Getting Started

Getting Started

Composing and Revising

Composing and Revising

Planning

Understanding an assignment

Assessing the writing situation

Subject

Purpose

Audience

Academic audiences

Business audiences

Public audiences

Genre

Length and document design

Reviewers and deadlines

Exploring the subject

Talking and listening

Reading and annotating texts

Observing

Brainstorming

Clustering

Freewriting

Gaining expert perspective

Keeping a journal

Blogging

Asking questions

Asking questions in the disciplines

Drafting and revising a working thesis statement

Drafting a working thesis

Revising a working thesis

Using the “So what?” test

Using a problem/strategy approach

Revising a thesis that is too factual

Revising a thesis that is merely a question

Revising a thesis that is too broad

Revising a thesis that is too narrow

Revising a thesis that is too vague

Drafting a plan

Informal outlines

Formal outlines

Planning with headings

Exercises: Planning

Exercise: Purpose and audience (autoscored)

Exercise: Thesis statements 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Thesis statements 2 (autoscored)

Resources: Planning

Charts and guidelines

Understanding an assignment

Academic English: Writing across cultures

Checklist for assessing the writing situation

Narrowing a subject to a topic

Considering audience when writing e-mail messages

Tips for assessing genre in a writing assignment

Characteristics of an effective thesis statement

Testing a working thesis statement

Effective thesis statements

Guidelines for constructing a formal outline

Models and visuals

Listing ideas: Community service requirements

Listing ideas: Funding for college athletics

Listing ideas: Violence on television

Listing ideas: Performance-enhancing drugs in sports

Freewriting: Cloning

Focused freewriting: College students and credit card debt

Clustering: Obesity in children

Informal outline: Hunger Games

Informal outline: Television advertising to children

Formal outline: Government regulation of food choices

Formal outline: Internet surveillance at work

Drafting

Drafting an introduction

Strategies for writing an introduction

Placing the thesis in the introduction

Developing the thesis statement

Drafting the body

Asking questions as you draft

Adding visuals as you draft

Considering design as you draft

Drafting a conclusion

Exercise: Drafting the paper

Exercise: Introductions (autoscored)

Resources: Drafting the paper

Charts and guidelines

Providing a hook in your introduction

Academic English: Using a direct approach

Models and visuals

Thesis at beginning of introduction

Thesis at end of introduction

Introduction: Analysis of an advertisement

Introduction: Research paper

Introduction: Argument paper

Conclusion: Analysis of an advertisement

Conclusion: Research paper

Conclusion: Argument paper

Other effective conclusions

Reviewing, revising, and editing

Effective peer reviews

The writer’s role in peer review

The reviewer’s role in peer review

Revising with comments

The comment: Unclear thesis

The comment: Narrow your introduction

The comment: Develop more

The comment: Be specific

The comment: Consider opposing viewpoints

The comment: Summarize less, analyze more

The comment: More than one point in this paragraph

The comment: Cite your sources

Global revision: Revising in cycles

Revising and editing sentences

Creating a personal editing log

Proofreading

One student’s process of revision: Literacy narrative

Exploring the subject (literacy narrative)

Peer review of literacy narrative

Developing revision goals and revising the draft (literacy narrative)

Reflecting on your writing

Exercises: Reviewing, revising, and editing

Exercise: Conducting a peer review (autoscored)

Exercise: Choosing an appropriate point of view (autoscored)

Resources: Reviewing, revising, and editing

Charts and guidelines

Tips for peer reviewers

Tips for using reviewers’ comments

Countering opposing arguments

Checklist for global revision (for writers)

Proofreading strategies

Revision symbols

Models and visuals

Example of global revisions

Example of sentence-level revisions

Sample editing log page

Sample student writing

Literacy narrative: Nguyen, “A Place to Begin”

Literacy narrative: rough draft with peer review comments

Preparing a portfolio

Preparing a course portfolio

Portfolio requirements

Reflection and portfolios

Preparing a professional portfolio

Presenting writing samples

Deciding on format (print vs. online)

Resources: Preparing a portfolio

Sample student writing

Reflective cover letter for a course portfolio

Sample traditional résumé

Sample Web résumé

Building effective paragraphs

Unifying paragraphs with topic sentences

Positioning the topic sentence

Paragraphs without topic sentences

Sticking to the point

Developing the main point

Using paragraph patterns

Examples and illustrations

Narration

Description

Process

Comparison and contrast

Analogy

Cause and effect

Classification and division

Definition

Making paragraphs coherent

Linking ideas to the topic sentence

Repeating key words with synonyms

Repeating key words exactly

Using parallel structures

Maintaining consistency

Using transitions between sentences

Using transitions between paragraphs

Managing paragraph length

Exercises: Building effective paragraphs

Exercise: Topic sentences (autoscored)

Exercise: Transitions (autoscored)

Resources: Building effective paragraphs

Charts and guidelines

Common transitions

Academic English: Using transitions

Paragraph-level transitions

Determining paragraph length

Analyzing parallel structure in a paragraph

Writing with technology

Using software tools

Grammar checkers

Spell checkers

Autoformatting

Managing your files

Naming your files

Saving your files

Sharing files

Annotated paragraph

Academic Reading, Writing, and Speaking

Academic Reading, Writing, and Speaking

Reading and writing critically

Reading a written text actively

Previewing a written text

Annotating a written text

Conversing with a written text

Asking the “So what?” question

Outlining a written text

Summarizing a written text

Analyzing a written text

Balancing summary with analysis for a written text

Drafting an analytical thesis statement for a written text

Resources: Reading and writing critically

Charts and guidelines

Guidelines for actively reading a written text

Guidelines for writing a summary of a written text

Summary of a written text (big-box stores)

Guidelines for analyzing a written text

Models and visuals

Annotated article

Excerpt from a double-entry notebook for a written text

Outline of a written text

Sample student writing

Analysis of an article: Sanchez, “Rethinking Big-Box Stores”

Reading and writing about multimodal texts

Reading multimodal texts actively

Previewing a multimodal text

Annotating a multimodal text

Conversing with a multimodal text

Outlining a multimodal text

Summarizing a multimodal text

Analyzing a multimodal text

Balancing summary with analysis for a multimodal text

Drafting an analytical thesis statement for a multimodal text

Resources: Reading and writing about multimodal texts

Charts and guidelines

Guidelines for actively reading a multimodal text

Guidelines for writing a summary of a multimodal text

Guidelines for analyzing a multimodal text

Models and visuals

Example of a multimodal text (World Wildife Fund advertisement)

Annotated multimodal text (Equal Exchange advertisement)

Annotated multimodal text (McDonald's advertisement)

Annotated Web page

Excerpt from a double-entry notebook for a multimodal text

Outlines of multimodal texts

Outline of a multimodal text (McDonald's advertisement)

Summaries of multimodal texts

Summary of a multimodal text (McDonald's advertisement)

Sample student writing

Analysis of an advertisement: Yoshida, “Sometimes a Cup of Coffee Is Just a Cup of Coffee”

Analysis of an advertisement: Lee, “The Golden Arches Go Green: McDonald's and Real Lettuce”

Reading arguments

Reasonable vs. fallacious arguments

Making generalizations (inductive reasoning)

Drawing analogies

Tracing causes and effects

Weighing options

Making assumptions

Deducing conclusions (deductive reasoning)

Legitimate vs. unfair emotional appeals

Evaluating appeals (ethos, logos, pathos) as a reader

Judging how a writer handles opposing views

Exercise: Reading arguments

Exercise: Evaluating arguments (autoscored)

Resources: Reading arguments

Charts and guidelines

Testing inductive reasoning

Academic English: Stereotyping in writing

Checklist for reading and evaluating arguments

Models and visuals

Ethical appeal in an advertisement

Writing arguments

Placing an issue in context

Addressing skeptical audiences

Using appeals (ethos, logos, pathos) as a writer

Stating your position in your introduction

Backing up the thesis

Supporting claims with evidence

Facts as support for claims

Statistics as support for claims

Examples and illustrations as support for claims

Visuals as support for claims

Expert opinion as support for claims

Anticipating objections and countering opposing arguments

Building common ground

Resources: Writing arguments

Charts and guidelines

Checklist for constructing an argument

Academic English: Giving voice to an argument

Evidence typically used in various disciplines

Academic English: Statistical argument

Example of expert opinion

Anticipating and countering opposing arguments

Breaking a thesis into main claims and subclaims

Models and visuals

Annotated introduction to an argument

Lines of argument: citizen journalism and the shift to online news

Lines of argument: biotechnology in sports

Lines of argument: health care coverage for children

Lines of argument: bridge design

Sample student writing

Argument paper: Jacobs, “From Lecture to Conversation: Redefining What's 'Fit to Print'”

Argument paper: Hammond “Performance Enhancement through Biotechnology Has No Place in Sports”

Argument paper: Lund, “Preserving Yellowstone's Winter Wilderness”

Argument paper: Sanghvi, “Preserving Winter Access: Snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park”

Writing specific genres

Writing guide: Analysis essay

Key features of analysis essays

Exploring ideas for your analysis essay

Drafting your analysis essay

Revising your analysis essay

Presenting your analysis essay

Sample student writing: Analysis essays

Additional resources for writing, reviewing, and revising an analysis essay

Writing guide: Annotated bibliography

Key features of annotated bibliographies

Exploring ideas for your annotated bibliography

Drafting your annotated bibliography

Revising your annotated bibliography

Presenting your annotated bibliography

Sample student writing: Annotated bibliographies

Writing guide: Argument essay

Key features of argument essays

Exploring ideas for your argument essay

Drafting your argument essay

Revising your argument essay

Presenting your argument essay

Sample student writing: Argument essays

Additional resources for revising an argument essay

Writing guide: Literacy narrative

Key features of literacy narratives

Exploring ideas for your literacy narrative

Drafting your literacy narrative

Revising your literacy narrative

Presenting your literacy narrative

Sample student writing: Literacy narrative

Writing guide: Reflective letter for a portfolio

Key features of reflective letters

Exploring ideas for your reflective letter

Drafting your reflective letter

Revising your reflective letter

Presenting your reflective letter

Sample student writing: Reflective letter

Resources: Writing specific genres

Visual and chart

Effective thesis for a literacy narrative

Breaking a thesis into main claim and subclaims (argument)

