Chapter 335. Exercise APA 3-3

ORIGINAL SOURCE

According to their scores on achievement tests, which correlate closely with IQ, GED* recipients were every bit as smart as high-school graduates. But when Heckman** looked at their path through higher education, he discovered that GED recipients weren’t anything like high-school graduates. At age twenty-two, Heckman found, just 3 percent of GED recipients were enrolled in a four-year university or had completed some kind of post-secondary degree, compared to 46 percent of high-school graduates. In fact, Heckman discovered that when you consider all kinds of important future outcomes—annual income, unemployment rate, divorce rate, use of illegal drugs—GED recipients look exactly like high-school dropouts, despite the fact that they have earned this supposedly valuable extra credential, and despite the fact that they are, on average, considerably more intelligent than high-school dropouts.

Tough, P. (2012). How children succeed: Grit, curiosity, and the hidden power of character. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

[The source paragraph is from page xviii.]

*GED (General Educational Development), a test of academic competence at a high school level. **James Heckman, an economist and a Nobel Prize recipient, whose research focuses in part on educational development.

Excerpt from How children succeed: Grit, curiosity, and the hidden power of character. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Reprinted by permission.

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