Notes

Prologue

  1. Adapted from Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden (New York: Random House, 1977), 13-17.
  2. See David Christian, Maps of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
  3. Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration, chap. 22.
  4. See David Christian, “World History in Context,” Journal of World History 14, no. 4 (December 2003): 437-58.

Chapter 1

  1. Richard Rainsford, “What Chance, the Survival Prospects of East Africa’s Last Hunting and Gathering Tribe the Hadzabe, in a Gameless Environment?," Information about Northern Tanzania, March 1997, http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00757.html.
  2. What follows comes from Sally McBreatry and Alison S. Brooks, “The Revolution That Wasn‘t: A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behavior," Journal of Human Evolution 39 (2000): 453-563.
  3. Fred Spier, Big History and the Future of Humanity (West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 132; David Christian, Maps of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 143.
  4. Richard B. Lee, The Dobe Ju/‘hoansi (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), 58.
  5. J. C. Beaglehole, The Journals of Captain James Cook (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1968), 1:399.
  6. Inga Clendinnen, Dancing with Strangers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 159-67.
  7. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature (New York: Viking, 2011), 47-52.
  8. Marshall Sahlins, Stone Age Economics (London: Tavistock, 1972), 1-39.
  9. Christopher Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), chap. 2.
  10. Marija Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1989), 316-18.
  11. Derived from Christian, Maps of Time, 208.
  12. Neil Roberts, The Holocene: An Environmental History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 116.
  13. Nina V. Federoff, “Prehistoric GM Corn,” Science 302 (November 2003): 1158.
  14. Theodora Kroeber, Ishi in Two Worlds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), 229. See also Karl Kroeber and Clifton Kroeber, Ishi in Three Centuries (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003).
  15. Andrew Sherrat, “The Secondary Exploitation of Animals in the Old World,” World Archeology 15, no. 1 (1983): 90-104.
  16. Tom Standage, A History of the World in Six Glasses (New York: Walker and Company, 2005), chaps. 1, 2; Li Zhengping, Chinese Wine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 1-3.
  17. Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), 15.
  18. Ian Hodder, “Women and Men at Catalhoyuk,” Scientific American 15, no. 1 (2005): 35-41.
  19. Marija Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), xix.
  20. “Cultural Information,” Jinta Desert Art, accessed October 14, 2014, http://www.jintaart.com.au/culinfo.html.

Chapter 2

  1. Bryan Nelson, “Becoming One with Nature,” Mother Nature Network, http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness -resources/photos/7-people-who-gave-up-on-civilization-to-live-in-the-wild-0.
  2. Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 174-91.
  3. Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 83-84.
  4. David Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 114.
  5. Robert Carneiro, “A Theory of the Origin of the State,” Science 169 (1970): 733-38.
  6. Susan Pollock, Ancient Mesopotamia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 48.
  7. The Epic of Gilgamesh, translated and edited by Benjamin R. Foster (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 10, tablet 1: 226-32.
  8. James Legge, trans., The Chinese Classics (London: Henry Frowde, 1893), 4:171-72.
  9. Margaret Ehrenberg, Women in Prehistory (London: British Museum, 1989), 107.
  10. Sherry Ortner, “Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?,” in Women, Culture, and Society, edited by Michelle Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1974), 67-88.
  11. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 70.
  12. Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 2:168-75.
  13. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature (New York: Viking, 2011), chaps. 2, 3.
  14. Hammurabi, The Code of Hammurabi King of Babylon … by Robert Francis Harper (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904), http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1276#Harper_0762_26.
  15. Adolf Erman, The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, translated by Aylward M. Blackman (London: Methuen, 1927), 136-37.
  16. Henri Frankfort et al., Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963), 39, 138.
  17. Quoted in Peter Stearns et al., World Civilizations (New York: Longman, 1996), 1:30.
  18. See Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), chap. 5.
  19. K. J. W. Oosthoek, “The Role of Wood in World History,” Environmental History Resources, 1998, http://www.eh-resources.org/wood.html#_ednref1.
  20. Pascal Vernus, Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 70-86; Toby Wilkinson, Lives of the Ancient Egyptians (London: Thames and Hudson, 2007), 259-61.
  21. James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969), 647-48.
  22. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 1:25-27.
  23. M. J. Rowlands et al., eds., Center and Periphery in the Ancient World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 59.
  24. Marvin Harris, ed., Cannibals and Kings (New York: Vintage, 1978), 102.
  25. Jonathan M. Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998), 84.
  26. Ibid., 100.
  27. Gregory L. Possehl, The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2002), 114.

Part Two

  1. Data from Stephen K. Sanderson, Social Transformation (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 103.
  2. Colin Ronan and Joseph Needham, The Shorter Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 58.
  3. William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (New York: Doubleday, 1977), 94.

Chapter 3

  1. Cullen Murphy, Are We Rome? The Fall of an Empire and the Fate of America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007).
  2. J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1983), 76.
  3. George Rawlinson, trans., The Histories of Herodotus (London: Dent, 1910), 1:131-40.
  4. Erich F. Schmidt, Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions, OIP 68 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 63.
  5. Quoted in Anthony N. Penna, The Human Footprint (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 151.
  6. Quoted in Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece from Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 86.
  7. Christian Meier, Athens (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1993), 93.
  8. Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander, translated by Aubrey de Selincourt, revised by J. R. Hamilton (London: Penguin, 1971), 395-96.
  9. Stanley Burstein, The Hellenistic Period in World History (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1996), 12.
  10. Norman F. Cantor, Antiquity (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 25.
  11. Paul Halsall, “Early Western Civilization under the Sign of Gender,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (London: Blackwell, 2004), 293-94.
  12. Aelius Aristides, The Complete Works, vol. 2, translated by P. Charles A. Behr (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986), 73-97.
  13. Keith W. Taylor, The Birth of Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 334.
  14. See Robert Marks, China: Its Environment and History (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2012), chap. 3.
  15. Craig Benjamin, “The Kushans in World History,” World History Bulletin 25, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 30. This feature is derived largely from this article.
  16. S. A. M. Adshead, China in World History (London: Macmillan Press, 1988), 4-21.
  17. See Padma Manian, “Harappans and Aryans: Old and New Perspectives on Ancient Indian History,” History Teacher 32, no. 1 (1998): 17-32.
  18. Roger Boesche, The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002), 17.
  19. Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 90.
  20. Zhengyuan Fu, Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 188.

