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Is a secular outlook on the world an essentially modern phenomenon, or does it have precedents in the second-wave era?
“Religion is a double-edged sword, both supporting and undermining political authority and social elites.” How would you support both sides of this statement?
How would you define the appeal of the religious/cultural traditions discussed in this chapter? To what groups were they attractive, and why?
Imagine that you were a Roman Christian traveler in the Eurasian world of 500 C.E. writing home about your encounter with other religious traditions. What similarities and differences might you notice? What might you appreciate in those traditions? And what might you find appalling?
Looking Back: What relationships can you see between the political dimensions of second-wave civilizations described in Chapter 3 and their cultural or religious aspects discussed in this chapter?