About the Authors
To the Student
How to Get the Most from This Program
Working with Evidence
Working with Written Sources
Working with Visual Sources
AP® Historical Thinking Skills
Prologue: From Cosmic History to Human History
The History of the Universe
SNAPSHOT: The History of the Universe as a Cosmic Calendar
The History of a Planet
The History of the Human Species … in a Single Paragraph
Why World History?
Change, Comparison, and Connection: The Three Cs of World History
Review
PART ONE: FIRST THINGS FIRST
THE BIG PICTURE: TURNING POINTS IN EARLY WORLD HISTORY
The Emergence of Humankind
The Globalization of Humankind
The Revolution of Farming and Herding
The Turning Point of Civilization
Time and World History
Landmarks in World History, to ca. 600 B.C.E.
UNDERSTANDING AP® THEMES IN PART ONE
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 1
Introduction to Chapter 1
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 1
Out of Africa: First Migrations
Into Eurasia
Into Australia
Into the Americas
Into the Pacific
The Ways We Were
The First Human Societies
Economy and the Environment
The Realm of the Spirit
Settling Down: The Great Transition
ZOOMING IN: Göbekli Tepe: Monumental Construction before Agriculture
Breakthroughs to Agriculture
Common Patterns
Variations
The Globalization of Agriculture
Triumph and Resistance
ZOOMING IN: Ishi, the Last of His People
The Culture of Agriculture
Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture
Pastoral Societies
Agricultural Village Societies
Chiefdoms
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 1
REFLECTIONS: The Uses of the Paleolithic
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 2
Introduction to Chapter 2
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 2
Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations
Introducing the First Civilizations
ZOOMING IN: Caral, a City of Norte Chico
The Question of Origins
An Urban Revolution
The Erosion of Equality
Hierarchies of Class
Hierarchies of Gender
Patriarchy in Practice
The Rise of the State
Coercion and Consent
Writing and Accounting
The Grandeur of Kings
Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt
Environment and Culture
Cities and States
ZOOMING IN: Paneb, an Egyptian Troublemaker
Interaction and Exchange
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 2
REFLECTIONS: “Civilization”: What’s in a Word?
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
AP® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PART TWO: SECOND-WAVE CIVILIZATIONS IN WORLD HISTORY
THE BIG PICTURE: AFTER THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: WHAT CHANGED AND WHAT DIDN’T?
Continuities in Civilization
Changes in Civilization
Landmarks in World History (ca. 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E)
UNDERSTANDING AP® THEMES IN PART TWO
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 3
Introduction to Chapter 3
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 3
Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
The Persian Empire
The Greeks
Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era
Comparing Empires: Roman and Chinese
Rome: From City-State to Empire
China: From Warring States to Empire
Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires
ZOOMING IN: Trung Trac: Resisting the Chinese Empire
The Collapse of Empires
ZOOMING IN: The Kushan Empire
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 3
Intermittent Empire: The Case of India
REFLECTIONS: Enduring Legacies of Second-Wave Empires
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 4
Introduction to Chapter 4
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 4
China and the Search for Order
The Legalist Answer
The Confucian Answer
The Daoist Answer
Cultural Traditions of Classical India
South Asian Religion: From Ritual Sacrifice to Philosophical Speculation
The Buddhist Challenge
ZOOMING IN: Nalanda, India’s Buddhist University
Hinduism as a Religion of Duty and Devotion
Toward Monotheism: The Search for God in the Middle East
Zoroastrianism
Judaism
The Cultural Tradition of Classical Greece: The Search for a Rational Order
The Greek Way of Knowing
The Greek Legacy
The Birth of Christianity … with Buddhist Comparisons
The Lives of the Founders
The Spread of New Religions
ZOOMING IN: Perpetua, Christian Martyr
Institutions, Controversies, and Divisions
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 4
REFLECTIONS: Religion and Historians
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 5
Introduction to Chapter 5
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 5
Society and the State in China
An Elite of Officials
The Landlord Class
Peasants
ZOOMING IN: Ge Hong, a Chinese Scholar in Troubled Times
Merchants
Class and Caste in India
Caste as Varna
Caste as Jati
The Functions of Caste
Slavery: The Case of the Roman Empire
Slavery and Civilization
The Making of Roman Slavery
ZOOMING IN: The Spartacus Slave Revolt
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 5
Comparing Patriarchies
A Changing Patriarchy: The Case of China
Contrasting Patriarchies: Athens and Sparta
REFLECTIONS: What Changes? What Persists?
