thinkingthroughsourcesap

Organize the Evidence for Thinking through Sources 13

Source Links:

Source 13.1 The True History of the Conquest of New Spain

Source 13.2 The Florentine Codex

Source 13.3A Moctezuma and Cortés

Source 13.3B The Massacre of the Nobles

Source 13.4 Brief Record of the Conquest of New Spain

Source 13.5 The Florentine Codex

Source 13.6 The Battle of Tenochtitlán

Source 13.7 Cantares Mexicanos

The following exercises provide an opportunity to use the sources collectively to respond to a guiding question.

Guiding Question

What factors help explain the Spanish victory and the Aztec defeat?

Instructions

Below are five topics that might find a place in organizing an essay responding to the guiding question. This exercise asks you to identify which sources would provide relevant evidence for that topic. Select the best answers for each question. Choose ALL that apply.

Click the “submit” button for each question to turn in your work.

Question 13.29

Which sources provide evidence concerning the Native American friends and allies of the Spanish? Choose ALL that apply.
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	A. Source 13.1: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: A Spanish View
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	B. Source 13.2: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: An Aztec Account
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	C. Source 13.3: Images of Encounter
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	D. Source 13.4: Conquest and Victory: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from a Spanish Perspective
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	E. Source 13.5: Defeat: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from an Aztec Perspective
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	F. Source 13.6: The Battle of Tenochtitlán

Correct: Source 13.1: Moctezuma refers to Cortés’s friends among the Tlaxcalans in his conversation with Cortés. Source 13.2: This account lists the various allied people who marched in the Spanish ranks as they arrived at Tenochtitlán. Source 13.4: Aguilar writes that Spanish troops were supported by many Tlaxcalan warriors and that Native American allies dismantled houses taken by the Spanish in order to increase the space for Spanish forces to maneuver in. Source 13.5: This source mentions Spanish allies filling in gaps in causeways with landfill and of the sacrifice of both Spanish and Native American prisoners of war by the Aztecs. Source 13.3: Neither image provides evidence of Cortés’s Native American allies. Source 13.6: While many Native American warriors are depicted in this image, none can be identified as allies of the Spanish with any certainty.

Incorrect: Source 13.1: Moctezuma refers to Cortés’s friends among the Tlaxcalans in his conversation with Cortés. Source 13.2: This account lists the various allied people who marched in the Spanish ranks as they arrived at Tenochtitlán. Source 13.4: Aguilar writes that Spanish troops were supported by many Tlaxcalan warriors and that Native American allies dismantled houses taken by the Spanish in order to increase the space for Spanish forces to maneuver in. Source 13.5: This source mentions Spanish allies filling in gaps in causeways with landfill and of the sacrifice of both Spanish and Native American prisoners of war by the Aztecs. Source 13.3: Neither image provides evidence of Cortés’s Native American allies. Source 13.6: While many Native American warriors are depicted in this image, none can be identified as allies of the Spanish with any certainty.

Question 13.30

Which sources provide evidence concerning Aztec perceptions of the Spanish as gods or special visitors from the east predicted by prophecy? Choose ALL that apply.
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	A. Source 13.1: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: A Spanish View
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	B. Source 13.2: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: An Aztec Account
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	C. Source 13.3: Images of Encounter
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	D. Source 13.4: Conquest and Victory: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from a Spanish Perspective
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	E. Source 13.5: Defeat: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from an Aztec Perspective
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	F. Source 13.7: Lamentation: The Aftermath of Defeat

Correct: Source 13.1: Díaz asserts that the Aztecs viewed the Spanish as Teules which the Spanish took to mean Gods and that Moctezuma referred to the prophecy of his ancestors that predicted a visit from the direction of the sunrise. Source 13.2: In this source Moctezuma refers to the prophecy of a visit from beings coming from the east. Source 13.3: These images do not depict either the Spanish as gods or the prophecy. Source 13.4: Aguilar makes no mention of the prophecy, nor does he provide any indication that the Aztecs perceived the Spanish as gods. Source 13.5: This source offers no indication that the Aztecs viewed the Spanish as gods and makes no mention of a prophecy. Source 13.7: Neither poem describes the Spanish as divine beings or a prophecy predicting their arrival.

Incorrect: Source 13.1: Díaz asserts that the Aztecs viewed the Spanish as Teules which the Spanish took to mean Gods and that Moctezuma referred to the prophecy of his ancestors that predicted a visit from the direction of the sunrise. Source 13.2: In this source Moctezuma refers to the prophecy of a visit from beings coming from the east. Source 13.3: These images do not depict either the Spanish as gods or the prophecy. Source 13.4: Aguilar makes no mention of the prophecy, nor does he provide any indication that the Aztecs perceived the Spanish as gods. Source 13.5: This source offers no indication that the Aztecs viewed the Spanish as gods and makes no mention of a prophecy. Source 13.7: Neither poem describes the Spanish as divine beings or a prophecy predicting their arrival.

