Speakers who do not fully pronounce -ed endings sometimes omit them unintentionally in writing. Failure to pronounce -ed endings is common in many dialects and in informal speech even in Standard English. In the following frequently used words and phrases, for example, the -ed ending is not always fully pronounced.

When a verb is regular, both the past tense and the past participle are formed by adding -ed (or -d) to the base form of the verb.

Past tense

Use the ending -ed or -d to express the past tense of regular verbs. The past tense is used when the action occurred entirely in the past.

Past participles

Past participles are used in three ways: (1) following have, has, or had to form one of the perfect tenses; (2) following be, am, is, are, was, were, being, or been to form the passive voice; and (3) as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns. The perfect tenses are listed on G2-f, and the passive voice is discussed in W3-a. For a discussion of participles as adjectives, see B3-b.

Has asked is present perfect tense (have or has followed by a past participle).

Is publicized is a verb in the passive voice (a form of be followed by a past participle).

The past participle tightened functions as an adjective modifying the noun muscles.