Warfare was frequent among Maya cities and thus a common theme in court art. Fought with spear throwers, lances, clubs, axes, swords, and shields, Maya wars were depicted as chaotic affairs aimed at the capture of individual prisoners, who were destined for sacrifice or slavery. Those prisoners were often named in the glyphs that accompanied the portrayal of battles along with the inscription “He is seized/roped.”

Visual Source 6.2, a reconstructed image, comes from a Maya archeological site in southern Mexico called Bonampak (BOHN-uhm-PAHK), well known for its vivid murals. Depicting events that took place in 792 C.E., this mural shows King Chan Muwan of Bonampak (in the center) holding a staff and receiving nine prisoners of war from his victorious noble warriors. To the right of the king in this painting are two allies from the nearby city of Yaxchilan, followed by the king’s wife, his mother, and a servant-musician playing a conch. To the king’s left are six more high-ranking warriors from Bonampak, while lower-level warriors guard each side of the door at the bottom.

The prisoners hold center stage in the mural. Notice in particular the dead captive sprawling below the king’s staff as a severed head lies on a bed of leaves below him. The four small images at the top indicate constellations, showing the favorable configuration of the sky for this occasion. The turtle on the far right, for example, depicts the constellation Gemini, while the three stars on its back represent what we know as Orion’s belt.