Breaking a thesis into main claim and subclaims (analysis)

Directory to model papers, by genre (type)

Speaking confidently

Speaking with a sense of purpose, audience, and context

Preparing a presentation

Developing a clear structure

Using visuals purposefully

Preparing to present with slides, from memory, or from a text

Rehearsing the presentation

Delivering the presentation

Starting strong and ending strong

Cultivating a lively style

Using signposts

Using body language

Tips for oral presentations

Being an audience member

Remixing a paper for a presentation

Resources: Speaking confidently

Chart

Using ethos, logos, and pathos as a speaker

Writing about Literature

Writing about Literature

Planning an interpretation of literature

Annotating a literary work

Taking notes on a literary work

Discussing a literary work

Forming an interpretation

Asking questions that lead to an interpretation

Drafting an interpretive thesis

Focusing an interpretive thesis

Outlining an interpretive essay

Exercise: Writing about literature

Exercise: Thesis statements in literature papers (autoscored)

Resources: Planning an interpretation of literature

Chart, models, and visuals

Questions to ask about literature

Models and visuals

Annotated poem

Note taking on a literary work

Blog discussion exploring a subject

Writing a literature paper

Drafting an introduction that announces your interpretation

Supporting your interpretation with evidence from the work

Avoiding simple plot summary

Observing the conventions of literature papers

Referring to literary authors, titles, and characters

Using the present tense to describe fictional events

Avoiding shifts in tense when integrating quotations

Avoiding confusion of the author with a narrator, speaker, or character

Integrating quotations from a literary work

Creating a context for quotations

Enclosing embedded quotations in single quotation marks

Indicating changes in a quotation

Using MLA style for citing literary works

Citing passages from short stories or novels

Citing lines from poems

Citing lines from plays

Documenting secondary sources

Using MLA style to document secondary sources

Avoiding plagiarism in literature papers

Using quotation marks for borrowed language

Paraphrasing in your own words

Sample literature papers

Sample literature papers

Literary analysis (MLA): Peel, “Opposing Voices in 'Ballad of the Landlord'”

Literary analysis (MLA): Larson, “The Transformation of Mrs. Peters: An Analysis of 'A Jury of Her Peers'”

Understanding and Composing Multimodal Projects

Understanding and Composing Multimodal Projects

Introduction to multimodal texts

What does it mean to “read” a text?

What is multimodal composing?

Composing hasn’t changed

Composing has changed

Composing in college

Composing beyond college

A toolkit for analyzing and composing multimodal texts

Resources: Introduction to multimodal texts

Models and visuals

Drawing and poem on a Grecian urn

Ancient petroglyphs on cave walls

Medieval illuminated manuscript

A multimodal text from a math course

A multimodal text from a geology course

A multimodal text from an art history course

A multimodal public service ad

Analyzing written words

Genre: In what kind of document do the written words appear?

Features: What do the words look like?

Purpose and audience: Why and for whom are the words created?

Meaning: What effect do the words have on the reader?

Activities: Analyzing written words

Activity 1: Your understanding of written texts

Resources: Analyzing written words

Chart, models, and visuals

Analyzing written words

Models and visuals

Everyday multimodal texts (thumbnails)

Purpose and audience in a public letter

Analysis of a public letter

Analyzing sound

Genre: What kind of sound is it?

Features: Pitch, pace, and volume

Purpose and audience: Why and for whom is the sound created?

Meaning: What effect does sound have on the listener?

Activities: Analyzing sound

Activity 2: Your understanding of sound in multimodal texts

Resources: Analyzing sound

Chart and models

Analyzing sound

Model (external site)

Podcast for student analysis: King Anyi Howell, “Hustlers, Street Vendors, and Farmers”

Sample student writing

Notes on an audio podcast

Analysis of sound in an audio podcast

Analyzing static images

Genre: What kind of image is it?

Features: Context, perspective, and elements

Purpose and audience: Why and for whom are the images created?

Meaning: What effect does the image have on the viewer?

Activities: Analyzing static images

Activity 3: Your understanding of static images

Resources: Analyzing static images

Charts and guidelines

Analyzing static images

What kind of image is it?

Models and visuals

Instructions: Sketch with generic features

Analysis of a set of instructions

Photograph showing an unusual perspective

Migrant Mother by Dorothea Lange (1936)

Toppling of Saddam Hussein statue: Two views

Analysis of two photos: Toppling of Saddam Hussein

Analyzing moving images

Genre: What kind of moving image is it?

Features: Perspective, composition, and editing

Purpose and audience: Why and for whom are the moving images created?

Meaning: What effect do the moving images have on the viewer?

Activities: Analyzing moving images

Activity 4: Your understanding of moving images (PSAs)

Activity 5: Your understanding of moving images (interactive ads)

Resources: Analyzing moving images

Charts and guidelines

Analyzing moving images

Common genres (types) of moving images

Models and visuals

Sequence of still images representing movement

Analysis of a moving image

Point of view perspective in the movie Cloverfield

Analyzing multimodal texts

Genre: What kind of multimodal text is it?

Features: Which modes are represented? How do they function?

Purpose and audience: Why and for whom is the multimodal text created?

Meaning: What effect does the composition have on the viewer?

Activities: Analyzing multimodal texts

Activity 6: Your understanding of public service announcements

Resources: Analyzing multimodal texts

Charts and guidelines

Analyzing multimodal texts

Common genres of multimodal compositions

Models and visuals

Public service message (World Wildlife Fund)

Analysis of item collecting in video games

Starting your own multimodal project

Getting direction from the assignment

Considering the “So what?” question

Understanding expectations and managing your time

Activities: Starting your own multimodal project

Activity 7: Your understanding of two multimodal projects

Activity 8: Transforming a monomodal to a multimodal project

Resources: Starting your own multimodal project

Model

Sample student notes: deciding on a topic

Considering your purpose and audience for a multimodal project

Prewriting with your purpose in mind

Identifying your audience’s needs and perspectives

Connecting with your audience

Recognizing an unintended audience

Activities: Considering your purpose and audience for a multimodal project

Activity 9: Your understanding of purpose

Activity 10: Your understanding of audience

Activity 11: Analyzing audience in your own project

Resources: Considering your purpose and audience for a multimodal project

Chart and model

Creating user profiles

Model (external link)

Notes on a Web site project (external link)

Planning your multimodal project

Understanding your own composing process

Collaborating effectively with others

Deciding on a main idea

Planning support for your main idea

Choosing a genre; deciding on a delivery method

Activities: Planning your multimodal project

Activity 12: Your understanding of collaboration

Activity 13: Your understanding of narrowing a subject

Activity 14: Planning support for your main idea

Resources: Planning your multimodal project

Chart

Assessing your strengths as a collaborator

Models and visuals

Linear representation of a composing process

Realistic representation of a composing process

Sample student notes: deciding on a delivery method

Managing your multimodal project

Saving all your files in one place

Keeping track of all your files

Using clear, descriptive file names

Keeping track of versions

Activities: Managing your multimodal project

Activity 15: Your understanding of online file management tools

Activity 16: Using file management for your own project

Resources: Managing your multimodal project

Models and visuals

Folder for storage of multimodal project

Folder with subfolders for music, video clips, and audio clips

Video clips subfolder

Sources and notes for a video assignment

Organizing your multimodal project

Deciding what type of project you want to create

Using outlines, wireframes, and storyboards

Drafting to support your main idea

Activities: Organizing your multimodal project

Activity 17: Understanding how to create an outline, a wireframe, or a storyboard

Activity 18: Using an outline, a wireframe, or a storyboard for your own project

Resources: Organizing your multimodal project

Models and visuals

The first two slides from a slide show presentation

Wireframe for a Web site

Storyboard for a multimodal project

Emphasizing important information in your multimodal project

Determining what needs emphasis

Choosing a strategy for creating emphasis

Activities: Emphasizing important information in your multimodal project

Activity 19: Your understanding of emphasis on Web sites

Activity 20: Using emphasis in your own project

Resources: Emphasizing important information in your multimodal project

Models and visuals

Sample résumé (Smith)

Sample brochure

Print documents, showing different ways to create emphasis

First page of a Web site

Revising and editing your multimodal project

Seeking and using feedback

Revising and remixing a multimodal composition

Editing a multimodal composition

Activities: Revising and editing your multimodal project

Activity 21: Understanding remixing in multimodal compositions

Activity 22: Getting feedback for your own project

Web site project: D'Amato, “Loose Leaf Teas”

Video essay project: Williamson, “To the Children of America”

Resources: Revising and editing your multimodal project

Chart and model

Editing multimodal compositions

Model

Draft of student project: an informative Web site

Sample student writing

Integrating and documenting sources in your multimodal project

Understanding why documenting sources is important

Knowing when a citation is needed

Determining how to integrate sources in a multimodal composition

Figuring out how to document sources in a multimodal composition

Activities: Integrating and documenting sources in your multimodal project

Activity 23: Understanding documentation in different genres

Activity 24: Keeping a working bibliography for your project

Resources: Integrating and documenting sources in your multimodal project

Chart and models

Documentation conventions for different genres

Models

Web page showing works cited and links

Source integrated in a student paper

Presenting or publishing your multimodal project

Options for presenting and publishing multimodal works

Pros and cons of presentation and publication spaces

Making your project accessible and usable

Activities: Presenting or publishing your multimodal project

Activity 25: Understanding accessibility and usability

Activity 26: Considering accessibility and usability in your own project

Resources: Presenting or publishing your multimodal project

Charts and guidelines

Presentation spaces for multimodal projects

Composing projects that are accessible and usable

Directory to activities for multimodal projects

Designing documents

Quick help: Designing documents

Page layout and formatting

Page layout

Page formatting

White space and margins

Pagination

Headers and footers

Borders and rules

Resources: Page layout and formatting

Models and visuals

Thumbnail: Layout of academic paper

Thumbnail: Layout of memo (1)

Thumbnail: Layout of memo (2)

