Chapter 7. Learning

7.1 Learning

Topic: Do People Differ in How They Learn?

Statistical Concepts Covered: In this applet, you’ll learn that in some research designs we are interested in looking at and interpreting the main effects and interaction. The main effect is the impact of a single variable on what we are measuring, while the interaction is the combined impact of two main effects on what we are measuring. It is also important to investigate studies that replicate findings to determine the confidence we should have in the results.

Introduction

The Learning chapter covered ways for you to promote your own learning in the classroom. It has long been thought that there are different styles of learners, primarily visual and verbal, and that instructional methods should be tailored to each learner’s strength. The attribute-treatment interaction (ATI) hypothesis states that visual learners do better when provided with visual instruction methods and verbal learners do better when provided with verbal instruction methods. This applet will allow you to explore data that was collected as part of a study investigating this hypothesis (Massa & Mayer, 2006).

A subset of data from the study compares the average scores on a learning test where help was offered either through pictures (pictorial condition) or through words (textual condition). Visual learners (visualizers) were determined based on high scores on spatial ability, visual cognitive style, or visual learning preference, while verbal learners (verbalizers) were determined based on high scores on verbal ability, verbal cognitive style, or verbal learning preference. The study set forth to determine whether there was a difference in learning between visualizers and verbalizers when they were assigned either pictorial or textual help. It was expected that visualizers would learn more in the pictorial condition, while verbalizers would learn more in the textual condition.

Richard Alan Hullinger, Indiana University, Bloomington
Melanie Maggard, University of the Rockies

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Statistical Lesson: Interactions can be tricky to interpret since we have to take into consideration the combined influence of the main effects. A general rule of thumb in interpreting interaction graphs is to look at whether or not the lines connecting the groups of one of the main effects are parallel or not. The more parallel the lines are, the less likely there is an interaction. While the less parallel or more perpendicular the lines are (they cross each other), the more likely there is an interaction.

Graph A below shows an interaction (lines that cross) and Graph B shows no interaction (lines are closer to being parallel). In Graph A, we can see that a participant’s score depends on the learning method (Method 1 or 2) to which they were exposed and their style group (Group A or B). “A Style Learners” performed better when they utilized Method 1, while “B Style Learners” performed better when they utilized Method 2. It is the combined effect of method and learner style that makes this an interaction.

Meanwhile, in Graph B we see that the lines are close to parallel, which means that the same thing occurred for “A Style Learners” and “B Style Learners”: they increased their test scores regardless of the method to which they were exposed. In this example, we can see that those exposed to Method 1 always performed better than those in Method 2, and that “B Style Learners” always outperformed “A Style Learners.” Each main effect, method and learner style, was significant but there is no interaction or combined influence of both main effects on learning in Graph B.

Be aware that independent variables are referred to as “main effects” in some research designs but they are essentially referring to the same thing. When we state “there is a main effect,” we basically mean that the independent variable was found to have a significant effect on the outcome. If we state that “there is no main effect,” then the independent variable did not have an effect on the outcome, or was not significant.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

.

Congratulations! You have completed this activity.