Question 13.31

Which sources provide evidence concerning the impact of starvation, lack of water, and disease on the Aztec defenders? Choose ALL that apply.
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	A. Source 13.2: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: An Aztec Account
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	B. Source 13.3: Images of Encounter
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	C. Source 13.4: Conquest and Victory: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from a Spanish Perspective
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	D. Source 13.5: Defeat: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from an Aztec Perspective
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	E. Source 13.6: The Battle of Tenochtitlán
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	F. Source 13.7: Lamentation: The Aftermath of Defeat

Correct: Source 13.4: Aguilar records that the Spanish cut off fresh water to the city and that an epidemic of smallpox spread among the Aztec defenders. Source 13.5: This account chronicles how an outbreak of disease weakened the defenders, while famine and a lack of good water ravished the population. Source 13.2: The Florentine Codex focuses on the initial encounter between Cortés and Moctezuma, making no mention of later outbreaks of disease or the collapse of food and water supplies. Source 13.3: Neither image offers evidence on the impact of starvation, lack of water, and disease. Source 13.6: This image of a battle scene offers no evidence concerning famine, lack of water, or the spread of disease. Source 13.7: While the poem “The Fall of Tenochtitlán” does refer to bitter water and food, this is most likely a metaphor referring to how bitter life was following the fall of the Aztec empire, rather than a reference to actual famine and lack of water during the siege.

Incorrect: Source 13.4: Aguilar records that the Spanish cut off fresh water to the city and that an epidemic of smallpox spread among the Aztec defenders. Source 13.5: This account chronicles how an outbreak of disease weakened the defenders, while famine and a lack of good water ravished the population. Source 13.2: The Florentine Codex focuses on the initial encounter between Cortés and Moctezuma, making no mention of later outbreaks of disease or the collapse of food and water supplies. Source 13.3: Neither image offers evidence on the impact of starvation, lack of water, and disease. Source 13.6: This image of a battle scene offers no evidence concerning famine, lack of water, or the spread of disease. Source 13.7: While the poem “The Fall of Tenochtitlán” does refer to bitter water and food, this is most likely a metaphor referring to how bitter life was following the fall of the Aztec empire, rather than a reference to actual famine and lack of water during the siege.

Question 13.32

Which sources provide evidence concerning the death or capture of Aztec leaders and warriors. Choose ALL that apply.
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	A. Source 13.1: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: A Spanish View
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	B. Source 13.2: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: An Aztec Account
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	C. Source 13.3: Images of Encounter
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	D. Source 13.4: Conquest and Victory: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from a Spanish Perspective
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	E. Source 13.5: Defeat: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from an Aztec Perspective
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	F. Source 13.7: Lamentation: The Aftermath of Defeat

Correct: Source 13.3: The second image (Source 13.3B) depicts the massacre of Aztec warriors and nobles by the Spanish during a religious ceremony. Source 13.4: Aguilar recounts the capture of the Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc and the death of many other Aztec leaders. Source 13.5: The Florentine Codex recounts the death of many warriors stricken with disease before the Spanish assault. Source 13.7: “The Fall of Tenochtitlán” recounts the capture of the Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc and other Aztec princes. Source 13.1: This source recounts the first meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma, which occurred before hostilities broke out. Source 13.2: This source recounts the first meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma, which occurred before hostilities broke out.

Incorrect: Source 13.3: The second image (Source 13.3B) depicts the massacre of Aztec warriors and nobles by the Spanish during a religious ceremony. Source 13.4: Aguilar recounts the capture of the Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc and the death of many other Aztec leaders. Source 13.5: The Florentine Codex recounts the death of many warriors stricken with disease before the Spanish assault. Source 13.7: “The Fall of Tenochtitlán” recounts the capture of the Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc and other Aztec princes. Source 13.1: This source recounts the first meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma, which occurred before hostilities broke out. Source 13.2: This source recounts the first meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma, which occurred before hostilities broke out.

Question 13.33

Which sources provide evidence concerning the weapons used by the Spanish and Aztecs? Choose ALL that apply.
ExJKRUbmSsFQHkA5L0A/ngVPDmUEiZDq0lIehMfKV3dxK3P5s3DUP2xX/5SSZ4d+kukozoxy5dk4abKVgk7WBzXOiH6A/9WGwpxvMraidMJsTNn31yVGw4yADRsGQS7Ybj33uw==	A. Source 13.1: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: A Spanish View
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	B. Source 13.2: The Meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma: An Aztec Account
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	C. Source 13.3: Images of Encounter
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	D. Source 13.5: Defeat: The Fall of Tenochtitlán from an Aztec Perspective
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	E. Source 13.6: The Battle of Tenochtitlán
1eoMUwqbGSN43LoGFk2KBbM7WtI6+uSIktnd1sVdxvuj+OCzqkVsxoAwO6MNpn1bh0PLfQ1dI7y4rziHwMhGcQJm9GRWGbL2E3zjWe8M25PiQY2ik5MLBrRmXT/EXVaQeSPSNA==	F. Source 13.7: Lamentation: The Aftermath of Defeat

Correct: Source 13.2: This source offers a detailed account of the different arms carried by the Spanish, emphasizing that they were made of iron. Source 13.3: The image in Source 13.3B depicts Spanish soldiers carrying swords and spears participating in a massacre. Source 13.5: This source describes in some detail the Spanish use of cannons and the use of bows and arrows fired from boats by the Aztecs. Source 13.6: This source provides detailed depictions of both Aztec and Spanish weapons. Source 13.7: The first poem, “The Fall of Tenochtitlán,” refers to the flash of guns. Source 13.1: This account of the first meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma makes no mention of weapons.

Incorrect: Source 13.2: This source offers a detailed account of the different arms carried by the Spanish, emphasizing that they were made of iron. Source 13.3: The image in Source 13.3B depicts Spanish soldiers carrying swords and spears participating in a massacre. Source 13.5: This source describes in some detail the Spanish use of cannons and the use of bows and arrows fired from boats by the Aztecs. Source 13.6: This source provides detailed depictions of both Aztec and Spanish weapons. Source 13.7: The first poem, “The Fall of Tenochtitlán,” refers to the flash of guns. Source 13.1: This account of the first meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma makes no mention of weapons.