Thumbnail: Layout of résumé

Sample fact sheet

Thumbnail: Layout of newsletter or fact sheet

Sample brochure page

Thumbnail: Layout of three-panel brochure

Thumbnail: Layout of brochure with graphic and headings

Effective use of white space in a magazine

Use of white space on presentation slides

Sample MLA and APA headers with page numbers

Sample memo header with page number

Sample newsletter footer with page number

Sample report footer

Sample Web site with repeated elements

Sample magazine page with boxed text

Sample table with rules

Models and visuals

Business letter in full block style

Sample academic paper

Sample memo (1)

Sample memo (2)

Sample résumé

Sample fact sheet

Sample brochure page

Effective use of white space in a magazine

Use of white space on presentation slides

Typical margins in an academic paper

Text formatting

Line spacing

Paragraph indenting and spacing

Text alignment

Tabbed text

Font selection

Fonts for college and workplace documents

Fonts for on-screen documents

Font styles

Headings

Phrasing headings

Formatting headings

Lists

Resources: Text formatting

Models and visuals

Sample double-spaced text

Sample single-spaced text

Paragraph indent in an academic paper

Hanging indents in academic papers (MLA and APA)

Block indents in academic papers (MLA and APA)

Sample table of contents using left and right alignment

Sample business memo with tabs

Sample table using tabbed columns of data

Sample table of contents using right-aligned leaders

Sample text using font styles and colors

Sample business card using different fonts

Sample report with three levels of headings

Sample table of contents with headings and subheadings

Sample report with run-in headings

Models and visuals

Paper organized with headings (APA)

Sample memo with headings

Using Visuals

Choosing appropriate visuals

Placing and labeling visuals

Types of visuals to suit your purpose

Using visuals responsibly

Resources: Visuals

Models and visuals

Example of figure with number and label

Example of table with number and label

Sample pie chart

Sample line graph

Sample line graph and table

Sample bar graph 1

Sample bar graph 2

Sample table 1

Sample table 2

Sample photograph

Sample diagram

Sample map

Sample flowchart 1

Sample flowchart 2

Document design gallery

MLA essay format

MLA works cited page

APA title page

APA abstract page

APA essay format

APA list of references

Business report with a visual

Business letter in full block style

Résumé

Professional memo

E-mail message

Directory of sample documents

Chart

Directory of sample documents

Research

Research

Managing a research project

Exploring the research topic

Writing a research proposal

Posing questions worth exploring

Focused research questions

Challenging research questions

Grounded research questions

Entry points to research

Exercise: Research questions

Exercise: Research questions (autoscored)

Resources: Managing a research project

Charts and guidelines

Thinking like a researcher

Testing a research question

Models

Sample calendar for a research assignment

Determining if a source is scholarly

Mapping out a search strategy

Sample search strategies

Library searches

Database searches

Web searches

Citations, bibliographies, and literature reviews

Field research

Resources: Mapping out a search strategy

Charts and guidelines

Tips for smart searching

Refining keyword searches in databases and search engines

Specialized online search tools

Model

Comparison of a scholarly vs. a popular source

Managing information responsibly

Maintaining a working bibliography

Keeping track of source materials

Avoiding plagiarism with careful note taking

Summarizing without plagiarizing

Paraphrasing without plagiarizing

Quoting without plagiarizing

Avoiding plagiarism from the Web

Resources: Managing information responsibly

Charts and guidelines

Information to collect for a working bibliography

Academic English: Recognizing intellectual property

Models

Integrating and citing sources to avoid plagiarism

Recognizing intellectual property

Evaluating sources

Functions of sources

Selecting sources

Selecting articles in databases

Selecting books

Selecting Web sources

Selecting versions of electronic sources

Reading sources critically

Primary vs. secondary sources

Detecting bias

Assessing multimodal sources

Creating an annotated bibliography

Resources: Evaluating sources

Charts and guidelines

Evaluating all sources

Evaluating sources found on the Web

One student's notes on using sources

Checking URLs for clues about sponsorship

Model

Sample annotated bibliography entry

Documentation style

MLA and APA in-text citations

Chicago footnotes or endnotes

Subject-specific style manuals

Highlights of one student’s research process

“How do I begin a research paper?”

“What sources do I need, and where should I look for them?”

“What search terms should I use?”

“How do I select sources from my search results?”

“How do I evaluate my sources?”

“How do I integrate sources into my paper?”

“How do I keep track of and document my sources?”

Resources: Highlights of one student's research process

Models

Database screen: Search results

Orlov's notes on an eWeek article

Paraphrasing a source

Summarizing a source

Quoting a source

MLA Papers

MLA papers: Overview

Forming and supporting a thesis (MLA)

Forming a working thesis

Organizing your evidence

Using sources for different purposes

Using sources to provide background information or context

Explaining terms or concepts

Supporting your claims

Lending authority to your argument

Anticipating and countering objections

Exercises: Forming and supporting a thesis (MLA)

Exercise: Thesis statements in MLA papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Thesis statements in MLA papers 2 (autoscored)

Avoiding plagiarism (MLA)

Citing common knowledge

Using quotation marks with borrowed language

Summarizing and paraphrasing in your own words

Exercises: Avoiding plagiarism (MLA)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in MLA papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in MLA papers 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in MLA papers 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in MLA papers 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: Recognizing common knowledge in MLA papers (autoscored)

Integrating sources (MLA)

Using quotations appropriately

Using the ellipsis mark to limit quoted material

Using brackets to make quotations clear

Indenting long quotations

Using signal phrases to integrate sources

Marking boundaries between your words and the source’s words

Establishing authority

Introducing summaries and paraphrases

Putting direct quotations in context

Integrating statistics and other facts

Synthesizing sources

Considering how sources relate to your argument

Placing sources in conversation

Exercises: Integrating sources (MLA)

Exercise: Integrating sources in MLA papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in MLA papers 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in MLA papers 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in MLA papers 4 (autoscored)

Resources: Integrating sources (MLA)

Charts and guidelines

Reviewing an MLA paper: Use of sources

Using signal phrases in MLA papers

Model

Sample synthesis (MLA)

Citing sources, MLA style: Overview

MLA in-text citations

Directory to MLA in-text citation models

General guidelines for in-text citations (MLA)

Author named in a signal phrase

Author named in parentheses

Author unknown

Work with page numbers

Work with no page numbers

One-page source

How to cite a source with an author or authors

Author named in a signal phrase

Author named in parentheses

Two authors

Three or more authors

Authors with the same last name

Two or more works by the same author

Two or more works in the same citation

Corporate author

Government agency as author

Entire work

Indirect source (source quoted in another source)

Selection in an anthology or a collection

Multivolume work

Novel with numbered divisions

Literary work without parts or line numbers

Verse play

Poem

Web source with author

Visual with author (artwork, photograph, table, graphic)

Historical document (with author)

Personal communication and social media

How to cite a source with no author

Author unknown

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry

Legal source

Sacred text

Visual with no author (artwork, photograph, table, graphic)

Exercises: MLA in-text citations

Exercise: MLA documentation: in-text citations 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: MLA documentation: in-text citations 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: MLA documentation: in-text citations 3 (autoscored)

MLA list of works cited

Directory to MLA works cited models

How to list authors

Single author

Two authors

Three or more authors

Organization or company as author

No author listed: Article or other short work

No author listed: Audio/video

No author listed: Book, entire Web site, or other long work

Two or more works by the same author

Two or more works by the same group of authors

Editor or translator (without author)

Author with editor or translator

Graphic narrative or other illustrated work

Author using a pseudonym (pen name) or screen name

Author quoted by another author (indirect source)

How to cite articles and other short works

Journal article (print)

Journal article (on the Web)

Journal article (from a database)

Article in a monthly magazine (print)

Article in a weekly magazine (print)

Article in a magazine (on the Web)

Article in a magazine (from a database)

Article in a newspaper (print)

Article in a newspaper (on the Web)

Article in a newspaper (e-reader)

Article in a newspaper (from a database)

Abstract of an article

Abstract of a paper

Abstract of a dissertation (from a database)

Executive summary

Article with a title in its title

Editorial

Unsigned article

Letter to the editor

Comment on an online article

Paper or presentation at a conference

Book review (print)

Book review (on the Web)

Book review (from a database)

Film review or other review (print)

Film review or other review (on the Web)

Performance review

Interview (print)

Interview (on the Web)

Interview (television or radio)

Interview (personal)

Article in a dictionary or an encyclopedia (including a wiki) (print)

Article in a dictionary or an encyclopedia (including a wiki) (on the Web)

Letter (print)

Letter (from an online archive)

Letter (personal)

How to cite books and other long works

Basic format for a book (print)

Basic format for a book (e-book)

Basic format for a book (on the Web)

Basic format for a book (from a database)

Part of a book (foreword, introduction, preface, afterword)

Chapter in a book

Book with a title in its title

Book in a language other than English

Entire anthology or collection

One selection from an anthology or a collection

Two or more selections from an anthology or a collection

Edition other than the first

Multivolume work

Sacred text

Book in a series

Republished book

Publisher’s imprint

Pamphlet, brochure, or newsletter

Dissertation

Dissertation (unpublished)

Proceedings of a conference

Report

Manuscript

How to cite Web sites and parts of Web sites

Web site (with author or editor)

Web site (with organization as author)

Web site (with no author)

Web site (with no title)

Short work from a Web site (with author)

Short work from a Web site (with no author)

Long work from a Web site

Entire blog

Blog post

Comment on a blog post

Academic course or department home page

How to cite audio, visual, and multimedia sources

Podcast

Podcast (downloaded)

Film (DVD, BD, or other format)

Supplementary material accompanying a film

Video or audio from the Web

Video game

Computer software or app

Television or radio episode or program (broadcast)

Television or radio episode or program (on the Web)

Television or radio episode or program (podcast)

Transcript of an audio or a video program

Performance

Lecture or public address

Musical score

Sound recording (CD)

Sound recording (downloaded)

Work of art (original)

Work of art (on the Web)

Work of art (digital file)

Work of art (reproduction—print)

Photograph (original)

Photograph (on the Web)

Photograph (digital file)

Photograph (reproduction—print)

Cartoon or comic strip

Advertisement

Visual (table, chart, graphic)

Map

Digital file

How to cite government and legal documents

Government document

Testimony before a legislative body

Historical document

Legislative act (law)

Court case

How to cite personal communication and social media

E-mail message

Text message

Posting to an online discussion list

Facebook post or comment

Tweet

Exercises: MLA list of works cited

Exercise: MLA documentation: identifying elements of sources (autoscored)

Exercise: MLA documentation: works cited 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: MLA documentation: works cited 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: MLA documentation: works cited 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: MLA documentation (autoscored)

Resources: MLA list of works cited

Guidelines

General guidelines for the MLA works cited list

Models and visuals

Citation at a glance: Book (MLA)

Citation at a glance: Article in a journal (MLA)

Citation at a glance: Short work from a Web site (MLA)

Citation at a glance: Article from a database (MLA)

How to answer the basic question “Who is the author?”