Chapter 4

  1. “Birthday of Confucius …,” China View, September 28, 2009, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/28/content_12123115.htm.
  2. S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany: SUNY Press, 1986), 1-4; Karen Armstrong, The Great Transformation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006).
  3. Quoted in Arthur Waley, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), 159-60.
  4. Nancy Lee Swann, trans., Pan Chao: Foremost Woman Scholar of China (New York: Century, 1932), 111-14.
  5. Kam Louie and Morris Low, Asian Masculinities (London: Rutledge, 2003), 3-6.
  6. Quoted in Huston Smith, The Illustrated World’s Religions (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1994), 123.
  7. Robert Marks, China: Its Environment and History (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2012), 94-95.
  8. Sam Hamill, trans., in The Enlightened Heart, edited by Stephen Mitchell (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 32.
  9. Lao-tzu, Tao Te Ching, translated by James Legge, in Sacred Books of the East, vol. 39 (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1891), 122.
  10. Catherine Clay et al., Envisioning Women in World History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), 1:67-77.
  11. Quoted in Karen Andrews, “Women in Theravada Buddhism,” Institute of Buddhist Studies, accessed February 19, 2012, http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/A/Andrews/womenTheraBudAndrews.html.
  12. Li Rongxi, trans., A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci’en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty (Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation, 1995), 89-90, 94-95.
  13. Quoted in “Seminar on Nalanda Tradition of Buddhism in Asia as Inaugurated by His Holiness the Dalai Lama,” His Holiness, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, November 14, 2013, http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1029-seminar-on-nalanda-tradition-of-buddhism-in-asia-inaugurated-by-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama.
  14. A. L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1967), 309.
  15. S. A. Nigosian, The Zoroastrian Faith: Tradition and Modern Research (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1993), 95-97.
  16. Isaiah 1:11-17.
  17. Plato, Apologia, translated by Benjamin Jowett (1891).
  18. Hippocrates, On the Sacred Disease, translated by Francis Adams, Internet Classics Archive, accessed February 2, 2012, http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/sacred.html.
  19. Thanissaro Bhikkhu, trans., “Karaniya Metta Sutta: Good Will,” 2004, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.than.html.
  20. Matthew 5:43-44.
  21. See Marcus Borg, ed., Jesus and Buddha: The Parallel Sayings (Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press, 1997).
  22. Galatians 3:28.
  23. Cynthia Bourgeault, The Meaning of Mary Magdalene (Boston: Shambala, 2010).
  24. Ephesians 5:22-23; 1 Corinthians 14:35.
  25. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom (London: Blackwell, 2003), 69-71.
  26. “The Martyrdom of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas,” Frontline, “From Jesus to Christ,” PBS, April 1998, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/primary/perpetua.html.
  27. Robert Sider, “Early Christians in North Africa,” Coptic Church Review 19, no. 3 (1998): 2.
  28. Quoted in Mary Ann Rossi, “Priesthood, Precedent, and Prejudice: On Recovering the Women Priests of Early Christianity,” Journal of Feminist Studies 7, no. 1 (1991): 73-94.
  29. Chai-Shin Yu, Early Buddhism and Christianity (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981), 211.
  30. “Footprints of the Buddha,” Internet Sacred Text Archive, accessed February 2, 2012, http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/igj/igj09.htm.

Chapter 5

  1. Quoted in Lydia Polgreen, “Business Class Rises in Ashes of Caste System,” New York Times, September 10, 2010.
  2. Po Chu-I, “After Passing the Examination,” in More Translations from the Chinese, by Arthur Waley (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1919), 37.
  3. Quoted in Michael Lowe, Everyday Life in Early Imperial China (New York: Dorset, 1968), 38.
  4. “Ge Hong’s Autobiography,” in Chinese Civilization, 2nd ed., edited by Patricia Buckley Ebrey (New York: Free Press, 1993), 91-96; Keith Knapp, “Ge Hong,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2005, http://www.iep.utm.edu/gehong/.
  5. Robert Ford Campany, To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 91-96.
  6. Li Shen, “Old Style,” Selected Poems from T’ang Dynasty, accessed May 15, 2014, http://www.shigeku.org/xlib/lingshidao/hanshi/tang1.htm.
  7. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
  8. A. L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1967), 152.
  9. Sarah Pomeroy et al., Ancient Greece (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 63, 239.
  10. R. Zelnick-Abramovitz, Not Wholly Free (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 337, 343.
  11. Keith Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 30.
  12. 1 Peter 2:18.
  13. Milton Meltzer, Slavery: A World History (New York: Da Capo Press, 1993), 189.
  14. Quoted in Brent D. Shaw, Spartacus and the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001), 145.
  15. Quoted ibid., 143.
  16. Judith Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), chap. 4.
  17. Quoted in Bret Hinsch, Women in Early Imperial China (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 155.
  18. Nancy Lee Swann, trans., Pan Chao: Foremost Woman Scholar of China (New York: Century, 1932), 111-14.
  19. Quoted in Valerie Hansen, The Open Empire (New York: Norton, 2000), 183-84; see also Thomas Barfield, The Perilous Frontier (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1989), 140.
  20. Aristotle, Politica, translated by H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library, no. 264 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932), 1254b10-14.
  21. Quoted in Pomeroy et al., Ancient Greece, 146.
  22. Quoted in “The Destruction of Pompeii, 79 AD,” EyeWitness to History, 1999, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/pompeii.htm.
  23. August Mau, Pompeii: Its Life and Art (New Rochelle, NY: Caratzas Bros., 1982), 16.
  24. “Graffiti from Pompeii,” Pompeiana.org, accessed February 2, 2012, http://www.pompeiana.org/Resources/Ancient/Graffiti%20from%20Pompeii.htm.

Chapter 6

  1. Quoted in “Morales Becomes Head of a Pluri-national State Blessed by Aymara Gods,” MercoPress, January 22, 2010, http://en.mercopress.com/2010/01/22/morales-becomes-head-of-a-pluri-national-state-blessed-by-aymara-gods.
  2. Population figures through 1750 are taken from Paul Adams et al., Experiencing World History (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 334; 2013 figures derive from “World Population by Region,” Worldometers, accessed November 19, 2014, http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#region.
  3. “The Stela of Piye,” accessed February 3, 2012, http://wysinger.homestead.com/piyevictorystela.html.
  4. Toby Wilkinson, Lives of the Ancient Egyptians (London: Thames and Hudson, 2007), 287.
  5. Roderick J. McIntosh, Ancient Middle Niger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 10.
  6. Roderick J. McIntosh, The Peoples of the Middle Niger (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 1776.
  7. Richard E. W. Adams, Ancient Civilizations of the New World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 53-56; T. Patrick Culbert, “The New Maya,” Archeology 51, no. 5 (1998): 47-51.
  8. Esther Pasztory, Teotihuacán: An Experiment in Living (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 193.
  9. George L. Cowgill, “The Central Mexican Highlands …,” in The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, vol. 2, pt. 1, “Mesoamerica,” edited by Richard E. W. Adams and Murdo J. MacLeod (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 289.
  10. Gordon F. McEwan, The Inca: New Perspectives (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 39-41.
  11. Scott Norris, “Mummy of Tattooed Woman Discovered in Peru Pyramid,” National Geographic News, May 16, 2006, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/mummy-peru.html.
  12. Christopher Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), 175.
  13. David Schoenbrun, “Gendered Themes in Early African History,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa Meade and Merry Wiesner-Hanks (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 253-56.
  14. See Jan Vansina, Paths in the Rainforest (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 95-99.
  15. Much of this section draws on Brian M. Fagan, Ancient North America (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), chaps. 14, 15. The quote is from page 345.
  16. David Hurst Thomas, Exploring Ancient Native America (New York: Routledge, 1999), 137-42.
  17. Fagan, Ancient North America, 475.
  18. Quoted in Lynda Norene Shaffer, Native Americans before 1492 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), 70.
  19. Steven R. Fischer, A History of the Pacific Islands (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 37. This section draws heavily on Fischer, chaps. 1, 2; Ian Campbell, Worlds Apart (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), chaps. 1, 2; and Matt K. Matsuda, Pacific Worlds (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), chaps. 1, 2.
  20. Campbell, Worlds Apart, 48.
  21. Terry L. Hunt, “Rethinking the Fall of Easter Island,” American Scientist 94, no. 5 (September/October 2006), 412-19.
  22. See Stanley Burstein, Ancient African Civilizations: Kush and Axum (Princeton, NJ: Markus Weiner, 1998), 14-20. I am grateful to Professor Burstein and this book for references to many of the documents in this section.

Part Three

  1. Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 1:71.

