In constructing an argument, you take a stand on a debatable issue. Your purpose is to explain your understanding of the truth about a subject or to propose the best solution to a problem, reasonably and logically, without being combative. Your aim is to persuade your readers to reconsider their positions by offering new reasons to question existing viewpoints.
It is best to start by informing yourself about the debate or conversation around a subject—sometimes called its context. If you are planning to write about the subject of offshore drilling, you might want to read sources that shed light on the social context (the concerns of consumers, the ideas of lawmakers, the proposals of environmentalists) and sources that may inform you about the intellectual context (scientific or theoretical responses by geologists, oceanographers, or economists) in which the debate is played out. Because your readers may be aware of the social and intellectual contexts in which your issue is grounded, you will be at a disadvantage if you are not informed. Conduct some research before preparing your argument. Consulting even a few sources can help to deepen your understanding of the conversation around the issue.
Academic English Some cultures value writers who argue with force; other cultures value writers who argue subtly or indirectly. Academic audiences in the United States will expect your writing to be assertive and confident—neither aggressive nor passive. You can create an assertive tone by acknowledging different positions and supporting your ideas with specific evidence.
| too aggressive | Of course only registered organ donors should be eligible for organ transplants. It’s selfish and shortsighted to think otherwise. |
| too passive | I might be wrong, but I think that maybe people should have to register as organ donors if they want to be considered for a transplant. |
| assertive | If only registered organ donors are eligible for transplants, more people will register as donors. |
If you are uncertain about the tone of your work, ask for help at your school’s writing center.