niger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 10.
7. Roderick J. McIntosh, The Peoples of the Middle Niger (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 1776.
8. Richard E. W. Adams, Prehistoric Mesoamerica (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005), 16.
9. Richard E. W. Adams, Ancient Civilizations of the New World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 53–56; T. Patrick Culbert, “The New Maya,” Archeology 51, no. 5 (1998): 47–51.
10. William Haviland, “State and Power in Classic Maya Society,” American Anthropologist 94, no. 4 (1992): 937.
11. Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2005), chap. 5.
12. Esther Pasztory, Teotihuacán: An Experiment in Living (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 193.
13. George L. Cowgill, “The Central Mexican Highlands . . . ,” in The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, vol. 2, pt. 1, “Mesoamerica,” edited by Richard E. W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 289.
14. Karen Olsen Bruhns, Ancient South America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 126–41; Sylvia R. Kembel and John W. Rick, “Building Authority at Chavín de Huántar,” in Andean Archeology, edited by Helaine Silverman (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 59–76.
15. Garth Bawden, The Moche (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), chaps. 9, 10.
16. Gordon F. McEwan, The Inca: New Perspectives (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 39–41.
17. Charles C. Mann, 1491 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 234.
18. Kairn A. Klieman, “The Pygmies Were Our Compass”: Bantu and Batwa in the History of West Central Africa, Early Times to c. 1900 C.E. (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003), chaps. 4, 5.
19. Christopher Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), 175.
20. David Schoenbrun, “Gendered Themes in Early African History” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa Meade and Merry Wiesner-Hanks (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 253–56.
21. See Jan Vansina, Paths in the Rainforest (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 95–99.
22. John E. Kicza, The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas before Contact (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1998), 43–44.
23. Much of this section draws on Brian M. Fagan, Ancient North America (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), chaps. 14, 15. The quote is on page 345.
24. George R. Milner, The Moundbuilders: Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America (London: Thames and Hudson, 2004).
25. David Hurst Thomas, Exploring Ancient Native America (New York: Routledge, 1999), 137–42.
26. Stephen H. Lekson and Peter N. Peregrine, “A Continental Perspective for North American Archeology,” SAA Archeological Record 4, no. 1 (2004): 15–19.
27. Fagan, Ancient North America, 475.
28. Quoted in Lynda Norene Shaffer, Native Americans before 1492 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), 70.
29. See Stanley Burstein, Ancient African Civilizations: Kush and Axum (Princeton, NJ: Markus Weiner, 1998), 14–20. I am grateful to Professor Burstein and this book for references to many of the documents in this section.
30. Mary Ellen Miller, Maya Art and Architecture (London: Thames and Hudson, 1999), 8–11.
31. Linda Schele and Mary Ellen Miller, The Blood of Kings (London: Thames and Hudson, 1992), 176.
32. Mary Miller and Simon Martin, Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2004), 63.

1. Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 1:71.

1. Nayan Chanda, Bound Together (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 35–36.
2. William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange (New York: Grove Press, 2008), 58–66; Proverbs 7:17–18.
3. Patricia B. Ebrey, The Inner Quarters (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 150.
4. Seneca the Younger, Declamations, vol. 1.
5. Liu Xinru, “Silks and Religion in Eurasia, A.D. 600–1200,” Journal of World History 6, no. 1 (1995): 25–48.
6. Jerry Bentley, “Hemispheric Integration, 500–1500 C.E.,” Journal of World History 9, no. 2 (1998): 241–44.
7. See Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 42–53, 69–84.
8. Liu Xinru, The Silk Road (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1998), 10.
9. See William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: Doubleday, 1977), chaps. 3, 4.
10. Boccaccio, The Decameron, translated by M. Rigg (London: David Campbell, 1921), 1:5–11.
11. Kenneth McPherson, The Indian Ocean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 15.
12. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 269.
13. Stanley Burstein, “State Formation in Ancient Northeast Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade” (paper presented at Interactions: Regional Studies, Global Processes, and Historical Analysis, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, February 28–March 3, 2001), http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/interactions/burstein.html.
14. Nigel D. Furlonge, “Revisiting the Zanj and Revisioning Revolt,” Negro History Bulletin 62 (December 1999), 7–14.
15. Patricia Risso, Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995), 54.
16. McPherson, Indian Ocean, 97.
17. This section draws heavily on Craig A. Lockard, Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), chaps. 2, 3. See also Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), chaps. 1, 7.
18. Kenneth R. Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 101.
19. M. C. Horton and T. R. Burton, “Indian Metalwork in East Africa: The Bronze Lion Statuette from Shanga,” Antiquities 62 (1988): 22.
20. Ross Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 124.
21. Christopher Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), 255.
22. Ibid., 227–32.
23. Nehemia Levtzion and Jay Spaulding, eds., Medieval West Africa: Views from Arab Scholars and Merchants (Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener, 2003), 5.
24. David Schoenbrun, “Gendered Themes in Early African History” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa Meade and Merry Wiesner-Hanks (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 263.
25. Quoted in John Iliffe, Africans: The History of a Continent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 75–76.
26. “The Saga of Eric the Red” and “The Saga of Thorsfinn Karlsefni” in The Norse Discovery of America, translated by Arthur Reeves et al. (London: Norroena Society, 1906), http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/index.htm.
27. J. R. McNeill and William McNeill, The Human Web (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 160.
28. Lauren Ristvet, In the Beginning (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 165.
29. Maria Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, History of the Inca Realm (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 209–12.
30. Michael Haederle, “Mystery of Ancient Pueblo Jars Is Solved,” New York Times, February 4, 2009.
31. Anthony Andrews, “America’s Ancient Mariners,” Natural History, October 1991, 72–75.
32. Richard Blanton and Gary Feinman, “The Mesoamerican World System,” American Anthropologist 86, no. 3 (1984): 677.
33. Li Rongxi, trans., A Biography of the Tripitaka Master (Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation, 1995), 31.
34. For a brief account of Xuanzang’s life and travels, see Stephen S. Gosch and Peter N. Stearns, Premodern Travel in World History (New York: Routledge, 2008), 75–101.
35. Susan Whitfield, Life Along the Silk Road (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 2–6.
36. Jonathan Tucker, The Silk Road: Art and History (London: Philip Wilson, 2003), 128.
37. Craig Benjamin, “The Kushans in World History,” World History Bulletin 25, no. 1 (2009): 30.
38. Carter Findley, The Turks in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 61–64.
39. Bahodir Sidikov, “Sufism and Shamanism” in Shamanism, edited by Eva Fridman and Mariko Walter (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2004), 241.

