• Step 1
  • Step 2
  • Step 3
  • Step 4
  • Step 5
  • Step 6
  • Step 7
  • Step 8
  • Step 9
  • Step 10
  • Step 11
  • Step 12
  • Step 13

Chapter 9. Chapter 9: DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein

Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
1

Based on the DNA nucleotides that were provided in the table, drag and drop the four DNA nucleotides (A, C, G, and T) into their correct locations within the DNA double helix portion of the table.

A.
B.

1
Correct.
Incorrect.
C
T
A
G
CDNA double helix
TGA
CAUmRNA transcribed
GCAappropriate tRNA anticodon
 Trp  amino acids incorporated into protein

What is the complementary base of C?

A
G
C
T

What is the complementary base of T?

A
G
C
T
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
2

Next, use the mRNA nucleotides CA to assist you in filling in four more of the DNA nucleotides. Drag and drop the four nucleotides (C, G, A, and T) into their correct locations within the DNA double helix portion of the table.

A.
B.

1
Correct.
Incorrect.
T
C
A
G
CACTDNA double helix
GTGA
CAUmRNA transcribed
GCAappropriate tRNA anticodon
  Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

What is the relationship between the mRNA sequence and each of the DNA strand sequences?

The mRNA sequence is complementary to both DNA strands.
The mRNA sequence is complementary to the template strand of DNA and identical to the nontemplate strand.
The mRNA sequence is complementary to the nontemplate strand of DNA and identical to the template strand.

Is it possible to determine from inspection of the table which DNA strand is the template strand?

Yes, by figuring out the codon of Trp and determining the DNA sequence from the derived codon.
Yes, by converting the GCA tRNA anticodon to a codon and determining the DNA sequence from the codon.
Yes, by recognizing that the U in the mRNA sequence is complementary to A and functionally identical to T in DNA.
No, there is not enough information provided in the table to determine which strand of DNA is the template strand.
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
3

If an mRNA codon is ACA, then what is the corresponding tRNA anticodon?

A.
B.
C.
D.

1

What is the role of a tRNA anticodon?

It is the 3-letter sequence at which a specific amino acid attaches prior to being added to a growing polypeptide chain.
It is one of the 3-letter sequences that help the tRNA to form hairpin loops.
It is the 3-letter sequence that recognizes and binds to a specific mRNA codon.

What is the relationship between an mRNA codon sequence and its corresponding tRNA anticodon sequence?

The two sequences exhibit complementary base pairing.
The two sequences are identical.
The two sequences are identical but inverted.
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
4

Use your knowledge of codon-anticodon binding to fill in as much of the mRNA and tRNA nucleotides as you can. Drag and drop the nucleotides into the correct location on the table.

A.
B.

Correct.
Incorrect.
1
G
G
G
A
G
A
C
C
C
U
U
U
CGTACTDNA double helix
GCATGA
CAUmRNA transcribed
GCAappropriate tRNA anticodon
 Trp  amino acids incorporated into protein

What is the relationship between an mRNA codon sequence and its corresponding tRNA anticodon sequence?

The two sequences exhibit complementary base pairing.
The two sequences are identical.
The two sequences are identical but inverted.

What is the correspondence between a tRNA anticodon and the 3-nucleotide DNA sequence that codes for the tRNA's cognate codon?

The anticodon sequence is identical to the template strand sequence of the DNA.
The anticodon sequence is identical to the nontemplate strand sequence of the DNA.
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
5

Fill in the nucleotides in both strands of the rightmost portion of the DNA.

C G T A C T DNA double helix
G C A T G A
G C A U G A C G U mRNA transcribed
C G U A C U G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
  Trp   amino acids incorporated into protein
1
Correct.
Incorrect.

This step uses the same logic to fill in the DNA sequence as was used in Step 2.]

What is the relationship between the mRNA sequence and each of the DNA strand sequences?

The mRNA sequence is complementary to both DNA strands.
The mRNA sequence is complementary to the template strand of DNA and identical to the nontemplate strand.
The mRNA sequence is complementary to the nontemplate strand of DNA and identical to the template strand.

What is the correspondence between a tRNA anticodon and the 3-nucleotide DNA sequence that codes for the tRNA's cognate codon?

The anticodon sequence is identical to the template strand sequence of the DNA.
The anticodon sequence is identical to the nontemplate strand sequence of the DNA.
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
6

What information does the genetic code table provide?
c Each 3-letter codon corresponds to a tRNA anticodon. [[Incorrect. Codons refer to triplets of mRNA nucleotides that are positioned within the ribosome where they are read in such a way that the corresponding amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain. Each codon has only one amino acid (or stop signal) that corresponds to that triplet.]]

A.
B.
D.
E.
F.
G.

1

The genetic code reveals the correspondence between a codon and an amino acid. True or False?

True
False

A ribosome reads each codon from DNA and uses that information to transfer an amino acid from tRNA to a growing polypeptide chain. True or False?

True
False

Codons are triplets of mRNA sequence. True or False?

True
False

An amino acid is bound to the anticodon of a tRNA. True or False?

True
False

tRNA molecules are adapters that bring a codon and its corresponding amino acid into proximity. True or False?

True
False
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
7

Using the codon table provided, drag and drop the missing tRNA and mRNA nucleotides into the correct location on the table.

A.
B.

Correct.
Incorrect.
1
G
G
A
C
U
C
CGTACTGCADNA double helix
GCATGACGT
GCAUGACGUmRNA transcribed
CGUACUGCAappropriate tRNA anticodon
 Trp  amino acids incorporated into protein

How many codons correspond to the amino acid tryptophan?

1
2
3
4

In what class of molecule are the codons in the genetic code table found?

DNA
mRNA
tRNA
ribosomes
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
8

Fill in the nucleotides in both strands of the rightmost portion of the DNA.