Chapter 7

  1. Nayan Chanda, Bound Together (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 35-36.
  2. William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange (New York: Grove Press, 2008), 58-66; Proverbs 7:17-18.
  3. Quoted in Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Inner Quarters (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 150.
  4. Seneca the Younger, Declamations, vol. 1.
  5. Liu Xinru, “Silks and Religion in Eurasia, A.D. 600-1200,” Journal of World History 6, no. 1 (1995): 25-48.
  6. Boccaccio, The Decameron, translated by M. Rigg (London: David Campbell, 1921), 1:5-11.
  7. Kenneth McPherson, The Indian Ocean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 15.
  8. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 269.
  9. Quoted in Stanley M. Burstein, “State Formation in Ancient Northeast Africa and the Indian Ocean Trade,” History Cooperative Conference Proceedings, 2001, http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/p/2005/history_cooperative/www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/interactions/burstein.html.
  10. McPherson, Indian Ocean, 97.
  11. This section draws heavily on Craig A. Lockard, Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), chaps. 2, 3. See also Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), chaps. 1, 7.
  12. Kenneth R. Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 101.
  13. M. C. Horton and T. R. Burton, “Indian Metalwork in East Africa: The Bronze Lion Statuette from Shanga,” Antiquities 62 (1988): 22.
  14. Ross Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 124.
  15. Christopher Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), 255.
  16. Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 8. This feature largely derives from this book.
  17. Nehemia Levtzion and Jay Spaulding, eds., Medieval West Africa: Views from Arab Scholars and Merchants (Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener, 2003), 5.
  18. David Schoenbrun, “Gendered Themes in Early African History,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa Meade and Merry Wiesner-Hanks (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 263.
  19. Quoted in John Iliffe, Africans: The History of a Continent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 75-76.
  20. “The Saga of Eric the Red” and “The Saga of Thorfinn Karlsefne” in The Norse Discovery of America, translated by Arthur Reeves et al. (London: Norroena Society, 1906), http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/nda/index.htm.
  21. J. R. McNeill and William McNeill, The Human Web (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 160.
  22. Caroline Roullier et al., “Historical Collections Reveal Patterns of Diffusion of Sweet Potato in Oceania …,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, January 22, 2013, http://www.pnas.org/content/110/6/2205.full.
  23. Li Rongxi, trans., A Biography of the Tripitaka Master of the Great Ci’en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty (Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation, 1995), 31.

Chapter 8

  1. Guardian, June 15, 2006.
  2. Quoted in Mark Elvin, The Retreat of the Elephants (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 19.
  3. Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973), 55.
  4. Samuel Adshead, Tang China: The Rise of the East in World History (New York: Palgrave, 2004), 30.
  5. William McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 50.
  6. See “The Attractions of the Capital,” in Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, edited by Patricia Buckley Ebrey (New York: Free Press, 1993), 178-85.
  7. Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo, translated by Henry Yule (Toronto: General, 1993), 2:185.
  8. Jack Kelly, Gunpowder:Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 4. Much of this feature is derived from this book.
  9. John K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 89.
  10. J. R. McNeill and William H. McNeill, The Human Web (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 123.
  11. Quoted in Francesca Bray, Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 116.
  12. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Inner Quarters (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 207.
  13. Ibid., 37-43.
  14. Ibid., 6.
  15. Quoted in Thomas J. Barfield, “Steppe Empires, China, and the Silk Route,” in Nomads in the Sedentary World, edited by Anatoly M. Khazanov and Andre Wink (Richmond: Kurzon Press, 2001), 237.
  16. Quoted in Edward H. Shafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), 28.
  17. Susan Mann, “Women in East Asia,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, edited by Bonnie Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 2:53-56.
  18. Quoted in McNeill, Pursuit of Power, 40.
  19. John K. Fairbank et al., East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), 353.
  20. Quoted in Jane Hirshfield, trans., The Ink Dark Moon (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), xiii.
  21. Edwin A. Cranston, trans., The Izumi Shikibu Diary (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969), 11.
  22. Hirshfield, Ink Dark Moon, 94, 148.
  23. Quoted in Earl Miner, Japanese Poetic Diaries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 33.
  24. Cranston, Izumi Shikibu Diary, 18, 206.
  25. Hirshfield, Ink Dark Moon, 49, 65, 96, 139.
  26. Chieko Irie Mulhern, ed., Japanese Women Writers (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 155.
  27. Arnold Pacey, Technology in World Civilization (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), 50-53.
  28. Compiled from Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 1:242; and Robert Temple, The Genius of China (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986).
  29. McNeill, Pursuit of Power, 24-25.
  30. Quoted in Arthur F. Wright, Studies in Chinese Buddhism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 16.
  31. Arthur F. Wright, Buddhism in Chinese History (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959), 36-39.
  32. Quoted ibid., 67.
  33. Quoted in Eric Zurcher, The Buddhist Conquest of China (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1959), 1:262.
  34. Quoted in Robert Marks, China: Its Environment and History (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2012), location 2963-64.
  35. Edwin O. Reischauer, Ennin’s Travels in Tang China (New York: Ronald Press, 1955), 221-24.
  36. Quoted in “Jake Holman’s Selection of Favourite Chinese Poems,” China History Forum, accessed October 17, 2014, http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?showtopic=17789&st=30&start=30.

Chapter 9

  1. “Religion in Sierra Leone,” The Economist, May 31, 2014.
  2. Reza Aslan, No God but God (New York: Random House, 2005), 14.
  3. Quoted in Karen Armstrong, A History of God (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993), 146.
  4. Quran 1:5 and 41:53.
  5. Ibid., 3:110.
  6. Ibid., 9:71.
  7. “Prophet Muhammad’s Farewell Sermon,” IslamiCity, accessed November 28, 2014, http://www.islamicity.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=ic0107-322.
  8. Quoted in Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and the Believers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 114. The preceding section draws on chapter 3.
  9. Richard Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 33.
  10. Quoted in Bertold Spuler, The Muslim World, vol. 1, The Age of the Caliph (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960), 29.
  11. Bernard Lewis, Islam and the West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 157.
  12. Quoted in Patricia Crone, “The Rise of Islam in the World,” in Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, edited by Francis Robinson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 14.
  13. Many of these stories are summarized from accounts in Imam Jamal Rahman, Sacred Laughter of the Sufis (Woodstock, VT: Skylight Paths, 2014).
  14. Aslan, No God but God, 201.
  15. Quran 33:35.
  16. Ibid., 4:34.
  17. Quoted in Judith Tucker, “Gender and Islamic History," in Islamic and European Expansion, edited by Michael Adas (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 46.
  18. Nikki R. Keddie, “Women in the Middle East since the Rise of Islam,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, edited by Bonnie G. Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 74-75.
  19. Ria Kloppenborg and Wouter Hanegraaf, eds., Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995), 111.
  20. Quoted in William T. de Bary, ed., Sources of Indian Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 2:355-57.
  21. Quoted in Keddie, “Women in the Middle East,” 81.
  22. Ross Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 300.
  23. Jane I. Smith, “Islam and Christendom,” in The Oxford History of Islam, edited by John L. Esposito (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 317-21.
  24. Al-Umari, “The Kingdoms of the Muslim Sudan,” in Medieval West Africa, edited by Nehemia Levtzion and Jay Spaulding (Princeton, NJ: Markus Weiner, 2003), 60.
  25. Marq de Villieres and Sheila Hirtle, Timbuktu (New York: Walker, 2007), 77.
  26. Al-Umari, “Kingdoms of the Muslim Sudan,” 59.
  27. Ibid.
  28. Richard Eaton, “Islamic History as Global History,” in Adas, Islamic and European Expansion, 12.
  29. Francis Robinson, “Knowledge, Its Transmission and the Making of Muslim Societies,” in Robinson, Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, 230.
  30. Ibid., 215.
  31. Lohoucine Ouzgan, ed., Islamic Masculinities (London: Zed Books, 2006), 57-59.
  32. Oleg Grabar, Mostly Miniatures: An Introduction to Persian Painting (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 2.
  33. Biographical details about the life of Muhammad derive largely from Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).

