Taiping Uprising, 836–38

Opium Wars, 838–40

Commissioner Lin, 839–41

unequal treaties, 839–41

self-strengthening movement, 842–44

Boxer Uprising, 843

Chinese revolution of 1911–1912, 844

“the sick man of Europe,” 844–46

Tanzimat, 847

Young Ottomans, 848

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II, 848–49

Young Turks, 849

informal empires, 849

Battle of Adowa, 850–51

Tokugawa Japan, 852–54

Meiji Restoration, 855

Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905, 859