1. Guardian, June 15, 2006.
2. John K. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968).
3. Quoted in Mark Elvin, The Retreat of the Elephants (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), chap. 1. The quote is on page 19.
4. Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973), 55.
5. Samuel Adshead, Tang China: The Rise of the East in World History (New York: Palgrave, 2004), 30.
6. Elvin, Pattern of the Chinese Past, pt. 2; William McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 50.
7. See “The Attractions of the Capital,” in Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, edited by Patricia B. Ebrey (New York: Free Press, 1993), 178–85.
8. Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo (Toronto: General, 1993), 2:185.
9. John K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 89.
10. J. R. McNeill and William H. McNeill, The Human Web (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 123.
11. Francesca Bray, Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 116.
12. Patricia Ebrey, The Inner Quarters (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 207.
13. Ibid., 37–43.
14. Ibid., 6.
15. See Nicolas DiCosmo, Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), chap. 6.
16. Ibid., 94.
17. Quoted in Thomas J. Barfield, “Steppe Empires, China, and the Silk Route,” in Nomads in the Sedentary World, edited by Anatoly M. Khazanov and Andre Wink (Richmond: Kurzon Press, 2001), 237.
18. Quoted in Edward H. Shafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), 28.
19. Susan Mann, “Women in East Asia,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, edited by Bonnie Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 2:53–56.
20. Joseph Buttinger, A Dragon Defiant: A Short History of Vietnam (New York: Praeger, 1972), 32–34; Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 85–86.
21. Liam C. Kelley, Beyond the Bronze Pillars: Envoy Poetry and the Sino-Vietnamese Relationship (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005).
22. Teresa Meade and Merry Wiesner-Hanks (eds.), A Companion to Gender History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 188, 281–82, 332–33.
23. H. Paul Varley, “Japan, 550–838,” in Asia in Western and World History, edited by Ainslee T. Embrey and Carol Gluck (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 353.
24. Quoted in McNeill, Pursuit of Power, 40.
25. John K. Fairbank et al., East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), 353.
26. Quoted in Jane Hirshfield, trans., The Ink Dark Moon (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), xiii.
27. Edwin A. Cranston, trans., The Izumi Shikibu Diary (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969), 11.
28. Hirshfield, Ink Dark Moon, 94, 148
29. Quoted in Earl Miner, Japanese Poetic Diaries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 33.
30. Cranston, Izumi Shikibu Diary, 18, 206.
31. Hirshfield, Ink Dark Moon, 49, 65, 96, 139.
32. Chieko Irie Mulhern, ed., Japanese Women Writers (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 155.
33. Compiled from Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 1:242; and Robert Temple, The Genius of China (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986).
34. Arnold Pacey, Technology in World Civilization (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), 50–53.
35. McNeill, Pursuit of Power, 24–25.
36. Hugh Clark, “Muslims and Hindus in the Culture and Morphology of Quanzhou from the Tenth to the Thirteenth Century,” Journal of World History 6, no. 1 (1995): 49–74.
37. Quoted in Arthur F. Wright, Studies in Chinese Buddhism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 16.
38. Arthur F. Wright, Buddhism in Chinese History (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959), 36–39.
39. Quoted in Wright, Buddhism in Chinese History, 67.
40. Quoted in Eric Zurcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959), 1:262.
41. Jacquet Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 291–96.
42. Edwin O. Reischauer, Ennin’s Travels in Tang China (New York: Ronald Press, 1955), 221–24.
43. William Theodore de Bary et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 1:42.
44. Donald Keene, Seeds in the Heart (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 477–78.
45. Quoted in “Jake Holman’s Selection of Favourite Chinese Poems,” China History Forum, accessed February 7, 2012, http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?showtopic=17789&st=30&start=30.
46. I Lo-fen, “Dialogue Between the ‘Fatuous Emperor’ and the ‘Treacherous Minister’: Song Hui Zong’s ‘Literary Gathering’ Painting (Wen-Hui Tu) and Its Poetic Inscriptions,” Literature and Philosophy 8 (June 2006): 253–78.

1. Letter from Malcolm X, April 1964. http://www.malcolm-x.org/docs/let_mecca.htm.
2. Reza Aslan, No God but God (New York: Random House, 2005), 14.
3. Quoted in Karen Armstrong, A History of God (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993), 146.
4. Quran 1:5 and 41:53.
5. Ibid., 3:110.
6. Ibid., 9:71.
7. “Prophet Muhammad’s Farewell Sermon,” http://www.islamicity.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=ic0107-322.
8. Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 114. The preceding section draws on chapter 3.
9. Richard Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 33.
10. Nehemiah Levtzion, ed., Conversion to Islam (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979), chap. 1.
11. Bertold Spuler. The Muslim World, vol. 1, The Age of the Caliph (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960), 29.
12. Bernard Lewis, Islam and the West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 157.
13. Quoted in Patricia Crone, “The Rise of Islam in the World,” in Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, edited by Francis Robinson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 14.
14. Aslan, No God but God, 201.
15. Quran 33:35.
16. Ibid., 4:34.
17. Quoted in Judith Tucker, “Gender and Islamic History,” in Islamic and European Expansion, edited by Michael Adas (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 46.
18. Nikki R. Keddie, “Women in the Middle East since the Rise of Islam,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, edited by Bonnie G. Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 74–75.
19. Ria Kloppenborg and Wouter Hanegraaf, eds., Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995), 111.
20. Quoted in William T. de Bary, ed., Sources of Indian Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 2:355–57.
21. V. L. Menage, “The Islamization of Anatolia,” in Levtzion, Conversion to Islam, chap. 4.
22. Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 304–6.
23. Quoted in Keddie, “Women in the Middle East,” 81.
24. Ross Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 300.
25. Al-Umari, “The Kingdoms of the Muslim Sudan,” in Medieval West Africa, edited by Nehemia Levtzion and Jay Spaulding (Princeton, NJ: Markus Weiner, 2003), 60.
26. Marq de Villieres and Sheila Hirtle, Timbuktu (New York: Walker, 2007), 77.
27. Al-Umari, “Kingdoms of the Muslim Sudan,” 59.
28. Ibid.
29. Jane I. Smith, “Islam and Christendom,” in The Oxford History of Islam, edited by John L. Esposito (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 317–21.
30. Richard Eaton, “Islamic History as Global History,” in Adas, Islamic and European Expansion, 12.
31. Francis Robinson, “Knowledge, Its Transmission and the Making of Muslim Societies,” in Robinson, Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, 230.
32. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 216–24.
33. Andrew Watson, Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Michael Decker, “Plants and Progress: Rethinking the Islamic Agricultural Revolution,” Journal of World History 20, no. 2 (2009): 187–206.
34. Arnold Pacey, Technology in World History (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), 8, 74.
35. Robinson, “Knowledge, Its Transmission,” 215.
36. Ahmad Dallal, “Science, Medicine, and Technology: The Making of a Scientific Culture,” in Esposito, Oxford History of Islam, chap. 4.
37. David W. Tschanz, “The Arab Roots of European Medicine,” Aramco World, May–June 1997, 20–31.
38. Lohoucine Ouzgan, ed., Islamic Masculinities (London: Zed Books, 2006), 57–59.
39. Oleg Grabar, Mostly Miniatures: An Introduction to Persian Painting (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 2.
40. Biographical details about the life of Muhammad derive largely from Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).

