This jewel-encrusted pomander was designed to be stuffed with aromatic spices brought to Europe through the Mediterranean trade routes dominated by the Italians or through the Indian Ocean trade route around Africa dominated by the Portuguese. Ordinary Europeans could not afford the pomander or the spices. The pomander illustrates the connection among fashion, luxury, and the spice trade. The Burghley House Collection, Stamford, England EWA008553.