Where to Start

Fisher, E. H. 2013. Cellular regulation by protein phosphorylation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 430:865–867.

Greenberg, C. C., Jurczak, M. J., Danos, A. M., and Brady, M. J. 2006. Glycogen branches out: New perspectives on the role of glycogen metabolism in the integration of metabolic pathways. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291:E1–E8.

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Roach, P. J, Depaoli-Roach, A. A., Hurley, T. D., and Tagliabracci, V. S. 2012. Glycogen and its metabolism: Some new developments and old themes. Biochem. J. 441:763–787.

Palm, D. C., Rohwer J. M., and Hofmeyr, J.-H. S. 2013. Regulation of glycogen synthase from mammalian skeletal muscle: A unifying view of allosteric and covalent regulation. FEBS J. 280:2–27.

Agius, L. 2008. Glucokinase and molecular aspects of liver glycogen metabolism. Biochem. J. 414:1–18.

Nadeau, O. W., Lane, L. A., Xu, D., Sage, J., Priddy, T. S., Artigues, A., Villar, M. T., Yang, Q., Robinson, C. V., Zhang, Y. et al. 2012. Structure and location of the regulatory β subunits in the (αβγδ)₄ phosphorylase kinase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 287:36651–36661.

Horcajada, C., Guinovart, J. J., Fita, I., and Ferrer, J. C. 2006. Crystal structure of an archaeal glycogen synthase: Insights into oligomerization and substrate binding of eukaryotic glycogen synthases. J. Biol. Chem. 281:2923–2931.

Buschiazzo, A., Ugalde, J. E., Guerin, M. E., Shepard, W., Ugalde, R. A., and Alzari, P. M. 2004. Crystal structure of glycogen synthase: Homologous enzymes catalyze glycogen synthesis and degradation. EMBO J. 23:3196–3205.

Gibbons, B. J., Roach, P. J., and Hurley, T. D. 2002. Crystal structure of the autocatalytic initiator of glycogen biosynthesis, glycogenin. J. Mol. Biol. 319:463–477.

Lomako, J., Lomako, W. M., and Whelan, W. J. 2004. Glycogenin: The primer for mammalian and yeast glycogen synthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1673:45–55.

Lin, A., Mu, J., Yang, J., and Roach, P. J. 1999. Self-glucosylation of glycogenin, the initiator of glycogen biosynthesis, involves an inter-subunit reaction. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 363:163–170.

Roach, P. J., and Skurat, A. V. 1997. Self-glucosylating initiator proteins and their role in glycogen biosynthesis. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 57:289–316.

Skamnaki, V. T., Owen, D. J., Noble, M. E., Lowe, E. D., Lowe, G., Oikonomakos, N. G., and Johnson, L. N. 1999. Catalytic mechanism of phosphorylase kinase probed by mutational studies. Biochemistry 38:14718–14730.

Buchbinder, J. L., and Fletterick, R. J. 1996. Role of the active site gate of glycogen phosphorylase in allosteric inhibition and substrate binding. J. Biol. Chem. 271:22305–22309.

Zhang, T., Wang, S., Lin, Y., Xu, W., Ye, D., Xiong, Y., Zhao, S., and Guan, K.-L. 2012. Acetylation negatively regulates glycogen phosphorylase by recruiting protein phosphatase 1. Cell Metab. 15:75–87.

Díaz, A., Martínez-Pons, C., Fita, I., Ferrer, J. C., Guinovart, J. J. 2011. Processivity and subcellular localization of glycogen synthase depend on a non-catalytic high affinity glycogen-binding site. J. Biol. Chem. 286:18505–18514.

Bouskila, M., Hunter, R. W., Ibrahim, A. D. F., Delattre, L., Peggie, M., van Diepen, J. A., Voshol, P. J., Jensen, J., Sakamoto, K. 2010. Allosteric regulation of glycogen synthase controls glycogen synthesis in muscle. Cell Metab.12:456–466.

Ros, S., García-Rocha, M., Domínguez, J., Ferrer, J. C., Guinovart, J. J. 2009. Control of liver glycogen synthase activity and intracellular distribution by phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 284:6370–6378.

