Present participles and past participles used as adjectives

Both present participles and past participles may be used as adjectives. The present participle always ends in -ing. Past participles usually end in -ed, -d, -en, -n, or -t.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES

confusing, speaking, boring

PAST PARTICIPLES

confused, spoken, bored

Like all other adjectives, participles can come before nouns; they also can follow linking verbs, in which case they describe the subject of the sentence.

Example sentence: Last night we saw a depressing movie. Explanation: The present participle “depressing” is used because the movie caused depression.

Example sentence: The rock star was excited after his national tour drew huge crowds. Explanation: The past participle “excited” is used because the rock star experienced excitement.

Choosing present vs. past participle

Use a present participle to describe a person or thing causing or stimulating an experience.

Example sentence with editing. Original sentence: The bored lecture put us to sleep. Revised sentence: The boring lecture put us to sleep. Explanation: The past participle “bored” was replaced with the present participle “boring.”

The lecture caused boredom.

Use a past participle to describe a person or thing undergoing an experience.

Example sentence with editing. Original sentence: The audience was boring by the lecture. Revised sentence: The audience was bored by the lecture. Explanation: The present participle “boring” has been replaced with the past participle “bored.”

The audience experienced boredom.

Participles that describe emotions or mental states often cause the most confusion.

annoying/annoyed

exhausting/exhausted

boring/bored

fascinating/fascinated

confusing/confused

frightening/frightened

depressing/depressed

satisfying/satisfied

exciting/excited

surprising/surprised

Example sentence with editing. Original sentence: Our hike was exhausted. Revised sentence: Our hike was exhausting. Explanation: The past participle “exhausted” has been replaced by the present participle “exhausting.”

Exhausting describes the hike, which caused exhaustion.

Example sentence with editing. Original sentence: The exhausting hikers reached camp at sunset. Revised sentence: The exhausted hikers reached camp at sunset. Explanation: The present participle “exhausting” has been replaced by the past participle “exhausted.”

Exhausted describes the hikers, who experienced exhaustion.

Exercise: Present vs. past participles 1

Exercise: Present vs. past participles 2

Related topic:

Linking verbs and subject complements

present participle A verb form ending in -ing and functioning as part of main verbs or as an adjective.

past participle A verb form usually ending in -d, -ed, -n, -en, or -t and functioning as part of a main verb or as an adjective: walked, broken, seen.

linking verb A verb that links a subject to a subject complement, a word or word group that renames or describes the subject. Linking verbs are be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been; also appear, become, feel, grow, look, make, seem, smell, sound, taste.

present participle A verb form ending in -ing and functioning as part of main verbs or as an adjective.

past participle A verb form usually ending in -d, -ed, -n, -en, or -t and functioning as part of a main verb or as an adjective: walked, broken, seen.