1. Louisa Lim, “In The Land of Mao, a Rising Tide of Christianity,” All Things Considered, NPR, July 19, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128546334.
2. This section relies heavily on Diarmaid MacCulloch, Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (New York, Viking, 2010), chap. 8.
3. Oleg Grabar, “The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem,” in Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World, edited by Eva R. Hoffman (London: John Wiley and Sons, 2007), 166.
4. Quoted in Roger Boase, ed., Islam and Global Dialogue (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005), 95.
5. Martin Palmer, The Jesus Sutras (New York: Random House, 2001).
6. Jack Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (New York: Crown, 2004), 29.
7. Leonora Neville, Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 2.
8. Quoted in Deno John Geanakoplos, Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 389.
9. Quoted in ibid., 143.
10. Quoted in A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 79–80.
11. Quoted in Geanakoplos, Byzantium, 362.
12. Quoted in ibid., 369.
13. Rowena Loverance, Byzantium (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 43.
14. Daniel H. Kaiser and Gary Marker, Reinterpreting Russian History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 63–67.
15. Quoted in Patrick J. Geary, Before France and Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 79.
16. Quoted in Stephen Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery (London: Routledge, 1996), 218.
17. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom (London: Blackwell, 1996), 305.
18. Quoted in John M. Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 113.
19. Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 121–23.
20. Judith M. Bennett, A Medieval Life (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998).
21. Bonnie Anderson and Judith Zinsser, A History of Their Own (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 1:210.
22. Anderson and Zinsser, History of Their Own, 393–94.
23. Christopher Tyerman, Fighting for Christendom: Holy Wars and the Crusades (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 16.
24. Elizabeth Hallam, Chronicles of the Crusades (New York: Welcome Rain, 2000), 127.
25. Edward Peters, “The Firanj Are Coming—Again,” Orbis 48, no. 1 (2004): 3–17.
26. Quoted in Peter Watson, Ideas (New York: Harper, 2006), 319.
27. Quoted in Jean Gimple, The Medieval Machine (New York: Holt, 1976), 178.
28. Quoted in Stuart B. Schwartz, ed., Victors and Vanquished (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), 147.
29. Quoted in Carlo Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution (New York: Norton, 1976), 207.
30. Quoted in S. Lilley, Men, Machines, and History (New York: International, 1965), 62.
31. See Toby Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
32. Quoted in Edward Grant, Science and Religion from Aristotle to Copernicus (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 158.
33. Quoted in L. Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1923), 2:58.
34. Quoted in Edward Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 70.
35. Grant, Science and Religion, 228–29.
36. Marcia L. Colish, Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 128.
37. Charles G. Herbermann, ed., The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Encyclopedia Press, 1913), 7:668.
38. Simon Morsink, The Power of Icons (Ghent: Snoek, 2006), 12; Robin Cormack, Icons (London: British Museum Press, 2007), 29.

1. Jack Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (New York: Crown, 2004), xv.
2. Giovanni Carpini, The Story of the Mongols, translated by Erik Hildinger (Boston: Braden, 1996), 54.
3. Data derived from Thomas J. Barfield, “Pastoral Nomadic Societies,” in Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, 2005), 4:1432–37.
4. Quoted in Peter B. Golden, “Nomads and Sedentary Societies in Eurasia,” in Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, edited by Michael Adas (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001), 73.
5. Thomas J. Barfield, The Nomadic Alternative (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993), 12.
6. Anatoly Khazanov, “The Spread of World Religions in Medieval Nomadic Societies of the Eurasian Steppes,” in Nomadic Diplomacy, Destruction and Religion from the Pacific to the Adriatic, edited by Michael Gervers and Wayne Schlepp (Toronto: Joint Center for Asia Pacific Studies, 1994), 11.
7. Quoted in J. Otto Maenchen-Helfer, The World of the Huns (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 14.
8. Carter Finley, The Turks in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 28–37.
9. Ibid., 40.
10. David Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia (London: Blackwell, 1998), 1:385.
11. Quoted in ibid., 389.
12. David Morgan, The Mongols (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), 63–67.
13. Weatherford, Genghis Khan, 86.
14. Chinggis Khan, “Letter to Changchun” in E. Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, Vol. I (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1875), 37–39.
15. Thomas T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 6.
16. Chinggis Khan, “Letter to Changchun,” 38.
17. Quoted in Weatherford, Genghis Khan, 111.
18. Barfield, Nomadic Alternative, 166.
19. Peter Jackson, “The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered,” in Mongols, Turks, and Others, edited by Reuven Amitai and Michael Biran (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 262.
20. Quoted in Christian, History of Russia, 425.
21. This portrait is based on Jack Weatherford, The Secret History of the Mongol Queens (New York: Random House, 2010), 116–26, 274.
22. Quoted in David Morgan, Medieval Persia (London: Longman, 1988), 79.
23. Morgan, Medieval Persia, 82.
24. Guity Nashat, “Women in the Middle East” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (London: Blackwell, 2004), 243.
25. Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 126.
26. Charles H. Halperin, “Russia in the Mongol Empire in Comparative Perspective,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43, no. 1 (1983): 261.
27. Quoted in Christopher Dawson, Mission to Asia (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 83–84.
28. Thomas Allsen, Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 211.
29. Quoted in ibid., 121.
30. John Aberth, From the Brink of the Apocalypse (New York: Routledge, 2000), 122–31.
31. Quoted in John Aberth, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348–1350 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005), 84–85.
32. Michael Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977), 212, 223.
33. Quoted in John Aberth, A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film (New York: Routledge, 2003), 225.
34. Aberth, Black Death, 72.
35. Quoted in Dols, Black Death in the Middle East, 67.
36. Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 256.
37. Arnold Pacey, Technology in World Civilization (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 62.
38. Quoted in Golden, “Nomads and Sedentary Societies,” 72–73.
39. Quoted in Gregory Guzman, “Were the Barbarians a Negative or Positive Factor in Ancient and Medieval History?” Historian 50 (August 1988): 558–72.
40. Quoted in Barfield, Nomadic Alternative, 3.
41. Quoted in Aberth, Black Death, 99
42. Quoted in David Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 65.
43. Quoted in ibid., 62.
44. Quoted in Aberth, Black Death, 79.
45. Quoted in ibid., 174.
46. “Lübeck’s Dance of Death,” accessed February 10, 2012, http://www.dodedans.com/Etext2.htm.
47. Quoted in Norman Cantor, In the Wake of the Plague (New York: Free Press, 2001), 6.
48. Quoted in Aberth, Black Death, 73–74.

