Succinate + CO₂

α-Ketoglutarate

2

−0.67

Acetate

Acetaldehyde

2

−0.60

Ferredoxin (oxidized)

Ferredoxin (reduced)

1

−0.43

2 H⁺

H₂

2

−0.42

NAD⁺

NADH + H⁺

2

−0.32

NADP⁺

NADPH + H⁺

2

−0.32

Lipoate (oxidized)

Lipoate (reduced)

2

−0.29

Glutathione (oxidized)

Glutathione (reduced)

2

−0.23

FAD

FADH₂

2

−0.22

Acetaldehyde

Ethanol

2

−0.20

Pyruvate

Lactate

2

−0.19

2 H⁺

H₂

2

−0.00¹

Fumarate

Succinate

2

+0.03

Cytochrome b (+3)

Cytochrome b (+2)

1

+0.07

Dehydroascorbate

Ascorbate

2

+0.08

Ubiquinone (oxidized)

Ubiquinone (reduced)

2

+0.10

Cytochrome c (+3)

Cytochrome c (+2)

1

+0.22

Fe (+3)

Fe (+2)

1

+0.77

½ O₂ + 2 H⁺

H₂O

2

+0.82

Note: is the standard oxidation–reduction potential (pH 7, 25°C) and n is the number of electrons transferred. refers to the partial reaction written as Oxidant + e⁻ → reductant

¹Standard oxidation − reduction potential at pH = 0.