Personal communication (APA)

APA-63

In-text citation

One of Atkinson’s colleagues, who has studied the effect of the media on children’s eating habits, has contended that advertisers for snack foods will need to design ads responsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson, personal communication, October 20, 2009).

Explain

  • Interviews that you conduct, memos, letters, e-mail messages, personal Facebook posts, and similar communications that would be difficult for your readers to retrieve should be cited in the text only.
  • Do not include an entry in the reference list.
  • Use the first initial with the last name in parentheses.

Directory to APA in-text citation models