1. Winona LaDuke, “We Are Still Here: The 500 Year Celebration,” Sojourners, October 1991.
2. Brian Fagan, Ancient North America (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), 503.
3. Quoted in Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 334.
4. Louise Levanthes, When China Ruled the Seas (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 175.
5. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (New York: New American Library, 1952), 90, 94.
6. Edward Dreyer, Zheng He (New York: Pearson Longman, 2007).
7. Christine de Pisan, The Book of the City of Ladies, translated by Rosalind Brown-Grant (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), pt. 1, p. 1.
8. Frank Viviano, “China’s Great Armada,” National Geographic, July 2005, 34.
9. Quoted in John J. Saunders, ed., The Muslim World on the Eve of Europe’s Expansion (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966), 41–43.
10. Leo Africanus, History and Description of Africa (London: Hakluyt Society, 1896), 824–25.
11. Quoted in Craig A. Lockhard, Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 67.
12. Quoted in Patricia Risso, Merchants and Faith (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), 49.
13. Quoted in Stuart B. Schwartz, ed., Victors and Vanquished (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), 8.
14. Quoted in Michael E. Smith, The Aztecs (London: Blackwell, 2003), 108.
15. Smith, Aztecs, 220.
16. Miguel Leon-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture, translated from the Spanish by Jack Emory Davis (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 7.
17. For this perspective, see Michael E. Malpass and Sonia Alconini, Distant Provinces in the Inca Empire (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2010).
18. Terence N. D’Altroy, The Incas (London: Blackwell, 2002), chaps. 11, 12.
19. For a summary of this practice among the Aztecs and Incas, see Karen Vieira Powers, Women in the Crucible of Conquest (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005), chap. 1.
20. Ibid., 25.
21. Louise Burkhart, “Mexica Women on the Home Front,” in Indian Women of Early Mexico, edited by Susan Schroeder et al. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 25–54.
22. The “web” metaphor is derived from J. R. McNeill and William H. McNeill, The Human Web (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).
23. Graph from David Christian, Map of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 343.
24. Rosamund E. Mack, Bazaar to Piazza (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 1.
25. This and all subsequent quotes come from Jerry Brotton, The Renaissance Bazaar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

1. Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

1. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974), 51.
2. Quoted in Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 15.
3. George Raudzens, ed., Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquest (Boston: Brill Academic, 2003), xiv.
4. A major source for the life of Doña Marina is Bernal Díaz, The Conquest of New Spain, translated by J. M. Cohen (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963).
5. Quoted in Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and the New World Conquest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 202.
6. Quoted in ibid., 206.
7. Quoted in Charles C. Mann, 1491 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 56.
8. Quoted in Charles Mann, 1493 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), 165.
9. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, “Empires in Their Global Context,” in The Atlantic in Global History, edited by Jorge Canizares-Esguerra and Erik R. Seeman (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2007), 105.
10. Quoted in Alejandro Lugo, Fragmented Lives; Assembled Parts (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008), 53.
11. Quoted in Anthony Padgen, “Identity Formation in Spanish America,” in Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500–1800, edited by Nicholas Canny and Anthony Padgen (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 56.
12. Colin M. MacLachlan and Jaime E. Rodriguez, The Forging of the Cosmic Race (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 244–45.
13. Ann Twinam, “Women and Gender in Colonial Latin America,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, edited by Bonnie G. Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 2:195.
14. Quoted in James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, Early Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 206.
15. Mary Prince, The History of Mary Prince (1831; Project Gutenberg, 2006), http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17851.
16. Derived from Skidmore and Smith, Modern Latin America, 25.
17. Kevin Reilly et al., eds., Racism: A Global Reader (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 136–37.
18. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, The Americas: A Hemispheric History (New York: Modern Library, 2003), 58–59.
19. Benjamin Wadsworth, The Well-Ordered Family (1712), 39.
20. Willard Sutherland, Taming the Wild Fields: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 223–24.
21. Quoted in Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 216.
22. Andreas Kappeler, The Russian Empire (New York: Longman, 2001), 115–17, 397–99.
23. Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier, 222.
24. Geoffrey Hosking, “The Freudian Frontier,” Times Literary Supplement, March 10, 1995, 27.
25. Peter Perdue, China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 10–11.
26. Quoted in Stephen F. Dale, “The Islamic World in the Age of European Expansion,” in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, edited by Francis Robinson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 80.
27. Quoted in P. Lewis, Pirs, Shrines, and Pakistani Islam (Rawalpindi, Pakistan: Christian Study Centre, 1985), 84.
28. Quoted in Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 160.
29. Lewis Melville, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Her Life and Letters (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2004), 88.
30. Jane I. Smith, “Islam and Christendom,” in The Oxford History of Islam, edited by John Esposito (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 342.
31. Charles Thornton Forester and F. H. Blackburne Daniell, The Life and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (London: C. Kegan Paul, 1881), 1:405–6.
32. Jean Bodin, “The Rise and Fall of Commonwealths,” chap. 7, Constitution Society, accessed Feb. 21, 2012, http://www.constitution.org/bodin/bodin_4.htm.
33. Quoted in Stuart B. Schwartz, ed., Victors and Vanquished (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), 31.
34. Schwartz, Victors and Vanquished, 29.
35. Quoted in ibid., 164.
36. Miguel Leon-Portilla, The Broken Spears (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992), 80–81.

