It can be difficult for an audience to follow a presentation, particularly if the subject matter is complicated. You can help the audience by starting with an overview, establishing your key points, and then reminding the audience along the way by repeating those key points and signaling the structure of your presentation.

As you speak, from time to time remind the audience members of your purpose and your position (or thesis). Make sure they know where you are in your talk by providing signposts such as transitions and repetition of key phrases. Signposts guide listeners—a sentence like “The shift to online news has three important benefits for consumers” alerts your audience to a three-part structure. And then transitions like “The first benefit is. . .. The second benefit provides. . ..” remind your listeners where you’ve come from and where you’re going. By repeating phrases, you also emphasize the importance of key points and help listeners remember them.

Conclude your presentation by giving listeners a sense of completion. Restate the key points, and borrow an image or phrasing from your opening to make the speech come full circle. Suggest what will happen if the audience acts upon your recommendations or see things your way.