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 6
Introduction to Chapter 6
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 6
Continental Comparisons
Civilizations of Africa
Meroë: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization
ZOOMING IN: Piye, Kushite Conqueror of Egypt
Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom
Along the Niger River: Cities without States
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 6
Civilizations of Mesoamerica
The Maya: Writing and Warfare
Teotihuacán: The Americas’ Greatest City
Civilizations of the Andes
Chavín: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement
Moche: A Civilization of the Coast
Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior
ZOOMING IN: The Lord of Sipan and the Lady of Cao
Alternatives to Civilization
Bantu Africa: Cultural Encounters and Social Variation
North America: Ancestral Pueblo and Mound Builders
Pacific Oceania: Peoples of the Sea
REFLECTIONS: Deciding What’s Important: Balance in World History
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
AP® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PART THREE: AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS 600 C.E.–1450
THE BIG PICTURE: DEFINING A MILLENNIUM
Third-Wave Civilizations: Something New, Something Old, Something Blended
The Ties That Bind: Transregional Interaction in the Third-Wave Era
Landmarks in World History (ca. 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E)
UNDERSTANDING AP® THEMES IN PART THREE
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 7
Introduction to Chapter 7
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 7
Silk Roads: Exchange across Eurasia
The Growth of the Silk Roads
Goods in Transit
Cultures in Transit
Disease in Transit
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 7
Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean
Weaving the Web of an Indian Ocean World
Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: Southeast Asia
Sea Roads as a Catalyst for Change: East Africa
Sand Roads: Exchange across the Sahara
Commercial Beginnings in West Africa
Gold, Salt, and Slaves: Trade and Empire in West Africa
ZOOMING IN: The Arabian Camel
An American Network: Commerce and Connection in the Western Hemisphere
ZOOMING IN: Thorfinn Karlsefni, Viking Voyager
REFLECTIONS: Economic Globalization — Ancient and Modern
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 8
Introduction to Chapter 8
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 8
Together Again: The Reemergence of a Unified China
A “Golden Age” of Chinese Achievement
ZOOMING IN: Gunpowder
Women in the Song Dynasty
China and the Northern Nomads: A Chinese World Order in the Making
The Tribute System in Theory
The Tribute System in Practice
Cultural Influence across an Ecological Frontier
Coping with China: Comparing Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
Korea and China
Vietnam and China
Japan and China
ZOOMING IN: Izumi Shikibu, Japanese Poet and Lover
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 8
China and the Eurasian World Economy
Spillovers: China’s Impact on Eurasia
On the Receiving End: China as Economic Beneficiary
China and Buddhism
Making Buddhism Chinese
Losing State Support: The Crisis of Chinese Buddhism
REFLECTIONS: Why Do Things Change?
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 9
Introduction to Chapter 9
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 9
The Birth of a New Religion
The Homeland of Islam
The Messenger and the Message
The Transformation of Arabia
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 9
The Making of an Arab Empire
War, Conquest, and Tolerance
Conversion
Divisions and Controversies
ZOOMING IN: Mullah Nasruddin, the Wise Fool of Islam
Women and Men in Early Islam
Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison
The Case of India
The Case of Anatolia
The Case of West Africa
The Case of Spain
ZOOMING IN: Mansa Musa, West African Monarch and Muslim Pilgrim
The World of Islam as a New Civilization
Networks of Faith
Networks of Exchange
REFLECTIONS: Past and Present: Choosing Our History
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 10
Introduction to Chapter 10
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 10
Christian Contraction in Asia and Africa
Asian Christianity
African Christianity
Byzantine Christendom: Building on the Roman Past
The Byzantine State
The Byzantine Church and Christian Divergence
Byzantium and the World
ZOOMING IN: 988 and the Conversion of Rus
The Conversion of Russia
Western Christendom: Rebuilding in the Wake of Roman Collapse
Political Life in Western Europe
Society and the Church
Accelerating Change in the West
ZOOMING IN: Cecilia Penifader, an English Peasant and Unmarried Woman
Europe Outward Bound: The Crusading Tradition
The West in Comparative Perspective
Catching Up
Pluralism in Politics
Reason and Faith
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 10
REFLECTIONS: Remembering and Forgetting: Continuity and Surprise in the Worlds of Christendom
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 11
Introduction to Chapter 11
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 11
Looking Back and Looking Around: The Long History of Pastoral Peoples
The World of Pastoral Societies
Before the Mongols: Pastoralists in History
Breakout: The Mongol Empire
From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: The Rise of the Mongol Empire
Explaining the Mongol Moment
ZOOMING IN: A Mongol Failure: The Invasion of Japan
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 11
Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases
China and the Mongols
Persia and the Mongols
ZOOMING IN: Khutulun, a Mongol Wrestler Princess
Russia and the Mongols
The Mongol Empire as a Eurasian Network
Toward a World Economy
Diplomacy on a Eurasian Scale
Cultural Exchange in the Mongol Realm
The Plague: An Afro-Eurasian Pandemic
REFLECTIONS: Changing Images of Pastoral Peoples
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 12
Introduction to Chapter 12
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 12
The Shapes of Human Communities
Paleolithic Persistence: Australia and North America
Agricultural Village Societies: The Igbo and the Iroquois
Pastoral Peoples: Central Asia and West Africa
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: Comparing China and Europe
Ming Dynasty China
ZOOMING IN: Zheng He, China’s Non-Chinese Admiral
European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal
European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Islamic World
In the Islamic Heartland: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
ZOOMING IN: 1453 in Constantinople
On the Frontiers of Islam: The Songhay and Mughal Empires
Civilizations of the Fifteenth Century: The Americas
The Aztec Empire
The Inca Empire
Webs of Connection
A Preview of Coming Attractions: Looking Ahead to the Modern Era, 1450–2015
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 12
REFLECTIONS: What If? Chance and Contingency in World History
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
AP® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PART FOUR: THE EARLY MODERN WORLD
THE BIG PICTURE: DEBATING THE CHARACTER OF AN ERA
An Early Modern Era?