Chapter 10

  1. Louisa Lim, “In the Land of Mao, a Rising Tide of Christianity,” All Things Considered, NPR, July 19, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128546334.
  2. This section relies heavily on Diarmaid MacCulloch, Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (New York: Viking, 2010), chap. 8.
  3. Oleg Grabar, “The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem,” in Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World, edited by Eva R. Hoffman (London: John Wiley and Sons, 2007), 166.
  4. Quoted in Roger Boase, ed., Islam and Global Dialogue (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005), 95.
  5. Quoted in Ray Riegert and Thomas Moore, eds., The Lost Sutras of Jesus (Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press, 2006), 103.
  6. Leonora Neville, Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950-1100 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 2.
  7. Quoted in Deno John Geanakoplos, Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 389.
  8. Quoted ibid., 143.
  9. Quoted in A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 79-80.
  10. Quoted in Geanakoplos, Byzantium, 362.
  11. Quoted ibid., 369.
  12. “Russian Primary Chronicle,” in Daniel H. Kaiser and Gary Marker, Reinterpreting Russian History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 63-67.
  13. Quoted in Patrick J. Geary, Before France and Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 79.
  14. Quoted in Stephen Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery (London: Routledge, 1996), 218.
  15. Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom (London: Blackwell, 1996), 305.
  16. Quoted in John M. Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 113.
  17. Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 121-23.
  18. Quoted in Richard C. Hoffman, “Economic Development and Aquatic Ecosystems in Medieval Europe,” American Historical Review 101, no. 3 (1996): 648.
  19. Judith M. Bennett, A Medieval Life (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998).
  20. Bonnie Anderson and Judith Zinsser, A History of Their Own (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 1:210.
  21. Ibid., 1:393-94.
  22. Christopher Tyerman, Fighting for Christendom: Holy Wars and the Crusades (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 16.
  23. Quoted in Elizabeth Hallam, Chronicles of the Crusades (New York: Welcome Rain, 2000), 127.
  24. Quoted in Peter Watson, Ideas (New York: Harper, 2006), 319.
  25. Quoted in Jean Gimple, The Medieval Machine (New York: Holt, 1976), 178.
  26. Quoted in Stuart B. Schwartz, ed., Victors and Vanquished (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), 147.
  27. Quoted in Carlo Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution (New York: Norton, 1976), 207.
  28. Quoted in S. Lilley, Men, Machines, and History (New York: International, 1965), 62.
  29. See Toby Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
  30. Quoted in Edward Grant, Science and Religion from Aristotle to Copernicus (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 158.
  31. Quoted in L. Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1923), 2:58.
  32. Quoted in Edward Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 70.
  33. Quoted in Grant, Science and Religion, 228-29.
  34. Marcia L. Colish, Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 128.

Chapter 11

  1. All data derived from Thomas J. Barfield, “Pastoral Nomadic Societies,” in Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, 2005), 4:1432-37.
  2. Giovanni Carpini, The Story of the Mongols, translated by Erik Hildinger (Boston: Braden, 1996), 54.
  3. Quoted in Peter B. Golden, “Nomads and Sedentary Societies in Eurasia,” in Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, edited by Michael Adas (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001), 73.
  4. Anatoly Khazanov, “The Spread of World Religions in Medieval Nomadic Societies of the Eurasian Steppes,” in Nomadic Diplomacy, Destruction and Religion from the Pacific to the Adriatic, edited by Michael Gervers and Wayne Schlepp (Toronto: Joint Center for Asia Pacific Studies, 1994), 11.
  5. Quoted in J. Otto Maenchen-Helfer, The World of the Huns (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 14.
  6. Carter Finley, The Turks in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 28-37.
  7. Ibid., 40.
  8. David Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia (London: Blackwell, 1998), 1:385.
  9. Quoted ibid., 389.
  10. Jack Weatherford, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (New York: Crown, 2004), 86.
  11. Chinggis Khan, “Letter to Changchun,” in E. Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, vol. 1 (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1875), 37-39.
  12. Thomas T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 6.
  13. Chinggis Khan, “Letter to Changchun,” 38.
  14. Stephen Turnbull, The Mongol Invasions of Japan, 1274 and 1281 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2010). This feature is derived largely from this book.
  15. Quoted in Weatherford, Genghis Khan, 111.
  16. Thomas J. Barfield, The Nomadic Alternative (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993), 166.
  17. Quoted in Christian, History of Russia, 1:425.
  18. Quoted in David Morgan, Medieval Persia (London: Longman, 1988), 79.
  19. Morgan, Medieval Persia, 82.
  20. Guity Nashat, “Women in the Middle East,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (London: Blackwell, 2004), 243.
  21. This feature is based on Jack Weatherford, The Secret History of the Mongol Queens (New York: Random House, 2010), 116-26, 274.
  22. Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 126.
  23. Charles H. Halperin, “Russia in the Mongol Empire in Comparative Perspective,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43, no. 1 (1983): 261.
  24. Quoted in Christopher Dawson, Mission to Asia (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 83-84.
  25. Thomas Allsen, Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 211.
  26. Quoted ibid., 121.
  27. John Aberth, The First Horseman: Disease in Human History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007), 18.
  28. Quoted in John Aberth, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005), 84-85.
  29. Michael Dols, The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977), 212, 223.
  30. Quoted in John Aberth, A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film (New York: Routledge, 2003), 225.
  31. Quoted in Aberth, Black Death, 72.
  32. Quoted in Dols, Black Death in the Middle East, 67.
  33. Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 256.
  34. Arnold Pacey, Technology in World Civilization (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 62.
  35. Quoted in Golden, “Nomads and Sedentary Societies,” 72-73.
  36. Quoted in Gregory Guzman, “Were the Barbarians a Negative or Positive Factor in Ancient and Medieval History?” Historian 50 (August 1988): 558-72.
  37. Quoted in Barfield, Nomadic Alternative, 3.

Chapter 12

  1. Winona LaDuke, “We Are Still Here: The 500 Year Celebration,” Sojourners, October 1991.
  2. Brian Fagan, Ancient North America (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), 503.
  3. Quoted in Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 334.
  4. Edward Dreyer, Zheng He (New York: Pearson Longman, 2007).
  5. Louise Levanthes, When China Ruled the Seas (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 175.
  6. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (New York: New American Library, 1952), 90, 94.
  7. Christine de Pisan, The Book of the City of Ladies, translated by Rosalind Brown-Grant (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), pt. 1, p. 1.
  8. Frank Viviano, “China’s Great Armada,” National Geographic, July 2005, 34.
  9. Quoted in John J. Saunders, ed., The Muslim World on the Eve of Europe’s Expansion (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966), 41-43.
  10. Quoted in C. R. N. Routh, They Saw It Happen in Europe, 1450-1650 (Blackwell, 1965), 386.
  11. Leo Africanus, History and Description of Africa (London: Hakluyt Society, 1896), 824-25.
  12. Quoted in Craig A. Lockhard, Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 67.
  13. Quoted in Patricia Risso, Merchants and Faith (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), 49.
  14. Quoted in Stuart B. Schwartz, ed., Victors and Vanquished (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), 8.
  15. Quoted in Michael E. Smith, The Aztecs (London: Blackwell, 2003), 108.
  16. Smith, Aztecs, 220.
  17. Quoted in Miguel Leon-Portilla, Aztec Thought and Culture, translated from the Spanish by Jack Emory Davis (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 7.
  18. For a summary of this practice among the Aztecs and Incas, see Karen Vieira Powers, Women in the Crucible of Conquest (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005), chap. 1.
  19. Ibid., 25.
  20. Louise Burkhart, “Mexica Women on the Home Front,” in Indian Women of Early Mexico, edited by Susan Schroeder et al. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 25-54.
  21. The “web” metaphor is derived from J. R. McNeill and William H. McNeill, The Human Web (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).
  22. Graph from David Christian, Map of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 343.
  23. Quoted in Rosamund E. Mack, Bazaar to Piazza (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 1.
  24. This and all subsequent quotes come from Jerry Brotton, The Renaissance Bazaar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

