MAP ACTIVITY Map 30.3 The Middle East, 1948–1989 Determination to preserve access to the rich oil reserves of the Middle East and commitment to the security of Israel were fundamental—and often conflicting—principles of U.S. foreign policy in that region. READING THE MAP: Where did the United States become involved diplomatically or militarily in the Middle East between 1948 and 1989? CONNECTIONS: What role did U.S. foreign policy regarding the Middle East and events in Israel play in provoking the 1973 Arab oil embargo against the United States? What precipitated the taking of U.S. hostages in Iran in 1979?