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!clinic! This icon signals the beginning of a clinical insight in the text.

Defects in organelle function may lead to disease

Pathological conditions result if protein intake is inadequate

Defects in collagen structure result in pathological conditions

Protein misfolding and aggregation are associated with some neurological diseases

Variations in K_M can have physiological consequences

Loss of allosteric control may result in pathological conditions

Penicillin irreversibly inactivates a key enzyme in bacterial cell-wall synthesis

Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals regions of the brain processing sensory information

Hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity is adjusted to meet environmental needs

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease caused by a mutation in hemoglobin

Thalassemia is caused by an imbalanced production of hemoglobin chains

Glucose is a reducing sugar

The hormone erythropoietin is a glycoprotein

Proteoglycans are important components of cartilage

Mucins are glycoprotein components of mucus

Lack of glycosylation can result in pathological conditions

Lectins facilitate embryonic development

Influenza virus binds to sialic acid residues

Premature aging can result from the improper attachment of a hydrophobic group to a protein

Lipid vesicles can be formed from phospholipids

The association of prostaglandin H₂ synthase-1 with the membrane accounts for the action of aspirin

Multidrug resistance highlights a family of membrane pumps with ATP-binding domains

Harlequin ichthyosis is a dramatic result of a mutation in an ABC transporter protein

Digitalis inhibits the Na⁺–K⁺ pump by blocking its dephosphorylation

Mutations in protein kinase A can cause Cushing’s syndrome

Cholera and whooping cough are due to altered G-protein activity

Some receptors contain tyrosine kinase domains within their covalent structures

The conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes disrupts the regulation of cell growth

Protein kinase inhibitors may be effective anticancer drugs

Protein digestion begins in the stomach

Celiac disease results from the inability to properly digest certain proteins

Exercise depends on various means of generating ATP

Lack of activated pantothenate results in neurological problems

The six-carbon sugar is cleaved into two three-carbon fragments

Excessive fructose consumption can lead to pathological conditions

Many adults are intolerant of milk because they are deficient in lactase

Galactose is highly toxic if the transferase is missing

Aerobic glycolysis is a property of rapidly growing cells

Cancer and exercise training affect glycolysis in a similar fashion

Insulin fails to inhibit gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes

Substrate cycles amplify metabolic signals

Defective regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase results in lactic acidosis

Enhanced pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity facilitates the development of cancer

The disruption of pyruvate metabolism is the cause of beriberi

Defects in the citric acid cycle contribute to the development of cancer

Loss of iron-sulfur cluster results in Friedreich’s ataxia

ATP synthase can be regulated

Oxidative phosphorylation can be inhibited at many stages

Mitochondrial diseases are being discovered in increasing numbers

Hers disease is due to a phosphorylase deficiency

Diabetes mellitus results from insulin insufficiency and glucagon excess

A biochemical understanding of glycogen-storage diseases is possible

The pentose phosphate pathway is required for rapid cell growth

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency causes a drug-induced hemolytic anemia

Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed by hormone-stimulated lipases

Pathological conditions result if fatty acids cannot enter the mitochondria

Ketogenic diets may have therapeutic properties

Diabetes can lead to a life-threatening excess of ketone-body production

Ketone bodies are a crucial fuel source during starvation

Some fatty acids may contribute to the development of pathological conditions

Fatty acid metabolism is altered in tumor cells

A small fatty acid that causes big problems

Aspirin exerts its effects by covalently modifying a key enzyme

Phosphatidylcholine is an abundant phospholipid

Gangliosides serve as binding sites for pathogens

Disrupted lipid metabolism results in respiratory distress syndrome and Tay–Sachs disease

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The absence of the LDL receptor leads to familial hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis

Cycling of the LDL receptor is regulated

HDL seems to protect against atherosclerosis

The clinical management of cholesterol levels can be understood at a biochemical level

Bile salts facilitate lipid absorption

Vitamin D is necessary for bone development

Androgens can be used to artificially enhance athletic performance

Blood levels of aminotransferase serve a diagnostic function

Metabolism in context: inherited defects of the urea cycle cause hyperammonemia

Inborn errors of metabolism can disrupt amino acid degradation

Determining the basis of the neurological symptoms of phenylketonuria is an active area of research

Tetrahydrofolate carries activated one-carbon units

High homocysteine levels correlate with vascular disease

Salvage pathways recycle pyrimidine bases

Several valuable anticancer drugs block the synthesis of thymidylate

The synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides is controlled by the regulation of ribonucleotide reductase

The loss of adenosine deaminase activity results in severe combined immunodeficiency

Gout is induced by high serum levels of urate

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome is a dramatic consequence of mutations in a salvage-pathway enzyme

Folic acid deficiency promotes birth defects such as spina bifida (p. 600)

Damaging DNA can inhibit cancer-cell growth

The separation of DNA strands requires specific helicases and ATP hydrolysis

Bacterial topoisomerase is a therapeutic target

Telomeres are replicated by telomerase, a specialized polymerase that carries its own RNA template

Some genetic diseases are caused by the expansion of repeats of three nucleotides

Many cancers are caused by the defective repair of DNA

Many potential carcinogens can be detected by their mutagenic action on bacteria

Some antibiotics inhibit transcription

Many bacterial cells release chemical signals that regulate gene expression in other cells

Inappropriate enhancer use may cause cancer

Induced pluripotent stem cells can be generated by ­introducing four transcription factors into differentiated cells

Steroid-hormone receptors are targets for drugs

Mutations that affect pre-mRNA splicing cause disease

Most human pre-mRNAs can be spliced in alternative ways to yield different proteins

Mutations in eukaryotic initiation factor 2 cause a curious pathological condition

Some antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis

Diphtheria toxin blocks protein synthesis in eukaryotes by inhibiting translocation

Ricin fatally modifies 28S ribosomal RNA

Next-generation sequencing methods enable the rapid determination of a complete genome sequence

PCR is a powerful technique in medical diagnostics, forensics, and studies of molecular evolution

!bio! This icon signals the beginning of a Biological Insight in the text.

Hemoglobin adaptations allow oxygen transport in extreme environments

Glucosinolates protect plants and add flavor to our diets

Blood groups are based on protein glycosylation patterns

Membranes of extremophiles are built from ether lipids with branched chains

Venomous pit vipers use ion channels to generate a thermal image

Snake venoms digest from the inside out

Fermentations provide usable energy in the absence of oxygen

Mitochondria are the result of an endosymbiotic event

The dead zone: too much respiration

Regulated uncoupling leads to the generation of heat

Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, arose from an endosymbiotic event

Chlorophyll in potatoes suggests the presence of a toxin

Many herbicides inhibit the light reactions of photosynthesis

A volcanic eruption can affect photosynthesis worldwide

Why bread becomes stale: the role of starch

Glycogen depletion coincides with the onset of fatigue

A deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase confers an evolutionary advantage in some circumstances

Hibernation presents nitrogen disposal problems

Urea is not the only means of disposing of excess nitrogen

Enzymes of the purine-synthesis pathway are associated with one another in vivo

Many bacterial cells release chemical signals that regulate gene expression in other cells

RNA editing changes the proteins encoded by mRNA

Next-generation sequencing methods enable the rapid determination of a complete genome sequence

PCR is a powerful technique in medical diagnostics, forensics, and studies of molecular evolution

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