Part Four

  1. Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Chapter 13

  1. See Kevin Meerschaert, “U.S. Sen. Nelson Says Putin Wants to Rebuild Russian Empire,” WJCT News, March 17, 2014, http://news.wjct.org/post/us-sen-nelson-says-putin-wants-rebuild-russian-empire; and Asli Aydintasbas, “Rebuilding the Turkish Empire: Fantasy or Reality?” Advancing a Free Society, April 17, 2013, http://www.hoover.org/research/rebuilding-turkish-empire-fantasy-or-reality.
  2. Quoted in Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 15.
  3. George Raudzens, ed., Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquest (Boston: Brill Academic, 2003), xiv.
  4. A major source for the life of Doña Marina is Bernal Díaz, The Conquest of New Spain, translated by J. M. Cohen (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963).
  5. Charles C. Mann, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), 12.
  6. Quoted in Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and the New World Conquest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 202.
  7. Quoted ibid., 206.
  8. Quoted in Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 56.
  9. Geoffrey Parker, Global Crisis (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), chap. 15.
  10. Quoted in Mann, 1493, 165.
  11. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, “Empires in Their Global Context,” in The Atlantic in Global History, edited by Jorge Canizares-Esguerra and Erik R. Seeman (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007), 105.
  12. Quoted in Alejandro Lugo, Fragmented Lives; Assembled Parts (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008), 53.
  13. Quoted in Anthony Padgen, “Identity Formation in Spanish America,” in Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800, edited by Nicholas Canny and Anthony Padgen (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 56.
  14. Colin M. MacLachlan and Jaime E. Rodriguez, The Forging of the Cosmic Race (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 244-45.
  15. Ann Twinam, “Women and Gender in Colonial Latin America,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, edited by Bonnie G. Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 2:195.
  16. Quoted in James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, Early Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 206.
  17. Mary Prince, The History of Mary Prince (1831; Project Gutenberg, 2006), http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17851.
  18. Derived from Skidmore and Smith, Modern Latin America, 25.
  19. Kevin Reilly et al., eds., Racism: A Global Reader (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 136-37.
  20. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, The Americas: A Hemispheric History (New York: Modern Library, 2003), 58-59.
  21. Benjamin Wadsworth, The Well-Ordered Family (1712), 39.
  22. Willard Sutherland, Taming the Wild Fields: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 223-24.
  23. Quoted in Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 216.
  24. Andreas Kappeler, The Russian Empire (New York: Longman, 2001), 115-17, 397-99.
  25. Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier, 222.
  26. Geoffrey Hosking, “The Freudian Frontier,” Times Literary Supplement, March 10, 1995, 27.
  27. Peter Perdue, China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 10-11.
  28. Quoted in Stephen F. Dale, “The Islamic World in the Age of European Expansion,” in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, edited by Francis Robinson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 80.
  29. Quoted in P. Lewis, Pirs, Shrines, and Pakistani Islam (Rawalpindi, Pakistan: Christian Study Centre, 1985), 84.
  30. Quoted in Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 160.
  31. Lewis Melville, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Her Life and Letters (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2004), 88.
  32. Jane I. Smith, “Islam and Christendom,” in The Oxford History of Islam, edited by John Esposito (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 342.
  33. Charles Thornton Forester and F. H. Blackburne Daniell, The Life and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (London: C. Kegan Paul, 1881), 1:405-6.
  34. Caroline Finkel, Osman’s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 231-33.
  35. Jean Bodin, “The Rise and Fall of Commonwealths,” chap. 7, Constitution Society, accessed February 21, 2012, http://www.constitution.org/bodin/bodin_4.htm.
  36. Speros Vryonis, “Isidore Glabas and the Turkish Devshirme,” Speculum 31, no. 3 (1956): 436-37.
  37. Kathryn Hain, “Devshirme Is a Contested Practice,” Utah Historical Review 2 (2012): 175.

Chapter 14

  1. Jacob Wheeler, “From Slave Post to Museum,” Christian Science Monitor, December 31, 2002.
  2. M. N. Pearson, ed., Spices in the Indian Ocean World (Aldershot: Valorium, 1996), xv.
  3. Quoted in Paul Lunde, “The Coming of the Portuguese,” Saudi Aramco World, July/August 2005, 56.
  4. Quoted in Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 50.
  5. Quoted in Craig A. Lockard, Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 85.
  6. Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), 2:274, 290.
  7. Tonio Andrade, How Taiwan Became Chinese (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
  8. Anthony Reid, Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999), 227.
  9. Quoted in Adam Clulow, “Like Lambs in Japan and Devils outside Their Land: Diplomacy, Violence, and Japanese Merchants in Southeast Asia,” Journal of World History 24, no. 2 (2013): 343.
  10. Kenneth Pomeranz and Steven Topic, The World That Trade Created (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2006), 28.
  11. Makrand Mehta, Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective (Delhi: Academic Foundation, 1991), chap. 4.
  12. Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 131.
  13. Quoted in Richard von Glahn, “Myth and Reality of China’s Seventeenth Century Monetary Crisis,” Journal of Economic History 56, no. 2 (1996): 132.
  14. Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, “Born with a ‘Silver Spoon,’” Journal of World History 6, no. 2 (1995): 210.
  15. Quoted in John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas (New York: Harcourt, 1970), 372.
  16. Quoted in Mark Elvin, The Retreat of the Elephant (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 37.
  17. Quoted in Robert Marks, The Origins of the Modern World (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 81.
  18. See John Richards, The Endless Frontier (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pt. 4. Much of this section is drawn from this source.
  19. Quoted in Elspeth M. Veale, The English Fur Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966), 141.
  20. Quoted in Herbert Milton Sylvester, Indian Wars of New England (Cleveland, 1910), 1:386.
  21. Quoted in Richards, Endless Frontier, 499.
  22. Richards, Endless Frontier, 504.
  23. Quoted in “Fur Trader,” The Iroquois Confederacy, Portland State University Graduate School of Education, October 1, 2001, http://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/furtrader.htm.
  24. Pamela McVay, Envisioning Women in World History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), 86.
  25. These figures derive from the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, accessed December 11, 2014, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces.
  26. Quoted in Charles E. Curran, Change in Official Catholic Moral Teaching (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2003), 67.
  27. David Brion Davis, Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 13.
  28. Quoted in Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 52-53.
  29. Audrey Smedley, Race in North America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), 57.
  30. Kevin Reilly et al., eds., Racism: A Global Reader (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003), 131.
  31. Quoted in Donald R. Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 109-10.
  32. John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 72.
  33. Thomas Phillips, “A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London in 1694,” in Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, edited by Elizabeth Donnan (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute, 1930), 399-410.
  34. Erik Gilbert and Jonathan T. Reynolds, Africa in World History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Educational, 2004), 160.
  35. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, accessed December 11, 2014, http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces.
  36. Paul Adams et al., Experiencing World History (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 334.
  37. Anne Bailey, African Voices in the Atlantic Slave Trade (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005), 153-54.
  38. This account is based largely on Thomas Bluett, Some Memoirs of the Life of Job … (London, 1734), http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bluett/bluett.html/; and James T. Campbell, Middle Passages (New York: Penguin Books, 2007), 1-14.
  39. Francis Moore, Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa (London, 1755), 146-47.
  40. Erik Gilbert and Jonathan Reynolds, Trading Tastes: Commodity and Cultural Exchange to 1750 (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006), 9.
  41. Quoted in Alex Szogyi, ed., Chocolate: Food of the Gods (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 1997), 166.
  42. James Grehan, “Smoking and ‘Early Modern’ Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries),” American Historical Review 111, no. 5 (2006): 1352-77.