1. Jacob Wheeler, “From Slave Post to Museum,” Christian Science Monitor, December 31, 2002.
2. M. N. Pearson, ed., Spices in the Indian Ocean World (Aldershot: Valorium, 1996), xv.
3. Quoted in Paul Lunde, “The Coming of the Portuguese,” Saudi Aramco World, July–August 2005, 56.
4. Philip Curtin, Cross Cultural Trade in World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 144.
5. Quoted in Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 50.
6. Quoted in Craig A. Lockard, Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 85.
7. Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), 2:274, 290.
8. Tonio Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
9. Anthony Reid, Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999), 227.
10. Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topic, The World That Trade Created (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2006), 28.
11. Makrand Mehta, Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective (Delhi: Academic Foundation, 1991), chap. 4.
12. Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 131.
13. Quoted in Richard von Glahn, “Myth and Reality of China’s Seventeenth Century Monetary Crisis,” Journal of Economic History 56, no. 2 (June 1996): 132.
14. Pomeranz and Topik, The World That Trade Created, 151–54.
15. Jane E. Mangan, Trading Roles (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 181–83.
16. Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, “Born with a ‘Silver Spoon,’” Journal of World History 6, no. 2 (1995): 210.
17. Quoted in Mark Elvin, The Retreat of the Elephant (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 37.
18. Quoted in Robert Marks, The Origins of the Modern World (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 81.
19. See John Richards, The Endless Frontier (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pt. 4. Much of this section is drawn from this source.
20. Elspeth M. Veale, The English Fur Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966), 141.
21. Quoted in Richards, Endless Frontier, 499.
22. Richards, Endless Frontier, 504.
23. Quoted from “Fur Trader,” The Iroquois Confederacy, Portland State University Graduate School of Education, October 1, 2001, http://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/furtrader.htm.
24. Pamela McVay, Envisioning Women in World History (New York: McGraw Hill, 2009), 86. See also Bruce M. White, “The Woman Who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur Trade,” in In the Days of Our Grandmothers, edited by Mary-Ellen Kelm and Lorn Townsend (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), chap. 3.
25. These figures derive from the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, accessed February 22, 2012, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces.
26. Charles E. Curran, Change in Official Catholic Moral Teaching (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2003), 67.
27. David Brion Davis, Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 13.
28. Quoted in Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 52–53.
29. Audrey Smedley, Race in North America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).
30. Kevin Reilly et al., eds., Racism: A Global Reader (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 131.
31. Quoted in Donald R. Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 109–10.
32. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 72.
33. Thomas Phillips, “A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London in 1694,” in Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, edited by Elizabeth Donnan (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute, 1930), 399–410.
34. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, accessed February 22, 2012, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces.
35. Erik Gilbert and Jonathan T. Reynolds, Africa in World History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Educational, 2004), 160.
36. Paul Adams et al., Experiencing World History (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 334.
37. Anne Bailey, African Voices in the Atlantic Slave Trade (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005), 153–54.
38. This account is based largely on Thomas Bluett, Some Memoirs of the Life of Job . . . (London, 1734), http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bluett/bluett.html/; and James T. Campbell, Middle Passages (New York: Penguin Books, 2007), 1–14.
39. Francis Moore, Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa (London, 1755), 146–47.
40. Erik Gilbert and Jonathan Reynolds, Trading Tastes: Commodity and Cultural Exchange to 1750 (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006), 9.
41. Alex Szogyi, ed., Chocolate: Food of the Gods (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 1997), 166.
42. James Grehan, “Smoking and ‘Early Modern’ Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries),” American Historical Review 111, no. 5 (2006): 1352–77, http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/111.5/grehan.html.
43. Uzi Baram and Lynda Carroll, eds., A Historical Archeology of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Springer, 2000), 172–74.

1. Andrew Rice, “Mission from Africa,” New York Times Magazine, April 8, 2009; “African Missionaries Take Religion to the West,” Church Shift, August 7, 2006, http://www.churchshift.org.
2. Dr. Peter Hammond, “The Reformation,” Frontline Fellowship, accessed February 22, 2012, http://www.frontline.org.za/articles/thereformation_lectures.htm.
3. Glenn J. Ames, Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader (New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005), 50.
4. Cecil Jane, ed. and trans., Selected Documents Illustrating the Four Voyages of Columbus (London: Hakluyt Society, 1930–1933), 2:2–18.
5. Kenneth Mills, Idolatry and Its Enemies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), chap. 9.
6. Marysa Navarro et al., Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 37.
7. Nancy E. van Deusen, “Úrsula de Jesús” in The Human Tradition in Colonial Latin America, edited by Kenneth J. Andrien (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002), 88–103; Úrsula de Jesús, The Souls of Purgatory: The Spiritual Diary of a Seventeenth-Century Afro-Peruvian Mystic, edited and with a scholarly introduction by Nancy E. van Deusen (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004).
8. Quoted in James Rinehart, Apocalyptic Faith and Political Violence (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 42.
9. Quoted in Nicolas Griffiths, The Cross and the Serpent (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 263.
10. See James Lockhart, The Nahuas after Conquest (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), chap. 6.
11. Quoted in Joanna Waley-Cohen, The Sextants of Beijing (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 76–77.
12. Richard M. Eaton, “Islamic History as Global History,” in Islamic and European Expansion, edited by Michael Adas (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 25.
13. Natana J. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 123–91.
14. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, ed and trans., Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook (New York: Free Press, 1993), 257.
15. Robert Bly and Jane Hirshfield, trans., Mirabai: Ecstatic Poems (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), ix–xi.
16. Quoted in Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 66.
17. This section draws heavily on Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 48, 52, 76.
18. Ibid., 87, 288.
19. Jerome Cardano, The Book of My Life, translated by Jean Stoner (London: J. M. Dent, 1931), 189.
20. Quoted in Shapin, Scientific Revolution, 28.
21. Quoted in ibid., 61.
22. Quoted in ibid., 33.
23. Quoted in ibid., 68.
24. Stillman Drake, trans., Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1957), 183.
25. H. S.Thayer, ed., Newton’s Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings (New York: Hafner Library of Classics, 1953), 42.
26. Immanuel Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?,” translated by Peter Gay, in Introduction to Contemporary Civilization in the West (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954), 1071.
27. Voltaire, A Treatise on Toleration (1763), chap. 22, http://www.constitution.org/volt/tolerance.htm.
28. Quoted in Margaret C. Jacob, The Enlightenment (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001), 103.
29. Quoted in Karen Offen, European Feminisms, 1700–1950 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 39.
30. Toby E. Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 48
31. Quoted in Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 104.
32. Waley-Cohen, Sextants of Beijing, 105–14.
33. Benjamin A. Elman, On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
34. Quoted in David R. Ringrose, Expansion and Global Interaction, 1200–1700 (New York: Longman, 2001), 188.
35. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Science, Technology, and Learning in the Ottoman Empire (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004).
36. Quoted in Sergiusz Michalski, The Reformation and the Visual Arts (New York: Routledge, 1993), 7.
37. Quoted in Angela Vanhalaen, “Iconoclasm and the Creation of Images in Emanuel de Witte’s Old Church in Amsterdam,” Art Bulletin, June 2005, 5.
38. David Brett, The Plain Style (Cambridge: Letterworth Press, 2004), 61–62.
39. Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art on the Jesuit Missions in Asia and Latin America (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 102–4.
40. John W. O’Malley et al., The Jesuits (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 381.