How to cite a source reposted from another source

How to cite course materials

MLA information notes (optional)

MLA research paper format; sample student writing

MLA guidelines, body of paper

MLA guidelines, works cited list

Directory to sample student writing in MLA style

Sample student writing: MLA style

MLA research papers

Research paper (MLA): Harba, “What’s for Dinner? Personal Choices vs. Public Health”

Orlov, “Online Monitoring: A Threat to Employee Privacy in the Wired Workplace”

Daly, “A Call to Action: Regulate Use of Cell Phones on the Road”

Levi, “Cell Phones in the Hands of Drivers: A Risk or a Benefit?”

MLA argument papers

Argument paper (MLA): Jacobs, “From Lecture to Conversation: Redefining What’s ‘Fit to Print’”

Hammond, “Performance Enhancement through Biotechnology Has No Place in Sports”

Lund, “Preserving Yellowstone’s Winter Wilderness”

Sanghvi, “Preserving Winter Access: Snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park”

MLA analysis papers

Analysis of an advertisement (MLA): Yoshida, “Sometimes a Cup of Coffee Is Just a Cup of Coffee”

Analysis of an article (MLA): Sanchez, “Rethinking Big-Box Stores”

Lee, “The Golden Arches Go Green: McDonald’s and Real Lettuce”

Lopez, “‘A Question of Ethics’ Left Unanswered”

MLA literacy narrative

Literacy narrative (MLA): Nguyen, “A Place to Begin”

MLA literary analysis papers

Literary analysis (MLA): Peel, “Opposing Voices in ‘Ballad of the Landlord’”

Literary analysis (MLA): Larson, “The Transformation of Mrs. Peters: An Analysis of ‘A Jury of Her Peers’”

MLA concert review

Houston, “Concert Review: Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra”

MLA paper-in-progress

Annotated Draft: Watson, “Hooked on Credit Cards”

Final Version: Watson, “Hooked on Credit Cards”

Annotated Draft: Nguyen, Rough Draft

Final Draft: Nguyen, “A Place to Begin”

Annotated Draft: Ryoo, “Summary of ‘You, the Language Learner’”

Final Draft: Ryoo, “Summary of ‘You, the Language Learner’”

Annotated Draft: Zhang, “The Importance of Food”

Final Draft: Zhang, “Slow Down and Eat Better”

MLA sample outline

Orlov, “Online Monitoring: A Threat to Employee Privacy in the Wired Workplace” (outline)

Levi, “Cell Phones in the Hands of Drivers: A Risk or a Benefit?” (outline)

MLA annotated bibliography

Annotated bibliography (MLA): Orlov, “Online Monitoring: A Threat to Employee Privacy in the Wired Workplace: An Annotated Bibliography”

Models of MLA formatting

Sample MLA title page

Sample alternative MLA title page

Sample indented (block) quotation

Sample headings in an MLA paper

Sample visual in an MLA paper

Sample MLA list of works cited

APA Papers

APA papers: Overview

Forming and supporting a thesis (APA)

Forming a working thesis

Organizing your evidence

Using sources for different purposes

Using sources to provide background

Using sources to explain terms

Using sources to support claims

Using sources to lend authority

Using sources to counter objections

Exercises: Forming and supporting a thesis (APA)

Exercise: Thesis statements in APA papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Thesis statements in APA papers 2 (autoscored)

Avoiding plagiarism (APA)

Citing common knowledge

Using quotation marks with borrowed language

Summarizing and paraphrasing in your own words

Exercises: Avoiding plagiarism (APA)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in APA papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in APA papers 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in APA papers 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in APA papers 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in APA papers 5 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in APA papers 6 (autoscored)

Exercise: Recognizing common knowledge in APA papers (autoscored)

Integrating sources (APA)

Using quotations appropriately

Using the ellipsis mark to limit quoted material

Using brackets to make quotations clear

Indenting long quotations

Using signal phrases to integrate sources

Marking boundaries between your words and the source’s words

Introducing summaries and paraphrases

Putting direct quotations in context

Integrating statistics and other facts

Synthesizing sources

Considering how sources relate to your argument

Placing sources in conversation

Exercises: Integrating sources (APA)

Exercise: Integrating sources in APA papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in APA papers 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in APA papers 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in APA papers 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in APA papers 5 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in APA papers 6 (autoscored)

Resources: Integrating sources (APA)

Charts and guidelines

Reviewing an APA paper: Use of sources

Using signal phrases in APA papers

Model

Sample synthesis (APA)

Citing sources, APA style: Overview

APA in-text citations

Directory to APA in-text citation models

General guidelines for in-text citations (APA)

Basic format for a quotation

Basic format for a summary or a paraphrase

Work with two authors

Work with three to five authors

Work with six or more authors

Work with unknown author

Organization as author

Authors with the same last name

How to cite multiple works

Two or more works by the same author in the same year

Two or more works in the same parentheses

Multiple citations to the same work in one paragraph

How to cite Web sources

Web source with author

Web source with no page numbers

Web source with unknown author

Web source with unknown date

An entire Web site

How to cite other sources

Multivolume work

Part of a source (chapter, figure)

Indirect source (source quoted in another source)

Sacred or classical text

Personal communication

Course materials

Exercises: APA in-text citations

Exercise: APA documentation: in-text citations 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: in-text citations 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: in-text citations 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: in-text citations 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: in-text citations 5 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: in-text citations 6 (autoscored)

APA list of references

Directory to APA reference list models

How to list authors

Single author

Two to seven authors

Eight or more authors

Organization as author

Unknown author

Author using a pseudonym (pen name) or screen name

Two or more works by the same author

Two or more works by the same author in the same year

Editor (with no author)

Author and editor

Author and translator

Editor and translator

How to cite articles and other short works

Article in a journal (print)

Article in a journal (on the Web)

Article in a journal (from a database)

Article in a magazine (print)

Article in a magazine (on the Web)

Article in a magazine (from a database)

Article in a newspaper (print)

Article in a newspaper (on the Web)

Abstract of a journal article

Abstract of a paper

Supplemental material

Article with a title in its title

Letter to the editor

Editorial or other unsigned article

Newsletter article

Review

Published interview

Article in a reference work (encyclopedia, dictionary) (print)

Article in a reference work (encyclopedia, dictionary, wiki) (on the Web)

Comment on an online article

Testimony before a legislative body

Paper or other presentation at a meeting or symposium (unpublished)

How to cite books and other long works

Basic format for a book (print)

Basic format for a book (on the Web or in an online library)

Basic format for a book (e-book)

Basic format for a book (from a database)

Edition other than the first

Entire anthology or collection

Selection in an anthology (a collection) or a chapter in an edited book

Multivolume work

Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword

Dictionary or other reference work

Republished book

Book with a title in its title

Book in a language other than English

Dissertation (published)

Dissertation (unpublished)

Conference proceedings

Government document

Report from a private organization

Legal source

Sacred or classical text

How to cite Web sites and parts of Web sites

An entire Web site

Document from a Web site

Section in a Web document

Blog post

Blog comment

How to cite audio, visual, and multimedia sources

Podcast

Video or audio on the Web

Transcript of a video or an audio file

Film

Television or radio program (series)

Television or radio episode (on the air)

Television or radio episode (on the Web)

Music recording

Lecture, speech, or address

Data set or graphic representation of data (graph, chart, table)

Mobile application software (app)

Video game

Map

Advertisement

Work of art or photograph

Brochure or fact sheet

Press release

Presentation slides

Lecture notes or other course materials

How to cite personal communication and social media

E-mail

Online posting

Twitter post (tweet)

Facebook post

Exercises: APA reference list

Exercise: APA documentation: identifying elements of sources (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: reference list 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: reference list 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: reference list 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation: reference list 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: APA documentation (autoscored)

Resources: APA reference list

Guidelines

General guidelines for the APA reference list

Models and visuals

Citation at a glance: Article in a journal or magazine (APA)

Citation at a glance: Article from a database (APA)

Citation at a glance: Book (APA)

Citation at a glance: Section in a Web document (APA)

APA paper format; sample student writing

APA guidelines, body of paper

APA guidelines, reference list

Directory to sample student writing in APA style

Resources: APA paper format; sample student writing

Models of APA formatting (PDF)

Sample APA title page

Sample page with running head (APA)

Sample indented (block) quotation (APA)

Sample footnote in an APA paper

Sample abstract in an APA paper

Sample headings in an APA paper

Sample APA table

Sample APA reference list

Sample student writing

Review of the literature (APA; psychology): Mirano, “Can Medication Cure Obesity in Children?”