Chapter 15

  1. Andrew Rice, “Mission from Africa," New York Times Magazine, April 8, 2009; “African Missionaries Take Religion to the West,” Church Shift, August 7, 2006, http://www.churchshift.org/in-the-press/70-african-missionaries-take-religion-to-the-west.
  2. Quoted in http://frontline-org-za.win03.glodns.net/articles/thereformation_lectures.htm (accessed December 18, 2014).
  3. Glenn J. Ames, Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader (New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005), 50.
  4. Cecil Jane, ed. and trans., Selected Documents Illustrating the Four Voyages of Columbus (London: Hakluyt Society, 1930-1933), 2:2-18.
  5. Nancy E. van Deusen, “Úrsula de JesÚs,” in The Human Tradition in Colonial Latin America, edited by Kenneth J. Andrien (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2002), 88-103; Úrsula de JesÚs, The Souls of Purgatory: The Spiritual Diary of a Seventeenth-Century Afro-Peruvian Mystic, edited and with a scholarly introduction by Nancy E. van Deusen (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004).
  6. Quoted in Marysa Navarro et al., Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 37.
  7. Quoted in James Rinehart, Apocalyptic Faith and Political Violence (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 42.
  8. Quoted in Nicolas Griffiths, The Cross and the Serpent (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 263.
  9. Quoted in Joanna Waley-Cohen, The Sextants of Beijing (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 76-77.
  10. Richard M. Eaton, “Islamic History as Global History,” in Islamic and European Expansion, edited by Michael Adas (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 25.
  11. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, ed. and trans., Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook (New York: Free Press, 1993), 257.
  12. Robert Bly and Jane Hirshfield, trans., Mirabai: Ecstatic Poems (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), ix-xi.
  13. Quoted in Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 66.
  14. This section draws heavily on Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 48, 52, 76.
  15. Ibid., 87, 288.
  16. Jerome Cardano, The Book of My Life, translated by Jean Stoner (London: J. M. Dent, 1931), 189.
  17. Quoted in Shapin, Scientific Revolution, 28.
  18. Quoted ibid., 61.
  19. Quoted in Andrew Lossky, The Seventeenth Century: Sources in Western Civilization (New York: Free Press, 1967), 72.
  20. Quoted in Shapin, Scientific Revolution, 33.
  21. For this observation, see Clifford R. Backman, The Cultures of the West: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 473.
  22. Pope John Paul II, “Faith Can Never Conflict with Reason,” L’Osservatore Romano, November 4, 1992.
  23. Quoted in Lossky, Seventeenth Century, 88.
  24. Quoted in Shapin, Scientific Revolution, 68.
  25. David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, “Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science,’ Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 39, no. 3 (1987): 140-49.
  26. H. S. Thayer, ed., Newton’s Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings (New York: Hafner Library of Classics, 1953), 42.
  27. Immanuel Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?’ translated by Peter Gay, in Introduction to Contemporary Civilization in the West (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954), 1071.
  28. Voltaire, A Treatise on Toleration (1763), chap. 22, http://www.constitution.org/volt/tolerance.htm.
  29. Quoted in Margaret C. Jacob, The Enlightenment (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001), 103.
  30. Quoted in Karen Offen, European Feminisms, 1700-1950 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 39.
  31. Quoted in Toby E. Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 48.
  32. Quoted in Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 104.
  33. Waley-Cohen, Sextants of Beijing, 105-14.
  34. Benjamin A. Elman, On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
  35. Quoted in David R. Ringrose, Expansion and Global Interaction, 1200-1700 (New York: Longman, 2001), 188.
  36. Quoted in Sergiusz Michalski, The Reformation and the Visual Arts (New York: Routledge, 1993), 7.
  37. Quoted in Angela Vanhaelen, “Iconoclasm and the Creation of Images in Emanuel de Witte’s Old Church in Amsterdam,” Art Bulletin, June 2005, 5.
  38. David Brett, The Plain Style (Cambridge: Letterworth Press, 2004), 61-62.
  39. Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art on the Jesuit Missions in Asia and Latin America (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 102-4.
  40. John W. O’Malley et al., The Jesuits (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 381.

Part Five

  1. Quoted in Ross Dunn, The New World History (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000), 17.
  2. William H. McNeill, “The Rise of the West after 25 Years,” Journal of World History 1, no. 1 (1990): 7.

Chapter 16

  1. Quoted in Keith M. Baker, “A World Transformed,” Wilson Quarterly (Summer 1989): 37.
  2. Quoted in Thomas Benjamin et al., The Atlantic World in the Age of Empire (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001), 205.
  3. Jack P. Greene, “The American Revolution,” American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (2000): 96-97.
  4. Quoted ibid., 102.
  5. Quoted in Susan Dunn, Sister Revolutions (New York: Faber and Faber, 1999), 11, 12.
  6. Quoted ibid., 9.
  7. Quoted in Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003), 625.
  8. Lynn Hunt, ed., The French Revolution and Human Rights (Boston: Bedford, 1996), 123.
  9. Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their Own (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 283.
  10. Hunt, French Revolution, 29.
  11. From James Leith, “Music for Mass Persuasion during the Terror,” copyright James A. Leith, Queen’s University Kingston.
  12. Franklin W. Knight, “The Haitian Revolution,” American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (2000): 103.
  13. Quoted in David P. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 27.
  14. John C. Chasteen, Born in Blood and Fire (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 103.
  15. Peter Winn, Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 83.
  16. Quoted in Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 33.
  17. Quoted in David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, eds., The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), xxiii.
  18. James Walvin, “The Public Campaign in England against Slavery,” in The Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade, edited by David Eltis and James Walvin (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 76.
  19. Michael Craton, “Slave Revolts and the End of Slavery,” in The Atlantic Slave Trade, edited by David Northrup (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), 200.
  20. Ludmilla A. Trigos, The Decembrist Myth in Russian Culture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), xv-xxiii.
  21. Joseph Dupuis, Journal of a Residence in Ashantee (London: Henry Colburn, 1824), 162-64.
  22. Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983).
  23. Quoted in Daniel Moran and Arthur Waldron, eds., The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 14.
  24. Barbara Winslow, “Feminist Movements: Gender and Sexual Equality,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (London: Blackwell, 2004), 186.
  25. Quoted in Claire G. Moses, French Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (Albany: SUNY Press, 1984), 135.
  26. Raden Adjeng Kartini, Letters of a Javanese Princess (New York: W. W. Norton, 1964). Unless otherwise noted, all quotes come from this source.
  27. Quoted in Jooste Cote, “Raden Ajeng Kartini,” in Gender, Colonialism and Education, edited by Joyce Goodman and Jayne Martin (London: Woburn Press, 2002), 204.

Chapter 17

  1. R. K. Prabhu and U. R. Rao, eds., The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi (Ahmedabad, India: Navjeevan Trust, 1960; Mahatma Gandhi’s Writings, Philosophy, Audio, Video & Photographs), under “The Curse of Industrialization,” http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap49.htm.
  2. Edmund Burke III and Kenneth Pomeranz, eds., The Environment and World History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 41.
  3. Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), chaps. 1-3.
  4. Ricardo Duchesne, The Uniqueness of Western Civilization (Leiden: Brill, 2011).
  5. Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 40-44.
  6. Lynda Shaffer, “Southernization,” Journal of World History 5, no. 1 (1994): 1-21.
  7. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). See also Jack Goldstone, Why Europe? The Rise of the West in World History, 1500-1850 (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2009).
  8. Pier Vries, “Are Coal and Colonies Really Crucial?” Journal of World History 12, no. 2 (2001): 411.
  9. E. L. Jones, The European Miracle (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 119.
  10. David Christian, Maps of Time (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 390.
  11. Quoted in Mokyr, Lever of Riches, 188.
  12. Quoted in Prasannan Parthansaranthi, “Rethinking Wages and Competitiveness in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present 158 (February 1998): 79.
  13. Maxine Berg, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 79-84.
  14. Peter Stearns, The Industrial Revolution in World History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 36.
  15. Goldstone, Why Europe? chap. 8.
  16. Eric Hopkins, Industrialization and Society (London: Routledge, 2000), 2.
  17. Mokyr, Lever of Riches, 81.
  18. Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (New York: New Press, 1999), 58. This section draws heavily on Hobsbawm’s celebrated account of British industrialization.
  19. Samuel Smiles, Thrift (London: John Murray, 1875), 30-40.
  20. Quoted in Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their Own (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 2:131.
  21. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, 65.
  22. Peter Stearns and John H. Hinshaw, Companion to the Industrial Revolution (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1996), 150.
  23. Quoted in Herbert Vere Evatt, The Tolpuddle Martyrs (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 2009), 49.
  24. Ellen Johnston, Autobiography, Poems, and Songs (Glasgow: William Love, 1867; Google Books, 2006), http://books.google.com/books/about/Autobiography_poems_and_songs.html?id=QUwCAAAAQAAJ.
  25. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire, 171.
  26. Dirk Hoeder, Cultures in Contact (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 331-32.
  27. Carl Guarneri, America in the World (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 180.
  28. Much of this feature draws from E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1966).
  29. Quoted in Hoeder, Cultures in Contact, 318.
  30. Derived from Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), 149.
  31. John Charles Chasteen, Born in Blood and Fire (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 181.
  32. Peter Bakewell, A History of Latin America (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 425.
  33. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990).

