Chapter 9. Chapter 9: DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein
Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
zFSDSAhzmTuC1u1g6aGWrXl9mo1wclk5ONhBtjIsI2pK4DJGZi2mIiWRBvMc8rgPO1Y47V69YwXE604ZamrEJ5kbC4y7aw7QjrUGPqva7ro+H3zJm2RdkyvzgHpJ63RvOzRvfRvJZF305HYkUzfwnxjMFvyqDUTZ1lHSEPsZ3QPiG6j+2vzxncJ+038+DFu3MS+BJkfI5GhkwFGcFcON63Uvv0dfRu/nrcHAFLQRSSBZesaFLs9Dhga4+IOeTXswNd5gM3Hj6ZkIIDVBPnVvoN49QFrwp5o2Fh0uG101kGNMHofQw+NQ/7PxqbOEEKkkQHu8emgMVCQg8X7NaDxGCsFNvwpR3jib
Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
s0ZKntgFVpFwdq7ov6IZguB1vsy3vhqtWctU4u6QVHMzRKDVpZ71Gk62EMQ9suG+vclIpct0FWlBRXbEQ0H7d4YrvJfDvfcHzQRsPgPnPSk07/JPu+braOhpn2PaYVefmtMFUkul0mbEDfp6XPC/W2qkW8hV5npiArPfX0GAt33+jIyCikwpQfHTzNR05Szzis735W6/zbGOBugyMSSjqh+N3Ztn+pDbb89+UE5qgWwvGrBqvKRi34l6FyLD07hO0FH/WlSEP6nUd4Bdcbp+Ie2hZCBd21S7QAWqhwZzDxw/jbvXcq1zDeCrHjZmpCRme0t3rDiKRugF1TPqI/gZbyVYmpvdOyy9lkC+5lTzcXplLjNBKHcWreV8vfN3w6dklM1mR+6s9f8=
Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
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Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
fNyBaIrsz3dArdfg0fKMslDdGGZUhX8Q+kOHsFOYjqw1FnNzXnJKbgSLsywQ8uCe1t7NohzxRELfHuDqlC/fMKAtY6CFROVB1wbqZRK7/EpXdSMYiQ3fHUg3bIKrmiKx++d8U/1XMWYnJKK5hWGS7AITJfdYGUBmj3VdG3d2BNdDOaPqQcml6YfIvrw/120u5L6FogzohF56H37wQGvtU1nx2T8zQfBWBLUImNbX+EWj0Nw1g+ZXMniCiy0xJUeCj3qro2OJZ5cTEE1UL3Liz1XXpVXU0j4oaRZvi1lhW4IejqintEdOoazW5+S/5OU5soHc1F7UfZk=
Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
Fill in the nucleotides in both strands of the rightmost portion of the DNA.
| C | G | T | A | C | T | PxqLay7ZcQs= | dmmGTKB8rjY= | JXkQLuwjOuQ= | DNA double helix | |||
| G | C | A | T | G | A | dmmGTKB8rjY= | PxqLay7ZcQs= | j39NO004Mao= | ||||
| G | C | A | U | G | A | C | G | U | mRNA transcribed | |||
| C | G | U | A | C | U | G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
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Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
7iO4IWSwmENPNqPwe4X4ckKbEnVdLvAVb6TDIrOT7hG4HIP7/TLYacwvoUGq6BO9j4FvlH+Yl9HMldANoHNvc2IA+H6KOtn4gC6J53QWnxVaOxtS4T7K/htEHeUEwpHa7YjLT3upf6JQI4SlnisNwLcFuaC/K3gkdYoswwv6tImCvxmNwaOvFlzUpaR7GMbWyrO88Ink5OSAky62Yb8M7KgBdWl5v3p3uLzxUAYj34jZz3F+eg87qUM+3GlIhhq0
Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
Fill in the nucleotides in both strands of the rightmost portion of the DNA.
| C | G | T | HYRgoSkc5VM= | dmmGTKB8rjY= | dmmGTKB8rjY= | A | C | T | G | C | A | DNA double helix |
| G | C | A | j39NO004Mao= | PxqLay7ZcQs= | PxqLay7ZcQs= | T | G | A | C | G | T | |
| G | C | A | U | G | G | U | G | A | C | G | U | mRNA transcribed |
| C | G | U | A | C | C | A | C | U | G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon |
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
MC: Now that the DNA, mRNA, and tRNA sequences are complete, fill in the row titled, "amino acids incorporated into protein." Assume that the sequence is being translated by a ribosome. Use the codon table below to help fill in the table.