Charat, “Always Out of Their Seats (and Fighting): Why Are Boys Diagnosed With ADHD More Often Than Girls?” (literature review)

Conderman, “The Influence of Sex and Learning on Taste Sensitivity” (Psychology)

Elwell, “The Secret of Walmart's Success: A Marxian Analysis” (Sociology)

Gibson, “A Reflection on Service Learning: Working with Eric” (reflective essay)

Johnson, “Reaction Times for Detection of Objects in Two Visual Search Tasks” (Psychology)

Ratajczak, “Proposal to Add a Wellness Program” (business proposal)

Riss, “Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Hypertension in One Client” (nursing practice paper)

Spencer, “Positively Affecting Employee Motivation” (business report)

Zopf, “African American Males' Perceptions of Urban and Hip-Hop Styles of Dress” (Sociology)

Annotated bibliography (APA; psychology): Haddad, “Patterns of Gender-Related Differences in Online Communication”

Annotated bibliography (APA; economics): Niemeyer, “Keynesian Policy: Implications”

Chicago Papers

Chicago papers: Overview

Forming and supporting a thesis (Chicago)

Forming a working thesis

Organizing your evidence

Using sources for different purposes

Using sources to provide background information or context

Using sources to explain terms

Using sources to support claims

Using sources to lend authority

Using sources to anticipate and counter alternative interpretations

Exercises: Forming and supporting a thesis (Chicago)

Exercise: Thesis statements in Chicago papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Thesis statements in Chicago papers 2 (autoscored)

Avoiding plagiarism (Chicago)

Citing common knowledge

Using quotation marks with borrowed language

Summarizing and paraphrasing in your own words

Exercises: Avoiding plagiarism (Chicago)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in Chicago papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in Chicago papers 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in Chicago papers 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in Chicago papers 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in Chicago papers 5 (autoscored)

Exercise: Avoiding plagiarism in Chicago papers 6 (autoscored)

Exercise: Recognizing common knowledge in Chicago papers (autoscored)

Integrating sources (Chicago)

Using quotations appropriately

Using the ellipsis mark to limit quoted material

Using brackets to make quotations clear

Indenting long quotations

Using signal phrases to integrate sources

Marking boundaries between your words and the source’s words

Introducing summaries and paraphrases

Putting direct quotations in context

Integrating statistics and other facts

Exercises: Integrating sources (Chicago)

Exercise: Integrating sources in Chicago papers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in Chicago papers 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in Chicago papers 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in Chicago papers 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in Chicago papers 5 (autoscored)

Exercise: Integrating sources in Chicago papers 6 (autoscored)

Resources: Integrating sources (Chicago)

Chart

Using signal phrases in Chicago papers

Citing sources, Chicago style: Overview

First and later (shortened) notes for a source

Chicago notes and bibliography

Directory to Chicago notes and bibliography entries

General guidelines for listing authors

One author

Two or three authors

Four or more authors

Organization as author

Unknown author

Multiple works by the same author

Editor (with no author)

Author and editor

Author and translator

How to cite books and other long works

Basic format for a book (print)

Basic format for a book (e-book)

Basic format for a book (Web or online library)

Edition other than the first

Volume in a multivolume work

Selection in an anthology

Book part (introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword)

Republished book

Book with a title in its title

Work in a series

Sacred text

Government document

Unpublished dissertation

Published proceedings of a conference

Source quoted in another source

How to cite articles and other short works

Article in a journal (print)

Article in a journal (on the Web)

Article in a journal (from a database)

Article in a magazine (print)

Article in a magazine (on the Web)

Article in a magazine (from a database)

Article in a newspaper (print)

Article in a newspaper (on the Web)

Article in a newspaper (from a database)

Unsigned article (newspaper)

Article with a title in its title

Review

Letter to the editor

Article in a reference work (encyclopedia, dictionary, wiki)

Letter in a published collection

How to cite Web sources

An entire Web site

Short work from a Web site

Blog post

Comment on a blog post

How to cite audio, visual, and multimedia sources

Podcast

Online audio or video

Published or broadcast interview

Film (DVD, BD, or other format)

Sound recording

Musical score or composition

Work of art

Performance

How to cite personal communication and social media

Personal communication

Personal interview

Online posting

Facebook post

Twitter post (tweet)

Exercises: Chicago notes and bibliography

Exercise: Chicago documentation: identifying elements of sources (autoscored)

Exercise: Chicago documentation: notes 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Chicago documentation: notes 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Chicago documentation: notes 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Chicago documentation: notes 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: Chicago documentation: bibliography 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Chicago documentation: bibliography 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Chicago documentation: bibliography 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Chicago documentation (autoscored)

Resources: Chicago notes and bibliography

Models and visuals

Citation at a glance: Book (Chicago)

Citation at a glance: Article in a journal (Chicago)

Citation at a glance: Article from a database (Chicago)

Citation at a glance: Letter in a published collection (Chicago)

Citation at a glance: Primary source from a Web site (Chicago)

Chicago manuscript format; sample student writing

Chicago guidelines, body of paper

Chicago guidelines, endnotes

Chicago guidelines, bibliography

Directory to sample student writing in Chicago style

Sample student writing: Chicago style (PDF)

Guidelines

General guidelines for Chicago notes and bibliography

Models of Chicago formatting (PDF)

Sample Chicago title page

Sample indented (block) quotation (Chicago)

Sample visual in a Chicago paper

Chicago paper with headings

Sample Chicago endnotes

Sample Chicago bibliography

Sample student writing

Research paper (Chicago; history): Bishop, “The Massacre at Fort Pillow: Nathan Bedford Forrest”

Benjamin, “Wage Slavery or True Independence? Women Workers in the Lowell, Massachusetts, Textile Mills, 1820-1850”

CSE Documentation

CSE documentation: Overview

CSE citation-sequence system

CSE citation-name system

CSE name-year system

CSE in-text citations

Basic formatting of CSE in-text citations

Mentioning the author in the text

Referring to a specific part of a source

CSE reference list

Directory to CSE reference list models

Basic guidelines

One or more authors

Organization as author

Two or more works by the same author

Two or more works by the same author in the same year

How to cite articles and other short works

Article in a print magazine

Article in a print journal

Article in a print newspaper

Map

Article with a corporate author

How to cite books, other long works, and parts of books

Print book

Book with an editor or editors

Edition other than the first

Report from a private organization

Report from a government agency

Conference proceedings

Dissertation (unpublished)

Selection or chapter in an edited book

How to cite online, audio, visual, and multimedia sources

Entire Web site

Short work from a Web site

Online book

E-book

Article in an online journal or magazine

Article from a database

CD, DVD, or Blu-ray Disc

Online video

Podcast

Blog post

Social media

E-mail or other personal communication

CSE paper format; sample student writing

CSE guidelines, body of paper

CSE guidelines, reference list

Directory to sample student writing in CSE style

Resources: CSE documentation

Models

Sample CSE title page

Sample CSE reference list

Sample student writing

Lab report (CSE; botany): Johnson/Arnold, “Distribution Pattern of Dandelion on a Golf Course”

Review of the literature (CSE; biology): Martin, “Hypothermia, the Diving Reflex, and Survival”

Writing in the Disciplines

Writing in the disciplines: Overview

Finding commonalities across disciplines

Recognizing the questions writers in a discipline ask

Understanding the kinds of evidence writers in a discipline use

Becoming familiar with a discipline’s language conventions

Using a discipline’s preferred citation style

Resources: Writing in the disciplines: Overview

Charts and guidelines

Approaching assignments in the disciplines

Evidence typically used in various disciplines

Point of view and verb tense in academic writing

Writing in specific disciplines

Writing in the biological sciences

Your audience in biology

Forms of writing in biology

Laboratory notebooks

Research papers and laboratory reports

Literature reviews

Research proposals

Poster presentations

Questions biologists ask

Kinds of evidence biologists use

Writing conventions in biology

CSE system for citation in biology writing

Sample student writing: Laboratory report and review of the literature

Writing in business

Your audience in business

Forms of writing in business

Business reports

Business proposals

Abstracts and executive summaries

Memos and correspondence

Business presentations

Brochures, newsletters, and Web sites

Questions business writers ask

Kinds of evidence business writers use

Writing conventions in business

APA or Chicago (CMS) system for citation in business writing

Sample student writing: An investigative report and a proposal

Writing in criminal justice and criminology

Your audience in criminal justice and criminology

Forms of writing in criminal justice and criminology

Research papers

Analytical papers

Argument or position papers

Investigative and administrative reports

Policy memos

Case briefs and legal briefs

Case plans (or case notes)

Questions criminal justice professionals and criminologists ask

Kinds of evidence criminal justice professionals and criminologists use

Writing conventions in criminal justice and criminology

APA or Chicago (CMS) system for writing in criminal justice and criminology

Sample student writing: Administrative report

Writing in education

Your audience in education

Forms of writing in education

Reflective essays, journals, and field notes

Curriculum designs and lesson plans

Reviews of instructional materials

Case studies

Research papers

Self-evaluations

Portfolios

Questions educators ask

Kinds of evidence educators use

Writing conventions in education

APA or Chicago (CMS) system for citation in education writing

Sample student writing: Reflective essay

Writing in engineering

Your audience in engineering

Forms of writing in engineering

Project notebooks

Laboratory reports

Technical reports

Proposals

Progress reports

Questions engineers ask

Evidence engineers use

Writing conventions in engineering

Chicago (CMS), IEEE, or USGS system for writing in engineering

Sample student writing: Proposal

Writing in history

Your audience in history

Forms of writing in history

Critical essays

Book reviews

Research papers

Historiographic essays

Questions historians ask

Kinds of evidence historians use

Writing conventions in history

Chicago (CMS) system for citation in history writing

Sample student writing: Research essay

Writing in music

Your audience in music

Forms of writing in music

Response papers

Program notes

Press releases

Concert reviews

Journal articles

Grant proposals

Questions musicians and musicologists ask

Kinds of evidence musicians and musicologists use

Writing conventions in music

MLA system for writing in music

Sample student writing: Concert review

Writing in nursing

Your audience in nursing

Forms of writing in nursing

Statements of philosophy

Nursing practice papers

Case studies

Research papers

Literature reviews

Experiential or reflective narratives

Position papers

Questions nurses ask

Kinds of evidence nurses use

Writing conventions in nursing

APA system for citation in nursing writing

Sample student writing: Nursing practice paper

Writing in psychology

Your audience in psychology

Forms of writing in psychology

Literature reviews

Research papers

Theoretical papers

Poster presentations

Questions psychologists ask

Kinds of evidence psychologists use

Writing conventions in psychology

APA system for citation in psychology writing

Sample student writing: Literature review

Writing Effective Sentences

Writing Effective Sentences

Sentence emphasis

Coordination

Ineffective coordination

Subordination

Ineffective subordination

Combining choppy sentences

Special techniques for emphasis

Exercises: Sentence emphasis

Exercise: Identifying coordination (autoscored)

Exercise: Identifying subordination (autoscored)

Exercise: Identifying sentence emphasis 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Identifying sentence emphasis 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Combining choppy sentences (autoscored)

Exercise: Using coordination and subordination 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Using coordination and subordination 2

Exercise: Using coordination and subordination 3

Resources: Sentence emphasis

Charts and guidelines

Transitional expressions

Style point: End emphasis

Multilingual: Repeated objects or adverbs

Strong, active verbs

Quick help: Strong, active verbs

Strong, active verbs: Overview

Using the active voice

Appropriate uses of the passive voice

be verbs

Exercises: Strong, active verbs

Exercise: Identifying active and passive voice (autoscored)

Exercise: Using active voice (autoscored)

Exercise: Active vs. passive voice (autoscored)

Exercise: Active vs. be verbs (autoscored)

Exercise: Using active verbs

Resources: Strong, active verbs

Guidelines

Academic English: Knowing when to use the passive voice

Parallelism

Quick help: Parallelism

Parallelism: Overview

Parallel ideas in a series

Parallel ideas in headings and lists

Parallel ideas in pairs

Parallel ideas with coordinating conjunctions (and, but, etc.)