Chapter 18

  1. Quoted in Robert Strayer, The Making of Mission Communities in East Africa (London: Heinemann, 1978), 89.
  2. Quoted in Heinz Gollwitzer, Europe in the Age of Imperialism (London: Thames and Hudson, 1969), 136.
  3. Quoted in Steven Roger Fischer, A History of the Pacific Islands (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 112.
  4. Charles Griffith, The Present State and Prospects of the Port Phillips District … (Dublin: William Curry and Company, 1845), 169.
  5. Robert Knox, Races of Man (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1850), v.
  6. Quoted in Ralph Austen, ed., Modern Imperialism (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1969), 70-73.
  7. Quoted in Julian Burger, “Echoes of History,” New Internationalist, August 1988, http://www.newint.org/issue186/echoes.htm.
  8. Quoted in John Iliffe, Africans: The History of a Continent (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 191.
  9. Quoted in Nicholas Tarling, “The Establishment of Colonial Regimes,” in The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, edited by Nicholas Tarling (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 2:76.
  10. R. Meinertzhagen, Kenya Diary (London: Oliver and Boyd, 1957), 51-52.
  11. Quoted in Neil Jamieson, Understanding Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 49-57.
  12. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 35; Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, Empires in World History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 308-9.
  13. Nupur Chaudhuri, “Clash of Cultures,” in A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (London: Blackwell, 2004), 437.
  14. Quoted in Donald R. Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), 170.
  15. Quoted in Scott B. Cook, Colonial Encounters in the Age of High Imperialism (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), 53.
  16. Craig Timberg and Daniel Halperin, Tinderbox (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 52.
  17. D. R. SarDesai, Southeast Asia: Past and Present (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 95-98.
  18. Quoted in G. C. K. Gwassa and John Iliffe, Records of the Maji Maji Rising (Nairobi: East African, 1967), 1:4-5.
  19. Iliffe, Africans, 216.
  20. Derived from Adam McKeown, “Global Migration, 1846-1940,” Journal of World History 15, no. 2 (2004): 156.
  21. Quoted in Basil Davidson, Modern Africa (London: Longman, 1983), 79, 81.
  22. This section draws heavily on Margaret Jean Hay and Sharon Stichter, eds., African Women South of the Sahara (London: Longman, 1984), especially chaps. 1-5.
  23. Jean Davison, Voices from Mutira (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1996), 51-74.
  24. Quoted in Robert A. Levine, “Sex Roles and Economic Change in Africa,” in Black Africa, edited by John Middleton (London: Macmillan, 1970), 178.
  25. Quoted in Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (London: Verso, 2001), 37.
  26. Josiah Kariuki, Mau Mau Detainee (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 5.
  27. Quoted in Harry Benda and John Larkin, The World of Southeast Asia (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 182-85.
  28. Quoted in William Theodore de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 619.
  29. Quoted in Edward W. Smith, Aggrey of Africa (London: SCM Press, 1929).
  30. Strayer, Making of Mission Communities, 78-82, 136-39.
  31. Unless otherwise noted, this essay and all the quotes derive from Philip Goldberg, American Vedas (New York: Harmony Books, 2010), 47-66; and Diana L. Eck, A New Religious America (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 94-104.
  32. Quoted in William Theodore de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 652.
  33. C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 343.
  34. Nirad Chaudhuri, Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (London: John Farquharson, 1968), 229.
  35. Edward Blyden, Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967), 124.
  36. John Iliffe, A Modern History of Tanganyika (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 324.

Chapter 19

  1. “Full Text of Hu Jintao’s Speech,” July 1, 2011, http://cpcchina.chinadaily.com.cn/news/2011-07/01/content_12819337.htm. Accessed December 31, 2014.
  2. Dun J. Li, ed., China in Transition, 1517-1911 (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969), 112.
  3. Quoted in Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 169.
  4. Quoted in Vincent Shih, The Taiping Ideology: Its Sources, Interpretations, and Influences (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967), 73.
  5. Barbara Hodgson, Opium: A Portrait of the Heavenly Demon (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1999), 32.
  6. Hsin-Pao Chang, ed., Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), 226-27.
  7. This account of Lin Zexu draws from Spence, Search for Modern China; and Arthur Waley, The Opium War through Chinese Eyes (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968).
  8. Quoted in Teng Ssu and John K. Fairbanks, eds. and trans., China’s Response to the West (New York: Atheneum, 1963), 69.
  9. Quoted in Magali Morsy, North Africa: 1800-1900 (London: Longman, 1984), 79.
  10. Quoted in M. Sukru Hanioglu, The Young Turks in Opposition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 17.
  11. Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 33.
  12. Quoted in Carol Gluck, “Themes in Japanese History,” in Asia in Western and World History, edited by Ainslie T. Embree and Carol Gluck (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 754.
  13. Quoted in S. Hanley and K. Yamamura, Economic and Demographic Change in Pre-Industrial Japan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977), 88-90.
  14. Quoted in Harold Bolitho, “The Tempo Crisis,” in The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 5, The Nineteenth Century, edited by Marius B. Jansen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 230.
  15. Kenneth Henshall, A History of Japan (New York: Palgrave, 2004), 67.
  16. Quoted in James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 177.
  17. Quoted in Renée Worringer, Ottomans Imagining Japan (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 59.
  18. Quoted in Ono Kazuko, Chinese Women in a Century of Revolution (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), 60.
  19. Quoted in Jonathan D. Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace (New York: Penguin Books, 1981), 85.
  20. Quoted in Charlotte Beahan, “Feminism and Nationalism in the Chinese Women’s Press, 1902-1911,” Modern China 1, no. 4 (1975): 384.
  21. Quoted in J. A. Mangan and Fan Hong, eds., Freeing the Female Body: Inspirational Icons (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 45.

Part Six

  1. J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 3-4.

Chapter 20

  1. John Innes, “Scotland’s Oldest Man Turns 107,” Scotsman, June 25, 2003, http://www.aftermathww1.com/oldestscot.asp; Associated Press, “One of Last British WWI Veterans Dies at 109,” NBC News.com, November 21, 2005, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10138446/.
  2. Quoted in John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 3.
  3. Adapted from Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001), 1024.
  4. Benito Mussolini, The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism, translated by Jane Soames (London: Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, 1933).
  5. Stanley Payne, History of Fascism, 1914-1945 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), 208.
  6. Quoted in Laurence Rees, The Nazis: A Warning from History (New York: New Press, 1997), 62.
  7. Quoted in Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), 75.
  8. Klaas A. D. Smelik, ed., Etty: The Letters and Diaries of Etty Hillesum (Grand Rapids: Erdmans, 2002).
  9. Quoted in James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 378.
  10. Quoted ibid., 414.
  11. Quoted in Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 607.
  12. Quoted ibid., 639.
  13. Robert Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1958), 201.
  14. Quoted in John Keegan, The Second World War (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 186.
  15. Merry E. Wiesner et al., Discovering the Global Past, 3rd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 422.
  16. Quoted in Kyosuke Yamamoto, “Drafts Show A-Bomb Survivor Bridged Differences in Anti-nuke Speech at U.N.,” Asahi Shimbun, December 21, 2013, http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201312310065.
  17. Quoted in Ralph F. Keeling, Gruesome Harvest (Chicago: Institute of American Economics, 1947), 60.
  18. John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 52.
  19. Adam Gopnik, “The Big One: Historians Rethink the War to End All Wars,” New Yorker, August 23, 2004, 78.

