Welcome
The Top Twenty: A Quick Guide to Troubleshooting Your Writing
Directory: The Top Twenty
Quick Help: Taking a writing inventory
Top Twenty Editing Quiz 1: “Thinking Globally by Eating Locally”
Top Twenty Editing Quiz 2: “Plagiarism in the Age of the Internet”
The Art and Craft of Writing (Chs. 1-6)
Chapter 1: Expectations for College Writing
1a Moving between social and academic writing
1b Preparing to meet expectations for U.S. academic writing
1c Positioning yourself as an academic writer
1d Becoming an engaged reader and active listener
1e Preparing for college research
1f Using media effectively
Video Prompt: Lessons from informal writing
Video Prompt: Something to learn from each other
Talking the Talk: Conventions
Chapter 2: Rhetorical Situations
2a Making good choices for your situation
2b Understanding academic assignments
2c Thinking about your topic and message
2d Considering your purpose and stance as a communicator
2e Analyzing audiences
2f Thinking about genres and media
2g Considering language and style
Storyboards on rhetorical situations
Considering Disabilities: Your whole audience
For Multilingual Writers: Bringing in other languages
Quick Help: Analyzing an assignment
Talking the Talk: Assignments
Talking the Talk: Genre names
Video Prompt: Developing a sense of audience
Video Prompt: Looking for the essential points (turning essay into media presentation)
Video Prompt: Pay attention to what you're interested in
Chapter 3: Exploring, Planning, and Drafting
3a Exploring a topic
3b Narrowing a topic
3c Drafting a working thesis
3d Gathering information
3e Organizing verbal and visual information
3f Planning
3g Drafting
Storyboards on working thesis
Early draft (Emily Lesk)
Considering Disabilities: Freespeaking
Considering Disabilities: A Talking Draft
For Multilingual Writers: Using your best language to explore ideas
For Multilingual Writers: Organizing information
For Multilingual Writers: Stating a thesis explicitly
Quick Help: Guidelines for drafting
Quick Help: Organizing visuals and media in academic writing
Tutorial: Word processing
Video Prompt: Brain mapping
Video Prompt: Filling in the gaps (organizing)
Video Prompt: Getting ideas from social media
Video Prompt: It's hard to delete things (drafting)
Video Prompt: This will take longer than I thought
Video Prompt: Writing processes
Video Prompt: You just have to start (drafting)
Chapter 4: Reviewing, Revising, Editing, and Reflecting
4a Rereading your draft
4b Reviewing peer writers' work
4c Getting the most from peer reviewers' comments
4d Learning from instructor comments
4e Revising with peer and instructor comments
4f Revising thesis and support
4g Rethinking organization
4h Revising title, introduction, and conclusion
4i Revising paragraphs, sentences, words, and tone
4j Checking visuals, media, and design
4k Editing
4l Proofreading the final draft
4m Reflecting on your writing
Storyboard on being a peer reviewer
Storyboard on getting help from peer reviewers
Storyboards on revising and editing
Early draft (Emily Lesk)
Final draft (Emily Lesk)
Reflective blog post (Thanh Nguyen)
Reflective cover letter (James Kung)
Considering Disabilities: Technology for revising
For Multilingual Writers: Understanding peer reviews
For Multilingual Writers: Asking an experienced writer to review your draft
For Multilingual Writers: Reviewing a draft
Quick Help: Guidelines for peer review
Talking the Talk: Revision
Video Prompt: Lessons from being a peer reviewer
Video Prompt: Lessons from peer review
Video Prompt: Revision happens
Chapter 5: Developing Paragraphs
5a Creating strong paragraphs
5b Writing unified paragraphs
5c Developing paragraphs with supporting details
5d Following patterns of development
5e Making paragraphs coherent
5f Linking paragraphs together
5g Writing special-purpose paragraphs
Topic sentences and supporting details
For Multilingual Writers: Being explicit
Quick Help: Commonly used transitions
Quick Help: Determining paragraph length
Quick Help: Editing the paragraphs in your writing
Talking the Talk: Paragraph length
Chapter 6: Working with Others
6a Collaborating in college
6b Working on group projects
6c Making presentations
Considering Disabilities: Accommodating differences
For Multilingual Writers: Constructive criticism
Quick Help: Guidelines for group projects
Talking the Talk: Collaborating or cheating?