Parallel ideas with correlative conjunctions (either . . . or, etc.)

Parallel comparisons with than or as

Repeating function words to clarify parallels

Exercises: Parallelism

Exercise: Identifying parallel structure (autoscored)

Exercise: Parallelism 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parallelism 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parallelism 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parallelism 4

Sentence variety

Varying sentence structures

Varying sentence openings

Inverting word order

Exercise: Sentence variety

Exercise: Sentence variety (autoscored)

Avoiding Sentence Problems

Avoiding Sentence Problems

Sentence fragments

Quick help: Sentence fragments

Sentence fragments: Overview

Fragmented clauses

Fragmented phrases

Fragmented lists

Fragmented examples

Using fragments deliberately

Exercises: Sentence fragments

Exercise: Sentence fragments 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sentence fragments 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sentence fragments 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sentence fragments 4

Exercise: Sentence fragments 5

Resources: Sentence fragments

Charts and guidelines

Test for sentence fragments

Multilingual: Sentence fragments

Run-on sentences

Quick help: Run-on sentences

Run-on sentences: Overview

Revising run-on sentences

Fixing run-ons with a comma and a coordinating conjunction

Fixing run-ons with a semicolon, colon, or dash

Fixing run-ons by creating separate sentences

Fixing run-ons by subordination

Exercises: Run-on sentences

Exercise: Run-on sentences 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Run-on sentences 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Run-on sentences 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Run-on sentences 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: Run-on sentences 5

Exercise: Run-on sentences 6

Resources: Run-on sentences

Chart

Recognizing run-on sentences

Awkward modifiers

Quick help: Awkward modifiers

Placement of limiting modifiers

Placement of modifying phrases and clauses

Ambiguous (squinting) modifiers

Awkwardly placed modifiers

Split infinitives

Exercises: Awkward modifiers

Exercise: Awkward and misplaced modifiers (autoscored)

Exercise: Misplaced modifiers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Misplaced modifiers 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Misplaced modifiers 3

Resources: Awkward modifiers

Charts and guidelines

Style point: Delayed verb

Multilingual: Adverb between verb and object

Dangling modifiers

Quick help: Recognizing dangling modifiers

Quick help: Repairing dangling modifiers

Recognizing dangling modifiers

Repairing dangling modifiers

Exercises: Dangling modifiers

Exercise: Dangling modifiers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Dangling modifiers 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Dangling modifiers 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Dangling modifiers 4

Resources: Dangling modifiers

Chart

Checking for dangling modifiers

Shifts

Quick help: Shifts

Shifts in point of view

Shifts in verb tense

Shifts in verb mood

Shifts in voice

Shifts from indirect to direct questions

Shifts from indirect to direct quotations

Exercises: Shifts

Exercise: Shifts: person and number (autoscored)

Exercise: Shifts: tense (autoscored)

Exercise: Shifts: mood and voice, questions and quotations 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Shifts: mood and voice, questions and quotations 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: All shifts 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: All shifts 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Editing for shifts

Mixed constructions

Mixed grammatical structure

Mixed sentence logic

Avoiding is when, is where, and reason . . . is because

Exercises: Mixed Constructions

Exercise: Mixed constructions 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Mixed constructions 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Mixed constructions 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Mixed constructions 4

Resources: Mixed constructions

Guidelines

Multilingual: although, because

Multilingual: Double subjects and other repetition

Writing Correct Sentences

Writing Correct Sentences

Making subjects and verbs agree

Quick help: Subject-verb agreement

Standard subject-verb combinations

Agreement with subject, not with intervening words

Agreement when subjects are joined with and

Agreement when subjects are joined with or or nor

Agreement with indefinite pronouns

Agreement with collective nouns

Agreement with the number, a number

Agreement with fractions and units of measurement

Agreement when the subject follows the verb

Agreement with subject, not with words following verb

Agreement with antecedents of who, which, and that

Agreement with words such as athletics, economics, statistics, measles, news

Agreement with titles of works, company names, words as words, gerund phrases

Exercises: Making subjects and verbs agree

Exercise: Subject-verb agreement 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subject-verb agreement 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subject-verb agreement 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subject-verb agreement 4 (autoscored)

Resources: Making subjects and verbs agree

Charts and guidelines

Subject-verb agreement at a glance

When to use the -s (or -es) form of a present-tense verb

Subject-verb agreement with do and don't

Using verbs correctly

Quick help: Verbs

Forms of regular and irregular verbs

Past tense vs. past participle of irregular verbs

lie vs. lay

-s verb endings

has, does, doesn’t

-ed verb endings

Omitted verbs

Survey of tenses

Simple tenses

Perfect tenses

Progressive forms

Special uses of tenses

Present tense for general truths

Present tense for writing about literature

Present tense for writing about nonliterary works

Past tense for writing about history

Past or present perfect tense for writing in science or social science

Special uses of the past perfect tense

Sequence of tenses

Subjunctive mood

Forms of the subjunctive

Uses of the subjunctive

Exercises: Using verbs correctly

Exercise: Irregular verbs 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Irregular verbs 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Irregular verbs 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Standard English verb forms 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Standard English verb forms 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Standard English verb forms 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verb tense and mood 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verb tense and mood 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verb tense and mood 3 (autoscored)

Resources: Using verbs correctly

Charts and guidelines

Survey of verb tenses

Common irregular verbs

Present-tense verb endings

Present-tense and past-tense forms of have

Present-tense forms of do (including negative forms)

Multilingual: Linking verbs

Simple tenses

Perfect tenses

Progressive forms

Using pronouns correctly

Quick help: Pronouns

Pronoun-antecedent agreement

Agreement with indefinite pronouns

Agreement with generic nouns

Agreement with collective nouns

Agreement with compound antecedents

Pronoun reference

Ambiguous pronoun reference

Implied pronoun reference

Broad reference of this, that, which, and it

Indefinite reference of they, it, or you

Pronoun case: I vs. me, they vs. them, etc.

Subjective case

Objective case

Compound word groups

Appositives

we or us before a noun

Comparisons with than or as

Subjects and objects of infinitives

Possessive case to modify a gerund

who and whom

who and whom in subordinate clauses

who and whom in questions

whom for subjects or objects of infinitives

Exercises: Using pronouns correctly

Exercise: Pronoun-antecedent agreement 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun-antecedent agreement 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun-antecedent agreement 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun-antecedent agreement 4

Exercise: Pronoun reference 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun reference 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun reference 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun reference 4

Exercise: Pronoun case (such as I vs. me) 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun case (such as I vs. me) 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun case (such as I vs. me) 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun case (who and whom) 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun case (who and whom) 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun case: review 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Pronoun case: review 2 (autoscored)

Resources: Using pronouns correctly

Charts and guidelines

Pronoun case

Multilingual: Pronoun-antecedent agreement

Using adjectives and adverbs appropriately

Quick help: Adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives: Overview

Adverbs: Overview

Using adjectives to modify nouns

Using adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

good vs. well

bad vs. badly

Comparatives and superlatives

Form of comparatives and superlatives

Double comparatives or superlatives

Absolute concepts

Double negatives

Exercises: Using adjectives and adverbs appropriately

Exercise: Adjectives and adverbs 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Adjectives and adverbs 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Adjectives and adverbs 3 (autoscored)

Resources: Using adjectives and adverbs appropriately

Guidelines

Multilingual: Adjectives and plural nouns

Multilingual: Placement of adverbs

Using needed words

Quick help: Needed words

Complete compound structures

Using that to avoid misreading

Making comparisons logical

Making comparisons complete

Adding articles (a, an, and the) for clarity

Exercises: Using needed words

Exercise: Needed words 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Needed words 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Needed words 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Needed words 4

Resources: Using needed words

Guidelines

Multilingual: Needed words

Choosing Words Appropriately

Choosing Words Appropriately

Writing concise sentences

Quick help: Concise language

Avoiding redundancy

Avoiding repetition of words

Cutting empty or inflated phrases

Simplifying sentence structure

Reducing modifying phrases and clauses

Exercises: Writing concise sentences

Exercise: Wordy sentences 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Wordy sentences 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Wordy sentences 3

Exercise: Wordy sentences 4

Resources: Writing concise sentences

Chart

Choosing the concise word or phrase

Using appropriate language

Quick help: Appropriate language

Avoiding jargon

Avoiding pretentious language

Avoiding euphemisms

Avoiding “doublespeak”

Avoiding slang

Avoiding regional expressions

Observing the distinction between Standard and nonstandard English

Using an appropriate level of formality

Recognizing sexist language

Revising sexist language

Avoiding offensive language

Exercises: Using appropriate language

Exercise: Jargon, pretentious language, euphemisms, doublespeak 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Jargon, pretentious language, euphemisms, doublespeak 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sexist language 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sexist language 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sexist language 3 (autoscored)