1. Quoted in Ross Dunn, The New World History (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), 17.
2. William H. McNeill, “The Rise of the West after 25 Years,” Journal of World History 1, no. 1 (1990): 7.

1. Quoted in Keith M. Baker, “A World Transformed,” Wilson Quarterly (Summer 1989): 37.
2. Quoted in Thomas Benjamin et al., The Atlantic World in the Age of Empire (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 205.
3. Jack P. Greene, “The American Revolution,” American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (2000): 96–97.
4. Quoted in ibid., 102.
5. Quoted in Susan Dunn, Sister Revolutions (New York: Faber and Faber, 1999), 11, 12.
6. Quoted in ibid., 9.
7. Quoted in Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003), 625.
8. Lynn Hunt, ed., The French Revolution and Human Rights (Boston: Bedford, 1996), 123.
9. Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their Own (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 283.
10. Hunt, French Revolution, 29.
11. From James Leith, “Music for Mass Persuasion during the Terror,” copyright James A. Leith, Queen’s University Kingston.
12. Franklin W. Knight, “The Haitian Revolution,” American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (2000): 103.
13. Quoted in David P. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 27.
14. John C. Chasteen, Born in Blood and Fire (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 103.
15. Peter Winn, Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 83.
16. Quoted in Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 33.
17. Quoted in David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Age of Revolutions in Global Context (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), xxiii.
18. James Walvin, “The Public Campaign in England against Slavery,” in The Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade, edited by David Eltis and James Walvin (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 76.
19. Michael Craton, “Slave Revolts and the End of Slavery,” in The Atlantic Slave Trade, edited by David Northrup (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), 200.
20. Joseph Dupuis, Journal of a Residence in Ashantee (London: Henry Colburn, 1824), 162–64.
21. Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983).
22. Quoted in Daniel Moran and Arthur Waldron, eds., The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 14.
23. Barbara Winslow, “Feminist Movements: Gender and Sexual Equality,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Weisner-Hanks (London: Blackwell, 2004), 186.
24. Bonnie S. Anderson, Joyous Greetings: The First International Women’s Movement, 1830–1860 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
25. Quoted in Claire G. Moses, French Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (Albany: SUNY Press, 1984), 135.
26. Raden Adjeng Kartini, Letters of a Javanese Princess (New York: W. W. Norton, 1964). Unless otherwise noted, all quotes come from this source.
27. Jooste Cote, “Raden Ajeng Kartini” in Gender, Colonialism and Education, edited by Joyce Goodman and Jayne Martin (London: Woburn Press, 2002), 204.
28. See Hunt, French Revolution, 1–31.
29. Quoted in Olympe de Gouges, “The Rights of Women,” 1791, http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/book-sum/gouges.html.
30. Jean-Denis Lanjuinais, “Discussion of Citizenship under the Proposed New Constitution” in The French Revolution and Human Rights, edited by Lynn Hunt (Boston: Bedford, 1996), 133.

1. “Mahatma Gandhi on Industrialization,” Tiny Tech Plants, accessed February 24, 2012, http://www.tinytechindia.com/gandhi3.htm#1.
2. Edmund Burke III and Kenneth Pomeranz, eds., The Environment and World History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 41.
3. Ricardo Duchesne, The Uniqueness of Western Civilization (Leiden: Brill, 2011).
4. Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 40–44.
5. Lynda Shaffer, “Southernization,” Journal of World History 5, no. 1 (1994): 1–21.
6. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). See also Jack Goldstone, Why Europe? The Rise of the West in World History (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2009).
7. Pier Vries, “Are Coal and Colonies Really Crucial?” Journal of World History 12, no. 2 (2001): 411.
8. E. L. Jones, The European Miracle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 119.
9. David Christian, Maps of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 390.
10. Quoted in Mokyr, Lever of Riches, 188.
11. Quoted in Prasannan Parthansaranthi, “Rethinking Wages and Competitiveness in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present 158 (February 1998): 79.
12. Maxine Berg, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 79–84.
13. Peter Stearns, The Industrial Revolution in World History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 36.
14. Goldstone, Why Europe?, chap. 8.
15. Eric Hopkins, Industrialization and Society (London: Routledge, 2000), 2.
16. Mokyr, Lever of Riches, 81.
17. Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West (Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2009), 656.
18. Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (New York: New Press, 1999), 58. This section draws heavily on Hobsbawm’s celebrated account of British industrialization.
19. Samuel Smiles, Thrift (London: John Murray, 1875), 30–40.
20. Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their Own (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 2:131.
21. Ellen Johnston, Autobiography, Poems, and Songs (Glascow: William Love, 1867), http://books.google.com/.
22. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, 65.
23. Peter Stearns and John H. Hinshaw, Companion to the Industrial Revolution (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1996), 150.
24. Quoted in Herbert Vere Evatt, The Tolpuddle Martyrs (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2009), 49.
25. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, 171.
26. Dirk Hoeder, Cultures in Contact (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 331–32.
27. Carl Guarneri, America in the World (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 180.
28. Quoted in Hoeder, Cultures in Contact, 318.
29. Derived from Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), 149.
30. John Charles Chasteen, Born in Blood and Fire (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 181.
31. Peter Bakewell, A History of Latin America (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 425.
32. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990).
33. Ibid., 133.
34. Quoted in Francis D. Klingender, Art and the Industrial Revolution (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 139.
35. “Child Labor in America: Photographs of Lewis W. Hine, 1908–1912,” The History Place, accessed February 24, 2012, http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/.