Tutorial: Word Processing
Video Prompt: Working with other people
Critical Thinking and Argument (Chs. 7-9)
Chapter 7: Reading Critically
7a Reading print and digital texts
7b Previewing a text
7c Reading and annotating a text
7d Summarizing a text
7e Analyzing and reflecting on a text
7f Analyzing visual texts
7g A student's critical reading of a text
Storyboards on reading critically
Critical reading
Topics and main ideas
Annotations of scholarly article (Fernando Sanchez and Sarah Lum)
Critical analysis essay (Shuqiao Song)
Talking the Talk: Critical thinking
Talking the Talk: Visual texts
Tutorial: Active reading
Chapter 8: Analyzing Arguments
8a Recognizing and contextualizing argument
8b Thinking critically about argument
8c Considering cultural contexts
8d Reading emotional, ethical, and logical appeals
8e Identifying elements of argument
8f Identifying fallacies
8g A student's rhetorical analysis of an argument
Argument
Rhetorical analysis (Milena Ateyea)
For Multilingual Writers: Recognizing appeals in various settings
Quick Help: Guidelines for analyzing an argument
Tutorial: Reading visuals for audience
Tutorial: Reading visuals for purpose
Chapter 9: Constructing Arguments
9a Understanding contexts for argument
9b Arguing for a purpose
9c Determining whether a statement can be argued
9d Formulating a working thesis
9e Finding good reasons
9f Making ethical appeals
9g Making logical appeals
9h Making emotional appeals
9i Using sources in an argument
9j Organizing an argument
9k Delivering an argument
9l A student's argument essay
Argument project (Benjy Mercer-Golden)
Considering Disablities: Description
For Multilingual Writers: Bringing in other voices
For Multilingual Writers: Counting your own experience
Quick Help: Checklist for constructing an argument
Talking the Talk: Arguments
Video Prompt: Facing a challenging argument
Doing Research and Using Sources (Chs. 10-15)
Chapter 10: Preparing for a Research Project
10a Considering the research process
10b Analyzing the assignment
10c Narrowing a topic
10d Moving from research question to hypothesis
10e Determining what you know
10f Making a preliminary research plan
10g Keeping a research log
10h Moving from hypothesis to working thesis
Considering Disabilities: Dictation
Talking the Talk: Reaching an audience
Video Prompt: Researching something exciting
Chapter 11: Conducting Research
11a Differentiating kinds of sources
11b Using the library to get started
11c Finding library resources
11d Conducting Internet research
11e Conducting field research
Considering Disabilities: Web site accessibility
Quick Help: Conducting an interview
Quick Help: Conducting an observation
Quick Help: Designing a questionnaire
Talking the Talk: Wikis as sources
Tutorial: Online research tools
Chapter 12: Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
12a Using sources for a purpose
12b Moving beyond previewing a source
12c Keeping a working bibliography
12d Evaluating usefulness and credibility
12e Reading and interpreting sources
12f Synthesizing sources
12g Taking notes and annotating sources
Storyboards on synthesis
Evaluating, integrating, and acknowledging sources (APA)
Evaluating, integrating, and acknowledging sources (MLA)
Annotated bibliography (Tony Chan)
Reflective annotated bibliography (Nandita Sriram)
Synthesis project (Caroline Warner)
Talking the Talk: Research with an open mind
Quick Help: Guidelines for paraphrase notes
Quick Help: Guidelines for quotation notes
Quick Help: Guidelines for summaries
Source Map: Evaluating articles
Source Map: Evaluating Web sources
Chapter 13: Integrating Sources into Your Writing
13a Deciding whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize
13b Working with quotations
13c Paraphrasing
13d Summarizing
13e Working with visuals and media
13f Checking for excessive use of source material
Evaluating, integrating, and acknowledging sources (APA)
Evaluating, integrating, and acknowledging sources (MLA)
Synthesis project (Caroline Warner)
For Multilingual Writers: Identifying sources
Quick Help: Deciding to quote, paraphrase, or summarize
Quick Help: Signal verbs
Talking the Talk: Saying something new
Chapter 14: Acknowledging Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
14a Understanding reasons to acknowledge sources
14b Knowing which sources to acknowledge
14c Recognizing patchwriting
14d Adapting structures and phrases from a genre without plagiarizing
14e Maintaining academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism
14f Considering your intellectual property
14g Collaborating
Evaluating, integrating, and acknowledging sources (APA)
Evaluating, integrating, and acknowledging sources (MLA)
For Multilingual Writers: Plagiarism as a cultural concept
Quick Help: Avoiding plagiarism
Tutorial: Do I need to cite that?