Resources: Using appropriate language

Charts and guidelines

Choosing alternatives to jargon

Examples of jargon from different fields

Euphemisms and plain English alternatives

Avoiding sexist language

Using exact language

Quick help: Exact language

Connotation

Specific, concrete nouns

Misused words

Standard idioms

Clichés

Figurative language

Exercises: Using exact language

Exercise: Misused words 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Misused words 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Standard idioms 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Standard idioms 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Clichés and figures of speech 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Clichés and figures of speech 2 (autoscored)

Resources: Using exact language

Charts and guidelines

Idiomatic usage

Multilingual: Idioms

Style point: Figures of speech

Consulting the dictionary and the thesaurus

Spelling, word division, and pronunciation

Word endings and grammatical labels

Meanings, word origin, synonyms, and antonyms

Usage labels

Resources: Consulting the dictionary and the thesaurus

Visuals

Print dictionary entry

Online dictionary entry

The thesaurus

Basic Grammar

Basic Grammar

Parts of speech

Parts of speech: Nouns

Parts of speech: Pronouns

Parts of speech: Verbs

Parts of speech: Adjectives and articles

Parts of speech: Adverbs

Parts of speech: Prepositions

Parts of speech: Conjunctions

Parts of speech: Interjections

Exercises: Parts of speech

Exercise: Identifying nouns (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: nouns 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: nouns 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Identifying pronouns (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: pronouns 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: pronouns 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Identifying verbs (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: verbs 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: verbs 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Identifying adjectives and adverbs (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: adjectives 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: adjectives 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: adverbs 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Parts of speech: adverbs 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: All parts of speech 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: All parts of speech 2 (autoscored)

Resources: Parts of speech

Charts and guidelines

Proper and common nouns

Count nouns and noncount nouns

Singular and plural nouns

Basic verb forms

Common prepositions

Conjunctive adverbs

Subordinating conjunctions

Parts of sentences

Subjects

Verbs, objects, and complements

Linking verbs and subject complements

Transitive verbs, objects, and complements

Intransitive verbs

Exercises: Parts of sentences

Exercise: Identifying complete subjects (autoscored)

Exercise: Subjects 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subjects 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subject complements and direct objects 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subject complements and direct objects 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Indirect objects and object complements 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Indirect objects and object complements 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: All objects and complements (autoscored)

Exercise: Linking, transitive, and intransitive verbs (autoscored)

Subordinate word groups

Prepositional phrases

Verbal phrases

Appositive phrases

Absolute phrases

Subordinate clauses

Adjective clauses

Adverb clauses

Noun clauses

Exercises: Subordinate word groups

Exercise: Prepositional phrases 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Prepositional phrases 2

Exercise: Prepositional phrases 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Objects of prepositions (autoscored)

Exercise: Verbal phrases 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verbal phrases 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verbal phrases 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subordinate clauses 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subordinate clauses 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subordinate clauses 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Subjects of subordinate clauses

Exercise: Phrases and clauses (autoscored)

Resources: Subordinate word groups

Guidelines

Style note: Reducing relative clauses

Words that introduce subordinate clauses

Sentence types

Sentence structures

Sentence purposes

Exercises: Sentence types

Exercise: Sentence types 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sentence types 2 (autoscored)

Punctuation

Punctuation

The comma

Quick help: Commas

The comma: Overview

Comma before a coordinating conjunction

Comma after introductory phrase or clause

Commas with items in a series (list)

Comma between coordinate adjectives

Commas and restrictive and nonrestrictive elements: Overview

Distinguishing between restrictive and nonrestrictive from context

Commas with adjective clauses

Commas with adjective phrases

Commas with appositives

Commas with transitional expressions

Commas with absolute phrases

Commas with contrasted elements

Commas with parenthetical expressions and other interrupters

Commas with direct quotations

Commas in dates

Commas in addresses

Commas with personal titles

Commas in numbers

Commas to prevent confusion

Exercises: The comma

Exercise: Commas with independent clauses and introductory elements 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Commas with independent clauses and introductory elements 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Commas with series and coordinate adjectives 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Commas with series and coordinate adjectives 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Commas with nonrestrictive elements (autoscored)

Exercise: Major uses of the comma 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Major uses of the comma 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Major uses of the comma 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Major uses of the comma 4 (autoscored)

Exercise: All uses of the comma (autoscored)

Unnecessary commas

Quick help: Unnecessary commas

No comma between some compound elements

No comma between a verb and its subject or object

No comma before the first or after the last item in a series

No comma between cumulative adjectives

No commas with restrictive (essential) elements

No commas with mildly parenthetical elements

No comma with off an essential concluding adverb clause

Other unnecessary commas

Exercises: Unnecessary commas

Exercise: Unnecessary commas (autoscored)

Exercise: Misuses of the comma 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Misuses of the comma 2 (autoscored)

The semicolon

Quick help: Semicolons

Semicolon between independent clauses

Semicolon with transitional expression

Semicolons between items in a series

Unnecessary semicolons

Exercises: The semicolon

Exercise: The semicolon and the comma 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: The semicolon and the comma 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: The semicolon and the comma 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: The semicolon and the comma 4 (autoscored)

The colon

Quick help: Colons

Colon to introduce a list or other concluding element

Colon between independent clauses

Conventional uses of the colon

Unnecessary colons

Exercises: The colon

Exercise: The colon, the semicolon, and the comma 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: The colon, the semicolon, and the comma 2 (autoscored)

The apostrophe

Quick help: Apostrophes

Apostrophe in possessives

When to add -’s to a noun for possessive

When to add only an apostrophe to a noun for possessive

Apostrophe for joint possession

Apostrophe for possessive of compound nouns

Apostrophe with indefinite pronouns

Apostrophe in contractions

Apostrophe: Special cases

Common misuses of the apostrophe

Exercises: The apostrophe

Exercise: The apostrophe 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: The apostrophe 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: The apostrophe 3 (autoscored)

Quotation marks

Quick help: Quotation marks

Quotation marks with direct quotations

Quotation marks in dialogue

Long quotations in academic writing

Quotations within quotations

Quotation marks with titles

Quotation marks with words used as words

Periods and commas with quotation marks

Colons and semicolons with quotation marks

Question marks and exclamation points with quotation marks

Introducing quoted material

Misuses of quotation marks

Exercises: Quotation marks

Exercise: Quotation marks 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Quotation marks 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Quotation marks 3 (autoscored)

The period

The question mark

The exclamation point

Exercise: End punctuation

Exercise: End punctuation (autoscored)

The dash

Parentheses

Brackets

The ellipsis mark

The slash

Exercises: Other punctuation marks

Exercise: Other punctuation marks 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Other punctuation marks 2 (autoscored)

Style note: Absolute phrases

Mechanics

Mechanics

Spelling

Spelling rules

i before e except after c

Spelling with suffixes (word endings)

Spelling of plurals

American vs. British spelling

Words that sound alike but have different spellings (homophones)

Exercises: Spelling

Exercise: Spelling (autoscored)

Resources: Spelling

Charts and guidelines

Commonly misspelled words

American vs. British spelling

Hyphens

Hyphens with compound words

Hyphens with compound modifiers

Hyphens with fractions and compound numbers

Hyphens with prefixes and suffixes

Hyphens to resolve ambiguity

Hyphens to divide words at line endings

Hyphens and URLs

Exercises: Hyphens

Exercise: The hyphen 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: The hyphen 2 (autoscored)

Capitalization

Capitalizing proper nouns

Capitalizing scientific and technical terms

Capitalizing personal titles

Capitalizing titles and subtitles of works

Capitalizing the first word of a sentence

Capitalizing quoted sentences

Capitalizing after a colon

Capitalizing abbreviations

Exercises: Capitalization

Exercise: Capitalization 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Capitalization 2 (autoscored)

Abbreviations

Abbreviations for titles with proper names

Abbreviations for organizations and other common terms

Abbreviations a.m., p.m., No., and $

Abbreviations for eras

Latin abbreviations

Abbreviations for units of measurement and scientific terms

Misuses of abbreviations

Exercises: Abbreviations

Exercise: Abbreviations 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Abbreviations 2 (autoscored)

Numbers

Spelling out numbers

Acceptable uses of numerals

Exercises: Numbers

Exercise: Numbers 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Numbers 2 (autoscored)

Italics

Titles that are italicized

Titles that are not italicized

Italics in electronic documents

Italicizing names of spacecraft, aircraft, and ships

Italicizing non-English words

Italicizing words, letters, and numbers mentioned as themselves

Excessive use of italics

Exercises: Italics

Exercise: Italics 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Italics 2 (autoscored)

Multilingual Writers and ESL Challenges

Multilingual Writers and ESL Challenges

Verbs for multilingual writers

Quick help: Verbs for multilingual writers

Verb form and tense

Survey of tenses for multilingual writers

Simple tenses

Perfect tenses

Progressive forms

Base form after a modal

Forming the passive voice

Negative verb forms

Avoiding double negatives

Verbs in conditional sentences

Tense in factual conditional sentences

Tense in predictive conditional sentences

Tense in speculative conditional sentences

Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives

Verb + gerund or infinitive

Verb + gerund

Verb + infinitive

Verb + noun or pronoun + infinitive

Exercises: Verbs for multilingual writers

Exercise: Verb forms and tenses 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verb forms and tenses 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verb forms with modals 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verb forms with modals 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verbs in negative and conditional sentences (autoscored)

Exercise: Verbs in conditional sentences (autoscored)

Exercise: Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Using verbs: review (autoscored)

Resources: Verbs for multilingual writers

Charts and guidelines

Basic verb forms

Modals and their meanings

Verb tenses commonly used in the passive voice

Correct use of do and does

Sentence structure for multilingual writers

Quick help: Sentence structure

Linking verb between a subject and its complement

A subject in every sentence

Avoiding repeated subjects

Avoiding repeated objects or adverbs

Avoiding mixed constructions with although or because

Avoiding adverbs between verbs and objects

Exercises: Sentence structure for multilingual writers

Exercise: Omissions and repetitions 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Omissions and repetitions 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sentence structure 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Sentence structure 2 (autoscored)