C G T A C T G C A DNA double helix
G C A T G A C G T
G C A U G G U G A C G U mRNA transcribed
C G U A C C A C U G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
    Trp   amino acids incorporated into protein
1
Correct.
Incorrect.

This step uses the same logic to fill in the DNA sequence as was used in Steps 2 and 5.

What is the relationship between the mRNA sequence and each of the DNA strand sequences?

The mRNA sequence is complementary to both DNA strands.
The mRNA sequence is complementary to the template strand of DNA and identical to the nontemplate strand.
The mRNA sequence is complementary to the nontemplate strand of DNA and identical to the template strand.

What is the correspondence between a tRNA anticodon and the 3-nucleotide DNA sequence that codes for the tRNA's cognate codon?

Yes
No
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
9

MC: Now that the DNA, mRNA, and tRNA sequences are complete, fill in the row titled, "amino acids incorporated into protein." Assume that the sequence is being translated by a ribosome. Use the codon table below to help fill in the table.

C G T A C C A C T G C A DNA double helix
G C A T G G T G A C G T
G C A U G A C G U mRNA transcribed
C G U A C U G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
trp amino acids incorporated into protein
1
Correct.
Incorrect.

Which sequence is used to find the first amino acid?

CGT from DNA
GCA from DNA
GCA from mRNA
CGU from tRNA

In a ribosome, when a tRNA binds to the codon UGA, what happens?

The tRNA transfers a Ser amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
The tRNA pauses while the next codon moves into place. Then the tRNA reads the next codon and adds the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
No tRNA binds to UGA, so translation terminates.

During translation in a ribosome, what happens to the mRNA codons that follow after a stop codon has been read?

Release factors bind to the stop codon, causing the ribosome, the mRNA, tRNAs, and the polypeptide chain to all dissociate..
No amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain because there is no tRNA that recognizes a stop codon. The ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon and continues translation.
No amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain because there is no tRNA that recognizes a stop codon. The ribosome slides back to the beginning of the mRNA and continues translation.
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
10

If the sequence in our table was read by a ribosome, which of the following represents the correct amino acid sequence, including the correct placement of the amino terminus and the carboxyl terminus?

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

1

How are the amino and carboxyl molecules added to the ends of a polypeptide chain?

Amino- and carboxy-transferases add these to the ends of the polypeptide chain before it folds up into its three-dimensional protein form.
An enzyme that is part of the ribosome adds the amino molecule to the first amino acid that is incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chain.
One of the release factors has enzymatic activity that adds a carboxyl molecule to the polypeptide chain after translation terminates.
Every amino acid contains an amino functional group and a carboxyl functional group. The amino and carboxyl ends of a protein correspond to the one free amino moiety and the one free carboxyl moiety in the polypeptide chain.
Answers b and c are both correct.

In a ribosome, when a tRNA binds to the codon UGA, what happens?

The tRNA transfers a Ser amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
The tRNA pauses while the next codon moves into place. Then the tRNA reads the next codon and adds the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
No tRNA binds to UGA, so translation terminates.

During translation in a ribosome, what happens to the mRNA codons that follow after a stop codon has been read?

Release factors bind to the stop codon, causing the ribosome, the mRNA, tRNAs, and the polypeptide chain to all dissociate.
No amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain because there is no tRNA that recognizes a stop codon. The ribosome slides along the mRNA to the next codon and continues translation.
No amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain because there is no tRNA that recognizes a stop codon. The ribosome slides back to the beginning of the mRNA and continues translation.
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
11

Which of the following is the correct notation of the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA sequence?

A.
B.
C.
D.

1

In a double helix, are the two strands of DNA oriented in the same or opposite orientation?

Same orientation
Opposite orientation

Proper orientation of this DNA sequence is in relation to the RNA transcript. With that in mind, are the RNA transcript and the DNA template strand parallel or antiparallel to each other?

Parallel
Antiparallel
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
12

Which of the following is the correct notation of the 5' and 3' ends of the mRNA transcript?

A.
B.
C.
D.

1

By convention, RNA transcripts are written in a specific direction, which is

they are written from left to right with the 5' end on the left.; 2. they are written from right to left with the 5' end on the left.; 3. they are written from left to right with the 3' end on the left.; 4. they are written from right to left with the 3' end on the left.
Unpacking the Problem
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.

C                                             DNA double helix
                        T G A            
    C A             U                     mRNA transcribed
                                    G C A appropriate tRNA anticodon
Trp amino acids incorporated into protein

Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.

Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.

  • Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
  • Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
  • Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
  • Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
  • Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
  • Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
13

Which DNA strand was used as the template for transcription?

A.
B.
C.
D.

1

During transcription, in what direction does the RNA grow?

The RNA grows in the 5' to 5' direction.; 2. The RNA grows in the 5' to 3' direction.; 3. The RNA grows in the 3' to 5' direction.; 4. The RNA grows in the 3' to 3' direction.

Are the RNA transcript and the DNA template strand parallel or antiparallel to each other?

Parallel
Antiparallel

Conclusion

Within the sequence of DNA resides the information to manufacture specific proteins inside a cell. The cellular machinery uses a DNA sequence as a template, and RNA polymerase reads it and synthesizes an mRNA transcript using the rules of complementary base pairing. The mRNA transcript interacts with ribosomes and the adapter molecules, tRNAs, to build a polypeptide chain that folds into a protein. Again it is complementary base pairing rules that determine which tRNA binds to a codon of the mRNA. The genetic code reveals the relationships between each mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid. It is the tRNA molecules that functionally perform the code conversion: translating a nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids. In this problem you have used base-pairing rules and the genetic code to reinforce how information encoded in DNA is retained and transferred through RNA molecules to ultimately build a protein.