1. Quoted in Robert Strayer, The Making of Mission Communities in East Africa (London: Heinemann, 1978), 89.
2. Quoted in Heinz Gollwitzer, Europe in the Age of Imperialism (London: Thames and Hudson, 1969), 136.
3. Robert Knox, Races of Man (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1850), v.
4. Quoted in Ralph Austen, ed., Modern Imperialism (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1969), 70–73.
5. Quoted in Julian Burger, “Echoes of History,” New Internationalist, August 1988, http://www.newint.org/issue186/echoes.htm.
6. Quoted in John Iliffe, Africans: The History of a Continent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 191.
7. Quoted in Nicholas Tarling, “The Establishment of Colonial Regimes,” in The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, edited by Nicholas Tarling (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 2:76.
8. R. Meinertzhagen, Kenya Diary (London: Oliver and Boyd, 1957), 51–52.
9. Quoted in Neil Jamieson, Understanding Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 49–57.
10. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 35; Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, Empires in World History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 308–9.
11. Nupur Chaudhuri, “Clash of Cultures” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (London: Blackwell, 2004), 437.
12. Quoted in Donald R. Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), 170.
13. Quoted in Scott B. Cook, Colonial Encounters in the Age of High Imperialism (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), 53.
14. Craig Timberg and Daniel Halperin, Tinderbox (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 52.
15. D. R. SarDesai, Southeast Asia: Past and Present (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 95–98.
16. Quoted in G. C. K. Gwassa and John Iliffe, Records of the Maji Maji Rising (Nairobi: East African, 1967), 1:4–5.
17. Michael Adas, “Continuity and Transformation: Colonial Rice Frontiers and Their Environmental Impact . . . ,” in The Environment and World History, edited by Edmund Burke III and Kenneth Pomeranz (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 191–207.
18. Iliffe, Africans, 216.
19. Adam McKeown, “Global Migration, 1846–1940” Journal of World History 15, no. 2 (2004): 157.
20. Derived from ibid., 156.
21. Quoted in Basil Davidson, Modern Africa (London: Longmans, 1983), 79, 81.
22. This section draws heavily on Margaret Jean Hay and Sharon Stichter, eds., African Women South of the Sahara (London: Longman, 1984), especially chaps. 1–5.
23. Quoted in Robert A. Levine, “Sex Roles and Economic Change in Africa,” in Black Africa, edited by John Middleton (London: Macmillan, 1970), 178.
24. Elizabeth Schmidt, Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870–1939 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1992), chap. 4.
25. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (London: Verso, 2001), 37.
26. Josiah Kariuki, Mau Mau Detainee (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 5.
27. Quoted in Harry Benda and John Larkin, The World of Southeast Asia (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 182–85.
28. William Theodore de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 619.
29. Quoted in Edward W. Smith, Aggrey of Africa (London: SCM Press, 1929).
30. Jean Davison, Voices from Mutira (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1996), 51–74.
31. Strayer, Making of Mission Communities, 78–82, 136–39.
32. C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 343.
33. de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition, 652.
34. Nirad Chaudhuri, Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (London: John Farquharson, 1968), 229.
35. Edward Blyden, Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967), 124.
36. John Iliffe, A Modern History of Tanganyika (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 324.
37. British Museum, http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aoa/b/the_battle_of_adwa,_painting.aspx.

1. “Full Text of Hu Jintao’s Speech,” July 1, 2011. http://english.gov.cn/2011-07/01/content_1897641.htm
2. Dun J. Li, ed., China in Transition, 1517–1911 (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969), 112.
3. Quoted in Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 169.
4. Vincent Shih, The Taiping Ideology: Its Sources, Interpretations, and Influences (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967), 73.
5. Barbara Hodgson, Opium: A Portrait of the Heavenly Demon (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1999), 32.
6. Hsin-Pao Chang, ed., Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), 226–27.
7. Quoted in Teng Ssu and John K. Fairbanks, eds. and trans., China’s Response to the West (New York: Atheneum, 1963), 69.
8. This account of Lin Zexu draws from Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), and Arthur Waley, The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes (London: George Allen and Unwin), 1958.
9. Kazuko Ono, Chinese Women in a Century of Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989), 60.
10. Quoted in Magali Morsy, North Africa: 1800–1900 (London: Longman, 1984), 79.
11. Quoted in M. Sukru Hanioglu, The Young Turks in Opposition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 17.
12. Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 33.
13. Quoted in Carol Gluck, “Themes in Japanese History,” in Asia in Western and World History, ed. Ainslie T. Embree and Carol Gluck (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 754.
14. Quoted in S. Hanley and K. Yamamura, Economic and Demographic Change in Pre-Industrial Japan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977), 88–90.
15. Quoted in Harold Bolitho, “The Tempo Crisis,” in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5, The Nineteenth Century, ed. Maurice B. Jansen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 230.
16. Kenneth Henshall, A History of Japan (New York: Palgrave, 2004), 67.
17. Quoted in James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 177.
18. Selcuk Esenbel, “Japan’s Global Claim to Asia and the World of Islam,” American Historical Review 109, no. 4 (2004), pars. 1, 9, http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.4/esenbel.html.
19. Quoted in Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 460.
20. Quoted in Julia Meech-Pekarik, The World of the Meiji Print: Impressions of a New Civilization (New York: Weatherhill, 1986), 182.
21. Quoted in Oka Yoshitake, Prologue to Marlene Mayo, ed., The Emergence of Imperial Japan (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1970).

1. J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 3–4.

1. John Innes, “Scotland’s Oldest Man Turns 107,” Scotsman, June 25, 2003, http://www.aftermathww1.com/oldestscot.asp; “One of Last British WWI Veterans Dies at 109,” MSNBC.com, November 21, 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10138446/.
2. Quoted in John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 3.
3. Adapted from Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001), 1024.
4. Benito Mussolini, The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism, trans. Jane Soames (London: Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, 1933).
5. Stanley Payne, History of Fascism, 1914–1945 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), 208.
6. Richard Bessel, ed., Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 8.
7. Quoted in Laurence Rees, The Nazis: A Warning from History (New York: New Press, 1997), 62.
8. Quoted in Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), 75.
9. James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 378.
10. Quoted in ibid., 414.
11. Bernd Martin, Japan and Germany in the Modern World (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995), 155–81.
12. Quoted in Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 607.
13. Quoted in ibid., 639.
14. Quoted in John Keegan, The Second World War (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 186.
15. Quoted in Ralph F. Keeling, Gruesome Harvest (Chicago: Institute of American Economics, 1947), 60.
16. Klaas A. D. Smelik, ed., Etty: The Letters and Diaries of Etty Hillesum (Grand Rapids: Erdmans, 2002).
17. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 52.
18. Adam Gopnik, “The Big One: Historians Rethink the War to End All Wars,” New Yorker, August 23, 2004, 78.