Chapter 15: Writing a Research Project
15a Refining your plans
15b Organizing information
15c Drafting
15d Incorporating source materials
15e Reviewing and getting responses to your draft
15f Revising and editing
15g Preparing a list of sources
15h Proofreading your final copy
For Multilingual Writers: Asking experienced writers to review a thesis
Quick Help: Guidelines for revising a research project
Video Prompt: When to stop researching
Designing and Performing Writing (Chs. 16-18)
Chapter 16: Design for Print and Digital Writing
16a Choosing a type of text
16b Planning a visual structure
16c Formatting print and digital texts
16d Considering visuals and media
Considering Disabilities: Color for Contrast
For Multilingual Writers: Reading patterns
Quick Help: Using visuals and media effectively
Chapter 17: Presentations
17a Concerning assignment, purpose, and audience for presentations
17b Writing to be heard and remembered
17c Creating a presentation
17d Practicing the presentation
17e Delivering the presentation
17f A student's presentation
17g Considering other kinds of presentations
Presentation (Shuqiao Song)
Considering Disabilities: Accessible presentations
Quick Help: Guidelines for presentations
Quick Help: Guidelines for slide presentations
Tutorial: Presentations
Video Prompt: If I were in the audience
Video Prompt: Looking for the essential points (turning essay into media presentation)
Video Prompt: Presentation is performance
Video Prompt: You want them to hear you
Chapter 18: Communicating in Other Media
18a Considering your rhetorical context
18b Planning Web-based texts
18c Creating Web-based texts
18d Creating nondigital multimodal projects
Fundraising Web page (Justin Dart)
Considering Disabilities: Accessible Web texts
Quick Help: Rhetorical contexts for multimodal writing
Tutorial: Audio editing with Audacity
Tutorial: Photo editing with GIMP
Academic, Professional, and Public Writing (Chs. 19-26)
Chapter 19: Academic Work in Any Discipline
19a Writing in any discipline
19b Reading in any discipline
19c Understanding academic assignments
19d Learning specialized vocabulary
19e Following disciplinary style
19f Using appropriate evidence
19g Using conventional patterns and formats
19h Making ethical decisions
19i Collaborating and communicating
Quick Help: Analyzing an assignment
Talking the Talk: The first person
Video Prompt: Improving with practice
Chapter 20: Writing for the Humanities
20a Reading texts in the humanities
20b Writing texts in the humanities
20c A student's close reading of poetry
Close reading of poetry (Bonnie Sillay)
Quick Help: Guidelines for reading texts in the humanities
Chapter 21: Writing for the Social Sciences
21a Reading texts in the social sciences
21b Writing texts in the social sciences
21c A student's psychology literature review
Literature review in psychology (Tawnya Redding)
Public health project (Martha Bell)
Chapter 22: Writing for the Natural and Applied Sciences
22a Reading texts in the natural and applied sciences
22b Writing texts in the natural and applied sciences
22c A student's chemistry lab report
Biology literature review (Joanna Hays)
Lab report in chemistry (Allyson Goldberg)
Chapter 23: Writing for Business
23a Reading texts for business
23b Writing texts for business
Résumés (Megan Lange)
Quick Help: Guidelines for effective business correspondence
Quick Help: Guidelines for writing more effective memos and business email
Tutorial: Job search and personal branding
Video Prompt: Writing for the real world
Chapter 24: Essay Examinations
24a Preparing for an essay examination
24b Writing an essay examination response
24c Writing take-home exams
24d A student's essay exam response
For Multilingual Writers: Writing notes in your own language
Quick Help: Common strategy terms
Chapter 25: Portfolios
25a Planning a portfolio
25b Completing a portfolio
25c A student's reflective cover letter for a portfolio
25d A student's portfolio home page
Reflective portfolio cover letter (James Kung)
Chapter 26: Writing to Make Something Happen in the World
26a Deciding to make something happen
26b Connecting with your audience
26c Sample writing that makes something happen in the world
Fundraising Web page (Justin Dart)
Pitch package (Deborah Jane and Jamie Burke)
Quick Help: Characteristics of writing that makes something happen
Effective Language (Chs. 27-31)
Chapter 27: Writing to the World
27a Thinking about what seems “normal”
27b Clarifying meaning
27c Meeting audience expectations
Quick Help: Communicating across cultures
Video Prompt: Writing for the real world
Chapter 28: Language That Builds Common Ground
28a Avoiding stereotypes and generalizations
28b Avoiding assumptions about gender
28c Avoiding assumptions about race and ethnicity
28d Considering other kinds of difference
Considering Disabilities: Knowing your readers
Quick Help: Editing to build common ground