A Late Agrarian Era?
Landmarks in World History (ca. 1450 - ca. 1750)
UNDERSTANDING AP® THEMES IN PART FOUR
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 13
Introduction to Chapter 13
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 13
European Empires in the Americas
The European Advantage
The Great Dying and the Little Ice Age
ZOOMING IN: Doña Marina: Between Two Worlds
The Columbian Exchange
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 13
Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas
Colonies of Sugar
Settler Colonies in North America
The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire
Experiencing the Russian Empire
Russians and Empire
Asian Empires
Making China an Empire
Muslims and Hindus in the Mughal Empire
Muslims and Christians in the Ottoman Empire
ZOOMING IN: Devshirme: The “Gathering” of Christian Boys in the Ottoman Empire
REFLECTIONS: The Centrality of Context in World History
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 14
Introduction to Chapter 14
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 14
Europeans and Asian Commerce
A Portuguese Empire of Commerce
Spain and the Philippines
The East India Companies
Asians and Asian Commerce
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 14
Silver and Global Commerce
ZOOMING IN: Potosí, a Mountain of Silver
“The World Hunt”: Fur in Global Commerce
Commerce in People: The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade in Context
The Slave Trade in Practice
Consequences: The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
ZOOMING IN: Ayuba Suleiman Diallo: To Slavery and Back
REFLECTIONS: Economic Globalization — Then and Now
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 15
Introduction to Chapter 15
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 15
The Globalization of Christianity
Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation
Christianity Outward Bound
Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
ZOOMING IN: Úrsula de Jesús, an Afro-Peruvian Slave and Christian Visionary
An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits
Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World
China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science
The Question of Origins: Why Europe?
Science as Cultural Revolution
ZOOMING IN: Galileo and the Telescope: Reflecting on Science and Religion
Science and Enlightenment
Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century and Beyond
European Science beyond the West
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 15
REFLECTIONS: Cultural Borrowing and Its Hazards
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
AP® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PART FIVE: THE EUROPEAN MOMENT IN WORLD HISTORY
THE BIG PICTURE: EUROPEAN CENTRALITY AND THE PROBLEM OF EUROCENTRISM
Eurocentric Geography and History
Countering Eurocentrism
Landmarks in World History (ca. 1750 - ca. 1900)
UNDERSTANDING AP® THEMES IN PART FIVE
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 16
Introduction to Chapter 16
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 16
Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context
Comparing Atlantic Revolutions
The North American Revolution, 1775–1787
The French Revolution, 1789–1815
The Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804
Spanish American Revolutions, 1808–1825
Echoes of Revolution
The Abolition of Slavery
ZOOMING IN: The Russian Decembrist Revolt
Nations and Nationalism
Feminist Beginnings
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 16
ZOOMING IN: Kartini: Feminism and Nationalism in Java
REFLECTIONS: Revolutions: Pro and Con
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 17
Introduction to Chapter 17
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 17
Explaining the Industrial Revolution
Why Europe?
Why Britain?
The First Industrial Society
The British Aristocracy
The Middle Classes
The Laboring Classes
Social Protest
ZOOMING IN: Ellen Johnston, Factory Worker and Poet
Europeans in Motion
Variations on a Theme: Industrialization in the United States and Russia
ZOOMING IN: The English Luddites and Machine Breaking
The United States: Industrialization without Socialism
Russia: Industrialization and Revolution
The Industrial Revolution and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century
After Independence in Latin America
Facing the World Economy
Becoming like Europe?
