Acknowledgments

We would like to thank our colleagues who have carefully scrutinized the manuscript of this edition. Universe is a stronger and better textbook because of their conscientious efforts.

Robert Antonucci, University of California, Santa Barbara

Nahum Arav, Virginia Tech University

Anca Constantin, James Madison University

John Cottle, University of California, Santa Barbara

Peter Detterline, Kutztown University

Tamara Davis, University of Queensland

Jacqueline Dunn, Midwestern State University

Martin Fisk, Oregon State University

Andy Howell, University of California, Santa Barbara

William Keel, University of Alabama

Charles Kerton, Iowa State University

Erik Kubik, Providence College

Peter Meinhold, University of California, Santa Barbara

Anatoly Miroshnichenko, University of North Carolina, Greensboro

Patrick Motl, Indiana University, Kokomo

Krishna Mukherjee, Slippery Rock University

Fritz Osell, Northern Oklahoma College

Stan Peale, University of California, Santa Barbara

Nicolas Pereyra, University of Texas, Pan American

Ylva Pihlstrom, University of New Mexico

Kevin Plaxco, University of California, Santa Barbara

Raghavan Rangarajan, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India

Sean Raymond, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux

Ian Redmount, Saint Louis University

Adam Rengstorf, Purdue University, Calumet

Andrew Rivers, Northwestern University

Robert Rosner, University of Chicago

Alan Rubin, University of California, Los Angeles

Paul Schmidtke, Arizona State University

Frank Spera, University of California, Santa Barbara

Jack Sweeney, Salem State University

Nicole Vogt, New Mexico State University

Lauren White, NASA/JPL

Mark Whittle, University of Virginia

Michael E. Wysession, Washington University, St. Louis

We would also like to renew our thanks to those who have reviewed past editions of Universe:

Ann Bragg, Marietta College

Richard Bowman, Bridgewater College

Robert Braunstein, Northern Virginia Community College, Loudoun

Thomas Campbell, Allen Community College

Brian Carter, Grossmont College

Stephen Case, Olivet Nazarene University

Demian H. J. Cho, Kenyon College

Richard A. Christie, Okanagan College

Eric Collins, California State University, Northridge

George J. Corso, DePaul University

Jamie Day, Transylvania University

Steven Desch, Arizona State University

James Dickinson, Clackamas Community College

Jeanne Digel, Canada College

Edward Dingler, Southwest Virginia Community College

David Duluk, Los Angeles City College/Glendale Community College

Jean W. Dupon, Menlo College

Stephanie Fawcett, McKendree University

Kent Fisher, Columbus State Community College

Juhan Frank, Louisiana State University

Tony George, Columbia Basin College

Erika Gibb, University of Missouri, St. Louis

Daniel Greenberger, City College of New York

Wayne K. Guinn, Lon Morris College

Joshua Gundersen, University of Miami

Hunt Guitar, New Mexico State University

Kathleen A. Harper, Denison University

Lynn Higgs, University of Utah

Melinda Hutson, Portland Community College

Douglas R. Ingram, Texas Christian University

Adam G. Jensen, University of Colorado, Boulder

Darell Johnson, Missouri Western State University

Michael Joner, Brigham Young University

Lauren Jones, Denison University

Steve Kawaler, Iowa State University

Charles KeRton, Iowa State University

Kevin Kimberlin, Bradley University

H. S. Krawczynski, Washington University, St. Louis

Lauren Likkel, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire

Dennis Machnik, Plymouth State University

Franck Marchis, University of California, Berkeley

Michele M. Montgomery, University of Central Florida

Edward M. Murphy, University of Virginia

Donna Naples, University of Pittsburgh

Gerald H. Newsom, The Ohio State University

Brian Oetiker, Sam Houston State University

Ronald P. Olowin, Saint Mary’s College

Michael J. O’Shea, Kansas State University

J. Douglas Patterson, Johnson County Community College

Charles Peterson, University of Missouri

Richard Rand, University of New Mexico

Mike Reynolds, Florida Community College

Frederick Ringwald, California State University, Fresno

Todd Rimkus, Marymount University

Paul Robinson, Westchester Community College

Louis Rubbo, Coastal Carolina University

Kyla Scarborough, Pittsburg State University

Doug Showell, University of Nebraska, Omaha

Caroline Simpson, Florida International University

Glenn Spiczak, University of Wisconsin, River Falls

James D. Stickler, Allegany College of Maryland

Larry K. Smith, Snow College

Chris Taylor, California State University, Sacramento

Charles M. Telesco, University of Florida

Dale Trapp, Concordia University, St. Paul

Many others have participated in the preparation of this book and we thank them for their efforts. We are grateful for the guidance we have received from Alicia Brady, our acquisitions editor. We’re also deeply grateful to our development editor on Universe, Brittany Murphy, and for the contributions of assistant editor, Courtney Lyons. Amy Thorne, the media and supplements editor, supervised the creation of the superb multimedia. Special thanks go to Kerry O’Shaughnessy, who skillfully kept all three versions of this book on track and on target. Vicki Tomaselli deserves credit for the design of the book. We also thank Janice Donnola and Dragonfly Media for coordinating and producing the excellent artwork, and extend our gratitude to photo editor Robin Fadool and photo researcher Deborah Anderson for finding just the right photographs. Louise Ketz deserves a medal for wading through the prose and copyediting it into proper English.

On a personal note, Roger Freedman would like to thank his father, Richard Freedman, for first cultivating his interest in space many years ago, and for his father’s personal contributions to the exploration of the universe as an engineer for the Atlas and Centaur launch vehicle programs. Most of all, Roger thanks his charming wife, Caroline, for putting up with his long nights slaving over the computer!

Robert Geller would like to extend special thanks to Robert Antonucci (aka Ski). Ski has helped with numerous topics throughout this textbook, was Robert’s Ph.D. thesis advisor, and—very conveniently—his next door neighbor. While some discussions take the usual form of pointing to data plots on the computer, many discussions were literally over the fence. In addition to benefiting from Ski’s seemingly unlimited expertise, he has made astronomy FUN from the first day Robert was a Teaching Assistant for his class.

Robert Geller would also like to thank his parents for nurturing a love of science. Although some home appliances that were taken apart in the name of science were never put back together, he always had their support. Most of all, Robert would like to thank his family for their support through years of long hours researching and writing for this textbook. His wife, Susanne, has even contributed scientific results to this book as part of the team that discovered the Higgs particle in 2012; if her next project is successful, she can add dark matter to her list. With the completion of this edition, Robert and his daughter, Zoe, will have some time to use their telescope, fish, and surf together.

Although we have made a concerted effort to make this edition error-free, some mistakes may have crept in unbidden. We would appreciate hearing from anyone who finds an error or wishes to comment on the text.

Roger A. Freedman

Department of Physics

University of California, Santa Barbara

Santa Barbara CA 93106

airboy@physics.ucsb.edu

Robert M. Geller

Department of Physics

University of California, Santa Barbara

Santa Barbara CA 93106

rhmg@physics.ucsb.edu