Chapter 29: Language Variety
29a Using varieties of language in academic writing
29b Using standard varieties of English
29c Using varieties of English to evoke a place or community
29d Using varieties of English to build credibility within a community
29e Using other languages
Considering Disabilities: American Sign Language
For Multilingual Writers: Choosing appropriate words
For Multilingual Writers: Global varieties of English
Quick Help: Using varieties of language effectively
Video Prompt: Correctness in context
Chapter 30: Word Choice
30a Choosing appropriate words for the context
30b Using words with appropriate connotations
30c Balancing general and specific language
30d Using figurative language
Word choice
For Multilingual Writers: Avoiding fancy language
For Multilingual Writers: Mastering idioms
Quick Help: Editing for appropriate and precise language
Talking the Talk: Texting abbreviations
Chapter 31: Dictionaries, Vocabulary, and Spelling
31a Finding information in dictionaries
31b Using different kinds of dictionaries
31c Building your vocabulary
31d Understanding vocabulary in context
31e Checking spelling
31f Following spelling rules
Vocabulary
Considering Disabilities: Spelling
For Multilingual Writers: American spellings
For Multilingual Writers: Consulting a learner's dictionary
For Multilingual Writers: Using the dictionary to learn idioms
Quick Help: Building your vocabulary
Quick Help: Common errors with spell checkers
Quick Help: Dictionary information
Quick Help: The most troublesome homonyms
Talking the Talk: Spell checkers and wrong-word errors
Documenting Sources (Chs. 32-35)
Chapter 32: MLA Style
32a Understanding the basics of MLA style
32b Formatting MLA manuscripts
32c Creating MLA in-text citations
Directory to MLA-style in-text citations
32d Preparing an MLA list of works cited
Directory to MLA-style works-cited models
32e A student research essay, MLA style
MLA-style research project (David Craig)
Quick Help: Citing digital sources (MLA)
Quick Help: Citing sources that don't match any model exactly (MLA)
Quick Help: Citing visuals that appear in your text (MLA)
Quick Help: Formatting print periodical entries (MLA)
Source Map: Articles from databases in MLA style
Source Map: Articles in print periodicals in MLA style
Source Map: Books in MLA style
Source Map: Works from Web sites in MLA style
Tutorial: How to cite an article in MLA style
Tutorial: How to cite a book in MLA style
Tutorial: How to cite a database in MLA style
Tutorial: How to cite a Web site in MLA style
Chapter 33: APA Style
33a Understanding the basics of APA style
33b Formatting APA manuscripts
33c Creating APA in-text citations
Directory to APA-style in-text citation models
33d Preparing the APA list of references
Directory to APA-style references
33e A student research essay, APA style
APA-style research project (Martha Bell)
Quick Help: Citing digital sources (APA)
Quick Help: Citing sources that don't match any model exactly (APA)
Source Map: Articles from databases in APA style
Source Map: Articles in print periodicals in APA style
Source Map: Books in APA style
Source Map: Reports and long works from Web sites in APA style
Tutorial: How to cite a book in APA style
Tutorial: How to cite an article in APA style
Tutorial: How to cite a database in APA style
Tutorial: How to cite a Web site in APA style
Chapter 34: Chicago Style
34a Understanding the basics of Chicago style
34b Formatting Chicago manuscripts
34c Preparing Chicago notes and bibliographic entries
Directory to Chicago-style notes and bibliographic entries
34d A student research essay, Chicago style
Chicago-style research project (Amanda Rinder)
Quick Help: Citing sources that don't match any model exactly (Chicago)
Source Map: Articles from databases in Chicago style
Source Map: Books in Chicago style
Source Map: Works from Web sites in Chicago style
Chapter 35: CSE Style
35a Formatting CSE manuscripts
35b Creating CSE in-text citations
35c Preparing a CSE list of references
Directory to CSE-style references
35d A student research essay, CSE style
Biology literature review (Joanna Hays)
Source Map: Books in CSE style
Source Map: Works from databases in CSE style
Grammar (Chs. 36-43)
Chapter 36: Parts of Speech
36a Verbs
36b Nouns
36c Pronouns
36d Adjectives
36e Adverbs
36f Prepositions
36g Conjunctions
36h Interjections
Nouns and Pronouns
Prepositions and conjunctions
Prepositions For Multilingual Writers
Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
For Multilingual Writers: Count and noncount nouns
Sentence Map: Parts of Speech
Chapter 37: Parts of Sentences
37a The basic grammar of sentences
37b Subjects
37c Predicates
37d Phrases
37e Clauses
37f Types of Sentences
Sentence structure For Multilingual Writers
Verbs For Multilingual Writers
Quick Help: Basic sentence patterns
Quick Help: Choosing between infinitives and gerunds
Talking the Talk: Understanding grammatical terms
