Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science, 1450

Chapter 15 Summative Quiz

Question

1. Which of the following was generally more true of Catholics than Protestants in European colonies?

Catholics built more simply designed churches.

Catholics were more intent on converting native peoples.

Catholics were more opposed to slavery.

Catholics encouraged literacy in the local population.

Question

2. What made Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses revolutionary?

The condemnation of the Church’s selling of indulgences

The idea that an individual could find salvation by faith alone

The proposal that knowledge should be based on observations and experiments

The theory that the sun was the center of the universe

Question

3. Why did the Chinese imperial court initially welcome the Jesuit missionaries?

The Chinese state saw the political and military success of the European states as a demonstration of the power of the Christian God.

The Chinese people had been defeated, their societies disrupted, and their cultural confidence shattered.

The Jesuits’ knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, technology, geography, and mapmaking was useful to the Chinese.

The Jesuits far outnumbered the Chinese and had already converted the vast majority of the nomadic peoples in the steppes north of China.

Question

4. What similar feature did Andean Christianity and Mexican Christianity share?

Both defined Christian rituals as civil observances rather than religious practices.

Both condemned the Christian ritual of Holy Communion as a kind of cannibalism.

Both used Christian communities to organize rebellions against Spanish rule.

Both reinterpreted Christian practices within the framework of local customs.

Question

5. Which of the following was a goal of the Wahhabi movement?

To return to the absolute monotheism of authentic Islam

To promote religious blending and syncretism in Islam

To encourage religious tolerance

To expand the rights of women under Islamic law

Question

6. Both Wang Yangmin in his view of Confucianism and Martin Luther in his view of Christianity

attacked local customs as idolatry and sought to purify their respective traditions.

invoked divine will to justify the power and privileges of the elite.

argued that individuals could find their own path to virtue and salvation.

fought for religious tolerance and social justice for the poor and oppressed.

Question

7. Why did Sikhism evolve from a peaceful religion into a militant community?

Violence was more effective at gaining converts.

Punjab, where Sikhism was founded, was torn apart by a civil war.

The British military trained them to be militants.

They had to defend themselves against both Mughal and Hindu hostility.

Question

8. During the centuries between 1450 and 1750, the spread of Islam was usually the

work of Muslim holy men, scholars, and traders.

result of conquest and forced conversions.

product of state indoctrination.

responsibility of specially chosen missionaries.

Question

9. What condition in Europe that was absent in China and the Islamic world contributed to the Scientific Revolution?

The relative independence of European universities

The superiority of the libraries in Western Europe

Europe’s leadership in the fields of mathematics and medicine after 1000 c.e.

The merging of the study of the natural order with philosophy and theology

Question

10. In what way did nineteenth-century developments in the sciences depart from Enlightenment principles?

Question

11. How was the Enlightenment related to the Scientific Revolution?

The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the physical universe.

The Enlightenment refers to people’s growing awareness of the Scientific Revolution.

The Enlightenment inspired the Scientific Revolution.

The Enlightenment was a Protestant movement, while the Scientific Revolution was a Catholic movement.

Question

12. Which of the following describes the reception of modern European science in China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire during the early modern era?

Adoption of European advances in medicine only

Acceptance of European theoretical science but rejection of its practical applications

Selective adoption of European scientific learning

Wholesale adoption of Western scientific learning