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 17
REFLECTIONS: History and Horse Races
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 18
Introduction to Chapter 18
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 18
Industry and Empire
A Second Wave of European Conquests
Under European Rule
Cooperation and Rebellion
Colonial Empires with a Difference
Ways of Working: Comparing Colonial Economies
Economies of Coercion: Forced Labor and the Power of the State
Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the Market
Economies of Wage Labor: Migration for Work
Women and the Colonial Economy: Examples from Africa
ZOOMING IN: Wanjiku of Kenya
Assessing Colonial Development
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 18
Believing and Belonging: Identity and Cultural Change in the Colonial Era
Education
Religion
ZOOMING IN: Vivekananda, a Hindu Monk in America
“Race” and “Tribe”
REFLECTIONS: Who Makes History?
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 19
Introduction to Chapter 19
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 19
Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis
The Crisis Within
Western Pressures
ZOOMING IN: Lin Zexu: Confronting the Opium Trade
The Failure of Conservative Modernization
The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century
“The Sick Man of Europe”
Reform and Its Opponents
Outcomes: Comparing China and the Ottoman Empire
ZOOMING IN: 1896: The Battle of Adowa
The Japanese Difference: The Rise of a New East Asian Power
The Tokugawa Background
American Intrusion and the Meiji Restoration
Modernization Japanese-Style
Japan and the World
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 19
REFLECTIONS: Success and Failure in History
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
AP® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS
PART SIX: THE MOST RECENT CENTURY
THE BIG PICTURE: SINCE WORLD WAR I: A NEW PERIOD IN WORLD HISTORY?
Landmarks in World History (ca.1900 - present)
UNDERSTANDING AP® THEMES IN PART SIX
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 20
Introduction to Chapter 20
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 20
The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914–1918
An Accident Waiting to Happen
Legacies of the Great War
Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression
Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan
The Fascist Alternative in Europe
Hitler and the Nazis
Japanese Authoritarianism
ZOOMING IN: Etty Hillesum, Witness to the Holocaust
A Second World War, 1937–1945
The Road to War in Asia
The Road to War in Europe
The Outcomes of Global Conflict
ZOOMING IN: Hiroshima
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 20
The Recovery of Europe
REFLECTIONS: War and Remembrance: Learning from History
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 21
Introduction to Chapter 21
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 21
Global Communism
Revolutions as a Path to Communism
Russia: Revolution in a Single Year
China: A Prolonged Revolutionary Struggle
Building Socialism
Communist Feminism
Socialism in the Countryside
Communism and Industrial Development
The Search for Enemies
East versus West: A Global Divide and a Cold War
ZOOMING IN: Anna Dubova, a Russian Peasant Girl and Urban Woman
Military Conflict and the Cold War
Nuclear Standoff and Third-World Rivalry
ZOOMING IN: The Cuban Revolution
The Cold War and the Superpowers
Paths to the End of Communism
China: Abandoning Communism and Maintaining the Party
The Soviet Union: The Collapse of Communism and Country
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 21
REFLECTIONS: To Judge or Not to Judge
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 22
Introduction to Chapter 22
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 22
Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence
The End of Empire in World History
Explaining African and Asian Independence
Comparing Freedom Struggles
The Case of India: Ending British Rule
The Case of South Africa: Ending Apartheid
ZOOMING IN: Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Muslim Pacifist
Experiments with Freedom
Experiments in Political Order: Party, Army, and the Fate of Democracy
Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes
Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran
ZOOMING IN: Mozambique: Civil War and Reconciliation
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 22
REFLECTIONS: History in the Middle of the Stream
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Author Preview Video with Robert Strayer for Chapter 23
Introduction to Chapter 23
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 23
The Transformation of the World Economy
Reglobalization
Growth, Instability, and Inequality
Globalization and an American Empire
The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism
Feminism in the West
Feminism in the Global South
International Feminism
Religion and Global Modernity
Fundamentalism on a Global Scale
Creating Islamic Societies: Resistance and Renewal in the World of Islam
ZOOMING IN: Barbie and Her Competitors in the Muslim World
Religious Alternatives to Fundamentalism
Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism
The Global Environment Transformed
Green and Global
ZOOMING IN: Rachel Carson, Pioneer of Environmentalism
Another Voice with Eric Nelson for Chapter 23
REFLECTIONS: Pondering the Past: Limitations and Possibilities
Chapter Review
What’s the Significance?
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
AP® EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS
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