Chapter 38: Nouns and Noun Phrases
38a Using count and noncount nouns
38b Using determiners
38c Using articles
Articles and nouns For Multilingual Writers
Chapter 39: Verbs
39a Using appropriate verb forms
39b Forming verb phrases
39c Understanding regular and irregular verbs
39d Using lay and lie, sit and set, raise and rise
39e Indicating verb tenses
39f Sequencing verb tenses
39g Using active and passive voice
39h Using mood and forming conditional sentences
Active and passive voice
Verbs
Verbs For Multilingual Writers
Quick Help: Editing for -ed or -d endings
Quick Help: Editing for -s and -es endings
Quick Help: Editing verb tenses
Chapter 40: Subject-Verb Agreement
40a Understanding subject-verb agreement
40b Making separated subjects and verbs agree
40c Making verbs agree with compound subjects
40d Making verbs agree with collective nouns
40e Making verbs agree with indefinite pronouns
40f Making verbs agree with who, which, and that
40g Making linking verbs agree with subjects
40h Making verbs agree with subjects ending in -s
40i Making verbs agree with following subjects
40j Making verbs agree with titles and with words used as words
Subject-verb agreement
Quick Help: Editing for subject-verb agreement
Chapter 41: Pronouns
41a Understanding pronoun case
41b Using who, whoever, whom, and whomever
41c Considering case in compound structures
41d Considering case in elliptical constructions
41e Using we or us before a noun
41f Making pronouns agree with antecedents
41g Avoiding sexist pronouns
41h Revising ambiguous pronoun references
41i Revising vague use of it, this, that, and which
41j Using who, which, or that to refer to people
41k Revising indefinite use of you, it, and they
41l Revising implied antecedents
Pronouns
Quick Help: Editing for case
Quick Help: Editing for clear pronoun reference
Quick Help: Editing for pronoun-antecedent agreement
Quick Help: Editing out the generic use of he, his, or him
Talking the Talk: Correctness or stuffiness?
Chapter 42: Adjectives and Adverbs
42a Understanding adjectives and adverbs
42b Using adjectives after linking verbs
42c Using adverbs
42d Comparatives and superlatives
42e Using nouns as modifiers
42f Using adjectives ending in -ed and -ing
42g Putting adjectives in order
Sentence structure for multilingual writers
Quick Help: Editing adjectives and adverbs
For Multilingual Writers: Adjectives with plural nouns
Chapter 43: Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
43a Using prepositions idiomatically
43b Using two-word verbs idiomatically
Prepositions for multilingual writers
Quick Help: Strategies for learning prepositions idiomatically
Clarity (Chs. 44-49)
Chapter 44: Confusing Shifts
44a Revising shifts in tense
44b Revising shifts in mood
44c Revising shifts in voice
44d Revising shifts in person and number
44e Revising shifts between direct and indirect discourse
44f Revising shifts in tone and diction
Shifts
Chapter 45: Parallelism
45a Making items in a series parallel
45b Using parallel structures to pair ideas
45c Including all necessary words
45d Using parallel structures for emphasis and effect
Parallelism
Quick Help: Editing for parallelism
Chapter 46: Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
46a Identifying comma splices and fused sentences
46b Separating the clauses into two sentences
46c Linking the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction
46d Linking the clauses with a semicolon
46e Recasting two clauses as one independent clause
46f Recasting one independent clause as a dependent clause
46g Linking two independent clauses with a dash
Comma splices and fused sentences
For Multilingual Writers: Sentence length
Quick Help: Editing for comma splices and fused sentences
Chapter 47: Fragments
47a Identifying fragments
47b Revising phrase fragments
47c Revising compound-predicate fragments
47d Revising dependent-clause fragments
Fragments
Chapter 48: Modifier Placement
48a Revising misplaced modifiers
48b Revising disruptive modifiers
48c Revising dangling modifiers
Modifiers
Quick Help: Editing for misplaced or dangling modifiers
Chapter 49: Consistent and Complete Structures
49a Revising faulty sentence structure
49b Matching subjects and predicates
49c Completing elliptical constructions
49d Checking for missing words
49e Making complete comparisons
For Multilingual Writers: Deciding which articles to use
Quick Help: Editing for consistency and completeness
Style (Chs. 50-53)
Chapter 50: Concise Writing
50a Eliminating unnecessary words
50b Simplifying sentence structure
50c Using active and passive voice appropriately
Active and passive voice
Quick Help: Editing for conciseness
Chapter 51: Coordination and Subordination
51a Relating equal ideas
51b Distinguishing main ideas
Coordination and subordination
Quick Help: Editing for coordination and subordination
Chapter 52: Sentence Variety
52a Varying sentence length
