Authors with the same last name (APA)

APA-47

In-text citation

Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that. . . .

One 2012 study contradicted . . . (R. Smith, p. 234).

Explain

To avoid confusion if your reference list includes two or more authors with the same last name, use initials with the last names in your in-text citations.

Beginning of reference list entries

Smith, E. (1989).

Smith, R. S. (2012).

Directory to APA in-text citation models