S2-a: In compound structures

S2-aAdd words needed to complete compound structures.

In compound structures, words are often left out for economy: Tom is a man who means what he says and [who] says what he means. Such omissions are acceptable as long as the omitted words are common to both parts of the compound structure.

If a sentence defies grammar or idiom because an omitted word is not common to both parts of the compound structure, the simplest solution is to put the word back in.

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The word who must be included because whom…have purchased is not grammatically correct.

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Has…accept is not grammatically correct.

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Believe…by is not idiomatic in English. (For a list of common idioms, see W5-d.)