| C | G | T | A | C | C | A | C | T | G | C | A | DNA double helix |
| G | C | A | T | G | G | T | G | A | C | G | T | |
| G | C | A | U | G | A | C | G | U | mRNA transcribed | |||
| C | G | U | A | C | U | G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||
| 9z6gvOVDS1x7SZbN1jFXZaqce1RIT93gtDaIytyFsRU6u/hKUm7K8t6FaiJ1pG4EcoBBCbu9evaiuc8YAjsY0kmczqGnR/+fb/mpk8KJejktaJOdTx1wGH/I87TfQYv7lhtyVMNfL2H++kudcNXx5ywe+3R6GWYubEsFDbigaGst9xOPVBqosWiokMRId+Yy+pfBoeoLp1NcI9R7ZReKs1refqCwvQoSoxmy9G0xiKuZfwS152Y009bdnI/zw0YNnDRnjfs/JSLhOcw1YilHGIMfOMlxU9F84+kvHFRQ3FI= | trp | f6ffRMM8+sDJ97gvwppQMPzsnoeXC5ErBgfwG0Tu9J9rIMdnXoduL2UzWymTvgrKlc3itCiNp8GSC3rkpsQ1PprMV4K+K/8noN9pnGZUkQ1ekjSU0aieXxKxhhkAmb4dbPNj8f2TLp9F7duUkgcRTq1PoT6dhE2qpTvO/JDAoJQFEhSFJ7JSviXdiJWuRcGB9yWBQ0D0irxoHp4MbogFnYrmLdolSpqUIxZwktGRcx1fPit62/wzY/2RXUkSHf6OdcKNQNljDD1nHhghxIbN/IeFLMu4u0hiBexQ+cRmOfY= | Mb14E1yM2weJGxjQfvjQiE6cw4YmKawOQ0Rnxof1AC9LNh+0qTFMFog0D2tU6pNXtbUnBbBHPRA9v5WLmvKnrCQJGCrGs5/vEcK8zs0AqdtzIVH8XDhmljKicImZNe9ShV+f53AD7Xc2gJ18gAe4WuKkZtRHVpqHN2+ioKmI9oV8x6nj/Mo0GZXJQyarOC3G/i20SMDJCFT8xrVd68ih7BgZt7sXiSV42yh2qqmKbr45WkbwCmj3dDkxJzp4KMNNYaZikkemTM1KdY0RqYFaItuS7gDgGi8Wdd5GOT0g9Z0= | amino acids incorporated into protein | ||||||||
Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
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
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
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Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
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Introduction
The table below provides information about a stretch of DNA and its transcription and translation products. Use your knowledge of transcription and translation to complete the following table, filling in the missing DNA and RNA nucleotides and the correct amino acids that would be incorporated into the protein sequence. Assume that the sequences are read from left to right, and that the columns represent transcriptional and translational alignments. After the table has been filled in, label the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA and mRNA and the amino and carboxyl ends of the protein.
| C | DNA double helix | |||||||||||
| T | G | A | ||||||||||
| C | A | U | mRNA transcribed | |||||||||
| G | C | A | appropriate tRNA anticodon | |||||||||
| Trp | amino acids incorporated into protein | |||||||||||
Unpack the Problem: Break this problem into several parts and arrive at a solution using this guided, step-by-step approach.
Solving this problem requires you to apply your understanding of complementary base pairing and the rules that govern the translation of codons into amino acids. The process is iterative. That is, you could start in a number of places and once more cells are filled in, this provides new information for completing more of the table, and so on.
- Part A (steps 1 and 2): Using your knowledge of DNA base pairing and of transcription, you will fill in some of the missing DNA nucleotides.
- Part B (steps 3 and 4): Using your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in most of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part C (step 5): Again, your knowledge of transcription will allow you to complete more of the DNA sequence.
- Part D (steps 6 and 7): Using the genetic code as well as your knowledge of mRNA/tRNA base pairing, you will fill in the remainder of the missing mRNA and tRNA sequences.
- Part E (step 8): Now the remaining DNA sequence can be filled in.
- Part F (steps 9 and 10): With all of the nucleotide sequences complete, they can be used to read the genetic code and determine the correct amino acids that would be incorporated if a ribosome was reading this sequence.
- Part G (steps 11-13): Finally, using your knowledge of how polypeptides and polynucleotides form, the direction of each sequence can be determined.
Question
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Conclusion
Within the sequence of DNA resides the information to manufacture specific proteins inside a cell. The cellular machinery uses a DNA sequence as a template, and RNA polymerase reads it and synthesizes an mRNA transcript using the rules of complementary base pairing. The mRNA transcript interacts with ribosomes and the adapter molecules, tRNAs, to build a polypeptide chain that folds into a protein. Again it is complementary base pairing rules that determine which tRNA binds to a codon of the mRNA. The genetic code reveals the relationships between each mRNA codon and its corresponding amino acid. It is the tRNA molecules that functionally perform the code conversion: translating a nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids. In this problem you have used base-pairing rules and the genetic code to reinforce how information encoded in DNA is retained and transferred through RNA molecules to ultimately build a protein.