52b Varying sentence openings
52c Varying sentence types
Quick Help: Editing for sentence variety
Chapter 53: Memorable Prose
53a Writing emphatic sentences
53b Choosing strong verbs
53c Using special effects
Quick Help: Editing for memorable prose
Punctuation (Chs. 54-59)
Chapter 54: Commas
54a Understanding comma use
54b Using commas after introductory elements
54c Using commas in compound sentences
54d Using commas with nonrestrictive elements
54e Using commas to separate items in a series
54f Using commas with parenthetical and transitional expressions
54g Using commas with contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions
54h Using commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers
54i Commas with quotations
54j Using commas for clarity
54k Avoiding unnecessary commas
Commas
Quick Help: Editing for commas
Chapter 55: Semicolons
55a Using semicolons with independent clauses
55b Using semicolons to separate items in a series
55c Using semicolons with quotation marks
55d Avoiding misused or overused semicolons
Semicolons and colons
Quick Help: Editing for semicolons
Chapter 56: End Punctuation
56a Using periods
56b Using question marks
56c Using exclamation points
56d Using end punctuation in informal writing
Chapter 57: Apostrophes
57a Understanding apostrophes
57b Using apostrophes to signal possessive case
57c Using apostrophes to signal contractions
57d Using guidelines for apostrophes with plurals
Apostrophes
Quick Help: Editing for apostrophes
Chapter 58: Quotation Marks
58a Using quotation marks to signal direct quotations
58b Using quotation marks to signal titles and definitions
58c Using quotation marks to signal irony and invented words
58d Avoiding misused quotation marks
58e Using quotation marks with other punctuation
For Multilingual Writers: Quotation marks
For Multilingual Writers: Quoting in American English
Quick Help: Editing for quotation marks
Chapter 59: Other Punctuation Marks
59a Using parentheses
59b Using brackets
59c Using dashes
59d Using colons
59e Using slashes
59f Using ellipses
Semicolons and colons
Mechanics (Chs. 60-63)
Chapter 60: Capital Letters
60a Capitalizing the first word of a sentence or line of poetry
60b Capitalizing proper nouns and proper adjectives
60c Capitalizing titles of works
60d Avoiding unnecessary capitalization
Capital letters
For Multilingual Writers: English capitalization
Quick Help: Editing for capitalization
Chapter 61: Abbreviations and Numbers
61a Abbreviating titles and academic degrees
61b Abbreviating years and hours
61c Using acronyms and initial abbreviations
61d Abbreviating company names
61e Using Latin abbreviations
61f Abbreviating reference information, geographic terms, and months
61g Using symbols and units of measurement
61h Using numbers within sentences
61i Using numbers to begin sentences
61j Following conventions for figures
For Multilingual Writers: The term hundred
Quick Help: Editing abbreviations and numbers
Talking the Talk: Abbreviations and numbers in disciplines
Chapter 62: Italics
62a Using italics for titles
62b Using italics for words, letters, and numbers referred to as terms
62c Using italics for non-English words and phrases
62d Using italics for names of vehicles
62e Using italics for emphasis
Quick Help: Editing for italics
Chapter 63: Hyphens
63a Using hyphens with compound words
63b Using hyphens with prefixes and suffixes
63c Avoiding unnecessary hyphens
Quick Help: Editing for hyphens
LearningCurve: Active and passive voice
LearningCurve: Apostrophes
LearningCurve: Argument
LearningCurve: Articles and nouns for multilingual writers
LearningCurve: Capital letters
LearningCurve: Comma splices and fused sentences
LearningCurve: Commas
LearningCurve: Coordination and subordination
LearningCurve: Critical reading
LearningCurve: Evaluating, integrating, and acknowledging sources (APA)
LearningCurve: Evaluating, integrating, and acknowledging sources (MLA)
LearningCurve: Fragments
LearningCurve: Modifiers
LearningCurve: Nouns and Pronouns
LearningCurve: Parallelism
LearningCurve: Prepositions and conjunctions
LearningCurve: Prepositions for multilingual writers
LearningCurve: Pronouns
LearningCurve: Semicolons and colons
LearningCurve: Sentence structure for multilingual writers
LearningCurve: Shifts
LearningCurve: Subject-verb agreement
LearningCurve: Topic sentences and supporting details
LearningCurve: Topics and main ideas
LearningCurve: Verbs
LearningCurve: Verbs for multilingual writers
LearningCurve: Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
LearningCurve: Vocabulary
LearningCurve: Word choice
Glossary of Terms
Glossary of Usage
Acknowledgments
Directories of special content
Revision symbols
Preface
Research for The St. Martin’s Handbook
New to this edition
Features of The St. Martin’s Handbook
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
Exercise 1.1 Reflecting on your informal writing
