Paleolithic persistence, 500–2

Igbo, 502–3

Iroquois, 503–4

Timur, 504

Fulbe, 505

Ming dynasty China, 505–9

Zheng He, 507–9

European Renaissance, 510–13

Ottoman Empire, 516

seizure of Constantinople in 1453, 516, 518–19

Safavid Empire, 516–18

Songhay Empire, 518–20

Timbuktu, 519–20

Mughal Empire, 521

Malacca, 521–22

Aztec Empire, 522–25

Inca Empire, 526–29