1. Quoted in Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 357.
2. Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their Own (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 2:299.
3. William M. Mandel, Soviet Women (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1975), 44.
4. Yuan-tsung Chen, The Dragon’s Village (New York: Penguin Books, 1980), 85.
5. Such figures are often highly controversial. See Maurice Meisner, Mao’s China and After (New York: Free Press, 1999), 413–25; Roderick MacFarquhar, ed., The Politics of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 243–45.
6. Emily Honig, “Maoist Mappings of Gender,” in Chinese Femininities/Chinese Masculinities, ed. Susan Brownell and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 255–56.
7. Douglas Weiner, “The Predatory Tribute-Taking State” in The Environment and World History, ed. Edmund Burke III and Kenneth Pomeranz (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 284–90.
8. Richard F. Kaufman and John P. Hardt, eds., The Former Soviet Union in Transition (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), 580–83.
9. Barbara Engel and Anastasia Posadskaya-Vanderbeck, eds., A Revolution of Their Own (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 17–46.
10. Quoted in Richard Rusk, As I Saw It (New York: Norton, 1990), 245.
11. Quoted in John L. Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), 57.
12. Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking Press, 1970), 254.
13. Quoted in Donald W. White, The American Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 164.
14. Deng Xiaoping, “The Necessity of Upholding the Four Cardinal Principles in the Drive for the Four Modernizations,” in Major Documents of the People’s Republic of China (Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1991), 54.
15. Quoted in Abraham Brumberg, Chronicle of a Revolution (New York: Pantheon Books, 1990), 225–26.
16. Quoted in Anchee Min et.al.,Chinese Propaganda Posters (Koln: Taschen, 2003), 5.
17. Quoted in ibid., 10.

1. Nelson Mandela, “Statement from the Dock . . . in the Rivonia trial,” April 20, 1964, http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=3430&t=Famous Speeches.
2. Quoted in Craig A. Lockard, Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 138–39.
3. Quoted in J. D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography (New York: Praeger, 1972), 341.
4. Quoted in Jim Masselos, Nationalism on the Indian Subcontinent (Melbourne: Nelson, 1972), 122.
5. Mohandas Gandhi, Hind Swaraj, 1909, http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/hindswaraj.htm.
6. Bidyut Chakrabarty, Social and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi (New York: Routledge, 2006), 139.
7. Quoted in Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 331.
8. Badshah Khan, My Life and Struggle (Delhi: Hind Pocket Books, 1969), 96–97.
9. Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (New York: John Day Co., 1946), 486.
10. M. S. Korejo, The Frontier Gandhi (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 25.
11. Khan, My Life, 209–10.
12. Adapted and updated from Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009), 968; Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet, 2011, http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf.
13. Quoted in Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), 268–69.
14. Quoted in Patrick B. Kinross, Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal (New York: Morrow, 1965), 390.
15. Sandra Mackey, The Iranians (New York: Penguin, 1998), 306.
16. Liberation Graphics, “Palestine Poster Project,” accessed March 19, 2012, http://www.liberationgraphics.com/ppp/Redeem_the_Land.html.
17. Ibid., http://www.liberationgraphics.com/ppp/landday.html.

1. “Muslim Dolls Tackle ‘Wanton’ Barbie,” BBC News, March 5, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1856558.stm.
2. Jeffrey Frieden, Global Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 476.
3. “Gross World Product, 1950–2009” in World on the Edge, by Lester R. Brown (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), http://www.earth-policy.org/books/wote/wote_data.
4. United Nations, Human Development Report 1997, 2, http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1997/en.
5. Michael Hunt, The World Transformed (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004), 442.
6. Quoted in Frieden, Global Capitalism, 408.
7. “Map Supplement,” National Geographic (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, March 2011).
8. Quoted in Manfred B. Steger, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 122.
9. Quoted in Frieden, Global Capitalism, 459.
10. Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), chap. 5.
11. Quoted in Sarah Shaver Hughes and Brady Hughes, Women in World History (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 2:268.
12. Susan Kent, “Worlds of Feminism,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, ed. Bonnie G. Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 1:305–6.
13. Quoted in Wilhelmina Oduol and Wanjiku Mukabi Kabira, “The Mother of Warriors and Her Daughters: The Women’s Movement in Kenya,” in Global Feminisms since 1945, ed. Bonnie Smith (London: Routledge, 2000), 111.
14. Elisabeth Jay Friedman, “Gendering the Agenda,” Women’s Studies International Forum 26, no. 4 (2003): 313–31.
15. Quoted in Mary E. Hawkesworth, Globalization and Feminist Activism (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006), 124.
16. Phyllis Schlafly, The Power of the Christian Woman (Cincinnati: Standard, 1981), 117.
17. Karen Armstrong, The Battle for God (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), xi.
18. Quoted in ibid., 273.
19. Quoted in John Esposito, Unholy War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 57.
20. Quoted in ibid., 63.
21. “Al Qaeda’s Fatwah,” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html.
22. Anwar Ibrahim, “The Ardent Moderates,” Time, September 23, 1996, 24.
23. Jan Zalasiewicz et al., “The New World of the Anthropocene,” Environmental Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (2010): 2228–31.
24. See J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001).
25. Living Planet Report, 2010 (Oakland: Global Footprint Network, 2010), 33–34.
26. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), 103. In addition to Carson’s book, this account of her life draws on Mark H. Lytle, Gentle Subversive (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), and Arlene R. Quaratiello, Rachel Carson: A Biography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004).
27. Ramachandra Guha, Environmentalism: A Global History (New York: Longman, 2000), pt. 1.
28. Timothy Doyle, Environmental Movements in Minority and Majority Worlds: A Global Perspective (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005).
29. Quoted in Shiraz Sidhva, “Saving the Planet: Imperialism in a Green Garb,” UNESCO Courier, April 2001, 41–43.