Exercise 2.1 Analyzing a sample assignment
Exercise 2.2 Reflecting on the decision to write
Exercise 2.3 Writing for different audiences
Exercise 2.4 Considering academic genres
Exercise 2.5 Considering genre, medium, tone, and style
Exercise 3.1 Using strategies to explore a topic
Exercise 3.2 Evaluating a working thesis
Exercise 3.3 Drafting a preliminary working thesis
Exercise 3.4 Reflecting on organization
Exercise 3.5 Creating a plan
Exercise 4.1 Reflecting on your revision plan
Exercise 4.2 Preparing for peer review
Exercise 4.3 Analyzing your draft
Exercise 4.4 Evaluating thesis and support
Exercise 4.5 Evaluating conclusions
Exercise 4.6 Evaluating paragraphs
Exercise 4.7 Revising your own paragraph
Exercise 4.8 Creating an editing checklist
Exercise 4.9 Planning a revised draft
Exercise 5.1 Reflecting on topic sentences
Exercise 5.2 Exploring a topic
Exercise 5.3 Reflecting on essay development
Exercise 5.4 Reflecting on organizing a comparison and contrast paragraph
Exercise 5.5 Brainstorming paragraph development
Exercise 5.6 Evaluating paragraph development
Exercise 5.7 Reflecting on paragraph breaks
Exercise 5.8 Reflecting on linking paragraphs
Exercise 7.1 Previewing a text
Exercise 7.2 Annotating a text
Exercise 7.3 Analyzing a text
Exercise 8.1 Analyzing an essay about free speech by Derek Bok
Exercise 8.2 Analyzing and responding to argument
Exercise 9.1 Determining whether a statement is arguable
Exercise 9.2 Drafting a working thesis and identifying claims, reasons, and assumptions
Exercise 9.3 Moving from topic to working thesis
Exercise 9.4 Collaborating to identify claims in advertisement
Exercise 9.5 Analyzing ethical appeals in a visual argument
Exercise 9.6 Reflecting on establishing credibility
Exercise 9.7 Identifying implied premises in deductive arguments
Exercise 9.8 Reflecting on logical appeals
Exercise 9.9 Considering emotional appeals
Exercise 9.10 Brainstorming emotional appeals
Exercise 9.11 Drafting an argument
Exercise 10.1 Analyzing two possible topics
Exercise 10.2 Examining what you know about a topic
Exercise 12.1 Evaluating potential sources
Exercise 12.2 Annotating a digital source
Exercise 13.1 Reflecting on integrating sources
Exercise 14.1 Identifying plagiarism
Exercise 15.1 Testing your thesis
Exercise 16.1 Reviewing your use of design elements
Exercise 17.1 Analyzing a presentation
Exercise 18.1 Analyzing a Web site
Exercise 19.1 Analyzing a communication assignment
Exercise 19.2 Analyzing evidence in journals
Exercise 21.1 Analyzing a literature review
Exercise 22.1 Reading journal articles
Exercise 24.1 Planning an essay exam response
Exercise 25.1 Analyzing work you have collected
Exercise 28.1 Revising sexist language
Exercise 29.1 Considering effects of standard English
Exercise 30.1 Analyzing informal and formal word choice
Exercise 30.2 Revising inconsistent formality
Exercise 30.3 Choosing words with appropriate denotation
Exercise 30.4 Choosing synonyms
Exercise 30.5 Revising to make language concrete
Exercise 31.1 Checking spelling and pronunciation
Exercise 31.2 Checking etymology
Exercise 31.3 Using contextual clues
Exercise 31.4 Finding errors missed by a spell checker
Exercise 31.5 Using homonyms
Exercise 36.1 Identifying verbs
Exercise 36.2 Identifying nouns and articles
Exercise 36.3 Identifying pronouns and antecedents
Exercise 36.4 Identifying adjectives and adverbs
Exercise 36.5 Identifying prepositions
Exercise 36.6 Identifying conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs
Exercise 37.1 Identifying complete and simple subjects
Exercise 37.2 Identifying predicates and their components
Exercise 37.3 Identifying phrases
Exercise 37.4 Identifying clauses
Exercise 37.5 Adding dependent clauses to improve sentences
Exercise 37.6 Classifying sentences
Exercise 38.1 Rewriting sentences with noun or noun-phrase errors
Exercise 38.2 Adding articles to a passage
Exercise 39.1 Writing the past tense or past participle of verbs
Exercise 39.2 Identifying appropriate verb forms
Exercise 39.3 Choosing correct verb forms
Exercise 39.4 Creating appropriate sequences of verb tenses
Exercise 39.5 Converting sentences to the active or passive voice
Exercise 39.6 Revising for appropriate subjunctive verb forms
Exercise 40.1 Identifying appropriate verb forms
Exercise 40.2 Revising for subject-verb agreement
Exercise 41.1 Choosing who, whoever, whom, or whomever
Exercise 41.2 Identifying appropriate pronouns
Exercise 41.3 Revising pronouns
Exercise 41.4 Revising to clarify pronoun reference
Exercise 41.5 Revising a paragraph to clarify pronoun reference
Exercise 42.1 Revising adjectives and adverbs
Exercise 42.2 Revising for modifier use
Exercise 43.1 Revising to include prepositions
Exercise 43.2 Using two-word verbs correctly
Exercise 44.1 Revising to eliminate unnecessary shifts
Exercise 45.1 Using parallel words and phrases
Exercise 45.2 Revising for errors in parallelsim