Chapter 21

  1. Quoted in Ronald Suny, The Soviet Experiment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 357.
  2. Quoted in Bonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, A History of Their Own (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 2:299.
  3. Quoted in William M. Mandel, Soviet Women (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1975), 44.
  4. Yuan-tsung Chen, The Dragon’s Village (New York: Penguin Books, 1980), 85.
  5. Such figures are often highly controversial. See Maurice Meisner, Mao’s China and After (New York: Free Press, 1999), 413-25; and Roderick MacFarquhar, ed., The Politics of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 243-45.
  6. Douglas Weiner, “The Predatory Tribute-Taking State,” in The Environment and World History, edited by Edmund Burke III and Kenneth Pomeranz (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 284-90.
  7. Richard F. Kaufman and John P. Hardt, eds., The Former Soviet Union in Transition (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), 580-83.
  8. Barbara Engel and Anastasia Posadskaya-Vanderbeck, eds., A Revolution of Their Own (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 17-46.
  9. Quoted in John L. Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), 57.
  10. Quoted in Dean Rusk, As I Saw It (New York: Norton, 1990), 245.
  11. Quoted in Frank Mankiewicz and Kirby Jones, With Fidel: A Portrait of Castro and Cuba (New York: Ballantine Books, 1976), 83.
  12. Quoted in Paul Mason, Cuba (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2010), 14.
  13. Quoted in Peter Roman, People’s Power: Cuba’s Experience with Representative Government (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 63.
  14. Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking Press, 1970), 254.
  15. Quoted in Donald W. White, The American Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 164.
  16. Deng Xiaoping, “The Necessity of Upholding the Four Cardinal Principles in the Drive for the Four Modernizations,” in Major Documents of the People’s Republic of China (Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1991), 54.
  17. Quoted in Abraham Brumberg, Chronicle of a Revolution (New York: Pantheon Books, 1990), 225-26.
  18. Anchee Min et al., Chinese Propaganda Posters (Köln: Taschen, 2003), 5.
  19. Quoted ibid., 10.

Chapter 22

  1. Nelson Mandela, “Statement from the Dock … in the Rivonia Trial,” African National Congress, April 20, 1964, http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=3430&t=Famous Speeches.
  2. Quoted in Craig A. Lockard, Southeast Asia in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 138-39.
  3. Quoted in J. D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography (New York: Praeger, 1972), 341.
  4. Quoted in Jim Masselos, Nationalism on the Indian Subcontinent (Melbourne: Nelson, 1972), 122.
  5. Mahatma Gandhi, Indian Home Rule (Auckland, New Zealand: The Floating Press, 2014), 35.
  6. Quoted in Bidyut Chakrabarty, Social and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi (New York: Routledge, 2006), 139.
  7. Quoted in Stanley Wolpert, A New History of India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 331.
  8. Badshah Khan, My Life and Struggle (Delhi: Hind Pocket Books, 1969), 96-97.
  9. Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (New York: John Day Co., 1946), 486.
  10. Quoted in M. S. Korejo, The Frontier Gandhi (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 25.
  11. Khan, My Life, 209-10.
  12. Adapted and updated from Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009), 968; and Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet, 2011, http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf.
  13. Quoted in Paul E. Sigmund, The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), 122.
  14. 1950 data from United Nations, “World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision,” Figure 11a; 2014 data from United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights, Table II, p. 26, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf.
  15. Quoted in Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), 268-69.
  16. Quoted in Patrick B. Kinross, Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal (New York: Morrow, 1965), 390.
  17. Sandra Mackey, The Iranians (New York: Penguin, 1998), 306.
  18. Elif Shafak, “Turkey’s Culture Wars,” New York Times, July 23, 2014.

Chapter 23

  1. “Put Yourself in My Shoes: A Human Trafficking Victim Speaks Out,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, November 28, 2012, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2012/November/put-yourself-in-my-in-my-shoes-a-human-trafficking-victim-speaks-out.html.
  2. Jeffry A. Frieden, Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 476.
  3. Lester R. Brown, “Gross World Product, 1950-2009,” in World on the Edge (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011; Earth Policy Institute), http://www.earth-policy.org/books/wote/wote_data.
  4. United Nations, Human Development Report 1997, 2, http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-1997.
  5. Michael Hunt, The World Transformed (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004), 442.
  6. Quoted in Frieden, Global Capitalism, 408.
  7. “Map Supplement,” National Geographic (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, March 2011).
  8. Quoted in Manfred B. Steger, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 122.
  9. Quoted in Frieden, Global Capitalism, 459.
  10. Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), chap. 5.
  11. Quoted in Sarah Shaver Hughes and Brady Hughes, Women in World History (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 2:268.
  12. Susan Kent, “Worlds of Feminism,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, edited by Bonnie G. Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 1:305-6.
  13. Quoted in Wilhelmina Oduol and Wanjiku Mukabi Kabira, “The Mother of Warriors and Her Daughters: The Women’s Movement in Kenya,” in Global Feminisms since 1945, edited by Bonnie G. Smith (London: Routledge, 2000), 111.
  14. Quoted in Mary E. Hawkesworth, Globalization and Feminist Activism (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006), 124.
  15. Phyllis Schlafly, The Power of the Christian Woman (Cincinnati: Standard, 1981), 117.
  16. Karen Armstrong, The Battle for God (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), xi.
  17. Quoted ibid., 273.
  18. “Muslim Dolls Tackle ‘Wanton Barbie,’” BBC News, March 5, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1856558.stm.
  19. Quoted in John Esposito, Unholy War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 57.
  20. Quoted in Katherine Zoepf, “Barbie Pushed Aside in Mideast Cultural Shift. Little Girls Obsessed with Fulla in Scarf,” International Herald Tribune, September 22, 2005, 2. The passages concerning Fulla are largely drawn from this article.
  21. Quoted in Esposito, Unholy War, 63.
  22. “Al Qaeda’s Second Fatwah,” PBS News Hour, February 23, 1998, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/military-jan-june98-fatwa_1998/.
  23. Anwar Ibrahim, “The Ardent Moderates,” Time, September 23, 1996, 24.
  24. Jan Zalasiewicz et al., “The New World of the Anthropocene,” Environmental Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (2010): 2228-31.
  25. See J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001).
  26. Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 2.
  27. Center for Naval Analysis, National Security and the Threat of Climate Change, 2007, 6, http://www.cna.org/reports/climate.
  28. This section on environmentalism draws heavily on Ramachandra Guha, Environmentalism: A Global History (New York: Longman, 2000).
  29. Quoted ibid., 14.
  30. Quoted ibid., 50, 53.
  31. Guobin Yang, “Global Environmentalism Hits China,” Yale Global Online, February 4, 2004, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/global-environmentalism-hits-china.
  32. Timothy Doyle, Environmental Movements in Minority and Majority Worlds: A Global Perspective (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005).
  33. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), 103. In addition to Carson’s book, this account of her life draws on Mark Hamilton Lytle, The Gentle Subversive: Rachel Carson, “Silent Spring,” and the Rise of the Environmental Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), and Arlene R. Quaratiello, Rachel Carson: A Biography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004).
  34. Quoted in Shiraz Sidhva, “Saving the Planet: Imperialism in a Green Garb,” UNESCO Courier, April 2001, 41-43.