Articles for multilingual writers

Quick help: Articles

Articles and other noun markers

Types of articles and types of nouns

Using the with most specific common nouns

Using a (or an) with common singular count nouns

When to use articles and quantifiers with noncount nouns

Not using articles with general nouns

Articles with proper nouns

Exercises: Articles for multilingual writers

Exercise: Using articles 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Using articles 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Using articles 3 (autoscored)

Exercise: Articles and types of nouns (autoscored)

Resources: Articles for multilingual writers

Charts and guidelines

Types of nouns

Choosing articles for common nouns

Commonly used noncount nouns

Using the with geographical nouns

Adjectives for multilingual writers

Quick help: Adjectives for multilingual writers

Present participles and past participles used as adjectives

Order of cumulative adjectives

Exercises: Adjectives for multilingual writers

Exercise: Present vs. past participles 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Present vs. past participles 2 (autoscored)

Exercise: Using cumulative adjectives 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Using cumulative adjectives 2 (autoscored)

Resources: Adjectives for multilingual writers

Chart

Order of cumulative adjectives

Prepositions and idioms for multilingual writers

Quick help: Prepositions and idiomatic expressions

Prepositions showing time and place

Using nouns (including -ing forms) after prepositions

Common adjective + preposition combinations

Common verb + preposition combinations

Exercises: Prepositions and idioms for multilingual writers

Exercise: Prepositions showing time and place 1 (autoscored)

Exercise: Prepositions showing time and place 2 (autoscored)

Resources: Prepositions and idioms for multilingual writers

Charts

Common adjective + preposition combinations

Common verb + preposition combinations

At, on, and in to show time and place

Academic Resources for ESL and Multilingual Writers

Academic Resources for ESL and Multilingual Writers

College-level expectations

Reading the syllabus

Understanding the expectations of US classrooms

Participating actively

Class participation

Working in groups

Showing respect for peers

Speaking in English

Attending classes

Getting extra help

Writing centers

Professor’s office hours

Useful Web sites

Resources: College-level expectations

Models and visuals

Sample syllabus

Preparing for a writing center visit

How the writing center can help your writing

Improving your academic English

Intensive and extensive language activities

Reading while listening

Using an English-English dictionary or a thesaurus

The Academic Word List

Learning about prefixes and suffixes

Keeping a vocabulary notebook

Keeping an editing log

Targeting areas for improvement

Paraphrasing sources effectively

Understanding synonyms

Determining the source’s meaning

Presenting the source’s meaning in your own words

Resources: Improving your academic English

Charts and guidelines

Activities for intensive and extensive language practice

Most commonly used academic words (Academic Word List)

Sample vocabulary notebook entry

Prefixes and their meanings

Suffixes and their parts of speech

Sample editing log 1: Checklist

Sample editing log 2: Corrected sentences

Strategies for improving your academic English

Models and visuals

Blank editing log

Academic writing and cultural expectations

Asserting your claim before providing evidence

Taking a stand on an issue

Including details that support the main idea

Understanding intellectual property and avoiding plagiarism

Recognizing intellectual property

Avoiding plagiarism by integrating and citing sources

Sample student essays

Resources: Academic writing and cultural expectations

Charts and guidelines

Note on topic sentences

Recognizing intellectual property

Integrating and citing sources to avoid plagiarism

Models and visuals

Sample outline: Main idea last

Sample outline: Main idea first

Draft with instructor's comments (MLA): Zhang, "The Importance of Food"

Final draft (MLA): Zhang, “Slow Down and Eat Better”

Draft with instructor's comments (MLA): Ryoo, “Summary of 'You, the Language Learner'”

Final draft (MLA): Ryoo, “Summary of 'You, the Language Learner'”

Practice exercises

Intensive grammar exercises

Topics for writing practice (intensive and extensive)

Instructions for intensive practice (focus on grammar and on writing and editing skills)

Instructions for extensive practice (focus on fluency and speed)

Writing prompts for multilingual writers

Strategies for Online Learners

Strategies for Online Learners

Preparing to learn online

Checking your readiness for online learning

Traditional versus online courses

Asynchronous versus synchronous communication

Resources: Preparing to learn online

Charts and guidelines

Qualities, skills, and tools of successful online learners

Typical activities in traditional and online writing courses

Faulty assumptions versus the realities of online learning

Tips for participating in asynchronous discussions

Tips for participating in synchronous discussions

Becoming familiar with your online course

Navigating the course platform and other technology

Home page or welcome page for the course

Course content units

Discussion forums (asynchronous communication)

Chat rooms, live chat, and instant messaging (synchronous communication)

Course e-mail (personal communication)

Other tools

Becoming familiar with course materials and requirements

Syllabus for an online course

Assignments in an online course

Announcements

Content pages

Course organization

Resources: Becoming familiar with your online course

Models and visuals

Home page for Anthropology 101

Introductory page for a content unit

List of discussion forums in one course

Live chat among members of a peer review group

Private e-mail message from a course participant

Participating actively in online courses

Setting priorities and managing your time effectively

Using the course calendar and a personal planner to manage your time

Communicating regularly with your instructor and classmates

Making adjustments to increase your motivation and participation

Resources: Participating actively in online courses

Guidelines

Tips for increasing motivation in an online course

Models and visuals

Assignment calendar with due dates

Personal planner (March)

Due date and time for an assignment

Contributing appropriate content in online courses

Submitting your best work

Communicating with your instructor and classmates

Dealing with controversial topics

Offering sound advice in peer reviews

Writing with diversity in mind

Writing with permanence and portability in mind

Reading with an open mind

Using the appropriate level of detail and clarity in discussions

Submitting only your own work

Resources: Contributing appropriate content in online courses

Guidelines

Shortcuts to avoid in online classes

Communicating with peers and instructors

Participation in a discussion forum

Models and visuals

Example of peer reviewing

Finding extra help

Attending workshops or visiting the computer lab

Being prepared for possible technology challenges

Asking your instructor or peers for help with course materials

Visiting your school’s writing center—on campus or online

Resources: Finding extra help

Visual

Sample contact information for technical support

A brief glossary of online learning terminology

Glossary of Usage

Glossary of Usage

Glossary of Terms

Glossary of Terms

Exercises and LearningCurve

Exercise menu

LearningCurve menu

Assignment modules

Assignment modules

Avoiding plagiarism in MLA papers

Read

Avoiding plagiarism: Citing sources

Avoiding plagiarism: Note taking

Avoiding plagiarism: Summarizing

Avoiding plagiarism: Paraphrasing

Avoiding plagiarism: Quoting

Avoiding plagiarism: Web sources

Reading: “Academic Integrity and Student Plagiarism: A Question of Education, Not Ethics” by Susan D. Blum

Practice

Practice: Avoiding plagiarism in MLA papers

Thinking about integrating quotations

Thinking about paraphrasing

Thinking about avoiding plagiarism in your own writing

Editing for concise writing

Choosing the concise word or phrase

Editing to avoid redundancy

Editing to avoid repetition

Editing to cut empty words or phrases

Simplifying sentence structure

Reducing modifying phrases and clauses

Practice

Practice: Revising wordy sentences

Editing your own writing for wordiness

Freewriting and listing

Read

Ways to explore a subject

Examples of freewriting

Explore a subject by freewriting

Examples of listing

Explore a subject by listing

Look at examples

Freewriting on cloning (student writer)

Focused freewriting on college students and credit card debt (student writer)

Listing about funding for college athletics (student writer)

Listing about community service requirements (student writer)

Listing about violence on television (student writer)

Freewriting and listing for your own assignment

Using signal phrases in APA papers

Read

Signal phrases for integrating sources (APA)

Signal phrases for marking boundaries (APA)

Signal phrases for introducing summaries and paraphrases (APA)

Signal phrases for putting direct quotations in context (APA)

Signal phrases for integrating statistics and other facts (APA)

Practice

Practice: Integrating sources in APA papers

Using signal phrases in your own writing (APA style)

Using signal phrases in MLA papers

Read

Signal phrases for integrating sources (MLA)

Using MLA style to document secondary sources

Signal phrases for marking boundaries (MLA)

Signal phrases for establishing authority (MLA)

Signal phrases for putting direct quotations in context (MLA)

Practice

Practice: Integrating sources in MLA papers

Using signal phrases in your own writing (MLA style)

Assignable writing prompts

Assignable writing prompts

Composing and revising

Writing practice: Thinking like a college writer

Writing practice: Exploring a subject

Writing practice: Revising a thesis

Writing practice: Revising an introduction

Writing practice: Revising a conclusion

Writing practice: Managing your files

Writing practice: Using reviewers’ comments

Writing practice: Being a peer reviewer

Writing practice: Proofreading your work for grammar, punctuation, and spelling

Writing practice: Proofreading your work for correct citations

Writing practice: Learning about revision from other writers

Writing practice: Creating unity

Writing practice: Using transitions

Academic reading, writing, and speaking

Writing practice: Reading actively

Writing practice: Drafting and revising an analytical thesis

Writing practice: Analyzing a written text

Writing practice: Developing an analysis of a written text

Writing practice: Reading images and multimodal texts actively

Writing practice: Analyzing an image or a multimodal text

Writing practice: Drafting and revising an analytical thesis for an image or a multimodal text

Writing practice: Learning about analytical writing from other writers

Writing practice: Evaluating ads for logic and fairness

Writing practice: Identifying appeals

Writing practice: Evaluating an argument

Writing practice: Joining a conversation

Writing practice: Appealing to your readers

Writing practice: Drafting your central claim and supporting claims

Writing practice: Practicing counterargument

Writing practice: Examining the writing in a particular field

Writing practice: Examining a writing assignment from one of your courses

Writing practice: Revising a presentation

Writing practice: Focusing on your delivery

Writing practice: Remixing a paper as an oral presentation

Writing practice: Learning from another speaker

Research

Writing practice: Managing the project

Writing practice: Posing questions worth exploring

Writing practice: Mapping out a search strategy

Writing practice: Writing a research proposal

Writing practice: Planning with sources

Writing practice: Evaluating sources you find on the Web

About the book

Copyright page

Acknowledgments

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y