Exercise 46.1 Revising to correct comma splices and fused sentences
Exercise 46.2 Evaluating methods for correcting comma splices
Exercise 47.1 Revising to eliminate sentence fragments
Exercise 47.2 Finding, explaining, and revising sentence fragments
Exercise 48.1 Moving misplaced modifiers for clarity
Exercise 48.2 Revising limiting and squinting modifiers
Exercise 48.3 Revising disruptive modifiers
Exercise 48.4 Revising dangling phrases
Exercise 49.1 Revising sentence structure for consistency
Exercise 49.2 Revising for completeness and consistency
Exercise 50.1 Rewriting sentences using the active voice
Exercise 50.2 Revising for conciseness
Exercise 51.1 Using coordination
Exercise 51.2 Combining sentences using subordination
Exercise 52.1 Revising for sentence length
Exercise 52.2 Revising using periodic and cumulative sentences
Exercise 53.1 Revising to highlight main ideas
Exercise 53.2 Writing sentences using antithesis
Exercise 53.3 Experimenting with word order
Exercise 54.1 Adding necessary commas
Exercise 54.2 Using commas and coordinating conjunctions
Exercise 54.3 Using commas to set off nonrestrictive elements
Exercise 54.4 Using commas to set off items in a series
Exercise 54.5 Using commas with contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions
Exercise 54.6 Using commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers
Exercise 54.7 Using commas with quotations
Exercise 55.1 Combining sentences using semicolons
Exercise 55.2 Revising for misused or overused semicolons
Exercise 56.1 Revising for appropriate use of end punctuation
Exercise 57.1 Forming the possessive case using apostrophes
Exercise 57.2 Using apostrophes where appropriate
Exercise 58.1 Using quotation marks to signal titles, definitions, irony, or invented terms
Exercise 59.1 Revising using parentheses and brackets
Exercise 59.2 Revising using dashes
Exercise 59.3 Using colons as needed
Exercise 59.4 Writing using models of effective punctuation
Exercise 60.1 Capitalizing as needed
Exercise 60.2 Evaluating and correcting capitalization
Exercise 61.1 Eliminating inappropriate abbreviations
Exercise 61.2 Revising numbers for correctness and consistency
Exercise 62.1 Identifying words needing italicization
Exercise 63.1 Inserting and deleting hyphens
Thinking critically about your expectations for college writing
Thinking critically about rhetorical situations
Thinking critically about your writing process
Thinking critically about your reviewing and revising process
Thinking critically about paragraphs
Thinking critically about your collaborative work
Thinking critically about reading
Thinking critically about analyzing arguments
Thinking critically about constructing arguments
Thinking critically about your own research
Thinking critically about conducting research
Thinking critically about your evaluation of sources
Thinking critically about your integration of sources
Thinking critically about your own acknowledgment of sources
Thinking critically about research projects
Thinking critically about design for writing
Thinking critically about oral and multimedia presentations
Thinking critically about multimodal texts
Thinking critically about reading and writing in a discipline
Thinking critically about writing in the humanities
Thinking critically about writing in the social sciences
Thinking critically about writing for the sciences
Thinking critically about business writing
Thinking critically about essay examinations
Thinking critically about portfolios
Thinking critically about writing that makes something happen in the world
Thinking critically about assumptions in your writing
Thinking critically about assumptions in your writing
Thinking critically about language variety
Thinking critically about word choice
Thinking critically about dictionaries, vocabulary, and spelling
Thinking critically about parts of speech
Thinking critically about sentences
Thinking critically about verbs
Thinking critically about subject-verb agreement
Thinking critically about pronouns
Thinking critically about adjectives and adverbs
Thinking critically about shifts
Thinking critically about parallelism
Thinking critically about comma splices and fused sentences
Thinking critically about fragments
Thinking critically about modifiers
Thinking critically about consistency and completeness
Thinking critically about conciseness
Thinking critically about coordination and subordination
Thinking critically about sentence variety
Thinking critically about prose style
Thinking critically about commas
Thinking critically about semicolons
Thinking critically about end punctuation
Thinking critically about apostrophes
Thinking critically about quotation marks
Thinking critically about punctuation
Thinking critically about capitalization
Thinking critically about abbreviations and numbers
Thinking critically about italics
Thinking critically about hyphenation