Danos, A. M., Osmanovic, S., and Brady, M. J. 2009. Differential regulation of glycogenolysis by mutant protein phosphatase-1 glycogen-targeting subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 284:19544–19553.

Pautsch, A., Stadler, N., Wissdorf, O., Langkopf, E., Moreth, W., Streicher, R. 2008. Molecular recognition of the protein phosphatase 1 glycogen targeting subunit by glycogen phosphorylase. J. Biol. Chem. 283:8913–8918.

Boulatnikov, I. G., Peters, J. L., Nadeau, O. W., Sage, J. M., Daniels, P. J., Kumar, P., Walsh, D. A., and Carlson, G. M. 2009. Expressed phosphorylase b kinase and its αγδ subcomplex as regulatory models for the rabbit skeletal muscle holoenzyme. Biochemistry 48:10183–10191.

Ros, S., García-Rocha, M., Domínguez, J., Ferrer, J. C., and Guinovart, J. J. 2009. Control of liver glycogen synthase activity and intracellular distribution by phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 284:6370–6378.

Danos, A. M., Osmanovic, S., and Brady, M. J. 2009. Differential regulation of glycogenolysis by mutant protein phosphatase-1 glycogen-targeting subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 284:19544–19553.

Pautsch, A., Stadler, N., Wissdorf, O., Langkopf, E., Moreth, M., and Streicher, R. 2008. Molecular recognition of the protein phosphatase 1 glycogen targeting subunit by glycogen phosphorylase. J. Biol. Chem. 283:8913–8918.

Jope, R. S., and Johnson, G. V. W. 2004. The glamour and gloom of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29:95–102.

Doble, B. W., and Woodgett, J. R. 2003. GSK-3: Tricks of the trade for a multi-tasking kinase. J. Cell Sci. 116:1175–1186.

Pederson, B. A., Cheng, C., Wilson, W. A., and Roach, P. J. 2000. Regulation of glycogen synthase: Identification of residues involved in regulation by the allosteric ligand glucose-6-P and by phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 275:27753–27761.

Melendez, R., Melendez-Hevia, E., and Canela, E. I. 1999. The fractal structure of glycogen: A clever solution to optimize cell metabolism. Biophys. J. 77:1327–1332.

Franch, J., Aslesen, R., and Jensen, J. 1999. Regulation of glycogen synthesis in rat skeletal muscle after glycogen-depleting contractile activity: Effects of adrenaline on glycogen synthesis and activation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. Biochem. J. 344:231–235.

Aggen, J. B., Nairn, A. C., and Chamberlin, R. 2000. Regulation of protein phosphatase-1. Chem. Biol. 7:R13–R23.

Egloff, M. P., Johnson, D. F., Moorhead, G., Cohen, P. T., Cohen, P., and Barford, D. 1997. Structural basis for the recognition of regulatory subunits by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1. EMBO J. 16:1876–1887.

Wu, J., Liu, J., Thompson, I., Oliver, C. J., Shenolikar, S., and Brautigan, D. L. 1998. A conserved domain for glycogen binding in protein phosphatase-1 targeting subunits. FEBS Lett. 439:185–191.

Nyhan, W. L., Barshop, B. A., and Ozand, P. T. 2005. Atlas of Metabolic Diseases. (2d ed., pp. 373–408). Hodder Arnold.

Chen, Y.-T. 2001. Glycogen storage diseases. In The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Diseases (8th ed., pp. 1521–1552), edited by C. R. Scriver., W. S. Sly, B. Childs, A. L. Beaudet, D. Valle, K. W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein. McGraw-Hill.

Burchell, A., and Waddell, I. D. 1991. The molecular basis of the hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1092:129–137.

Lei, K. J., Shelley, L. L., Pan, C. J., Sidbury, J. B., and Chou, J. Y. 1993. Mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase gene that cause glycogen storage disease type Ia. Science 262:580–583.

Ross, B. D., Radda, G. K., Gadian, D. G., Rocker, G., Esiri, M., and Falconer-Smith, J. 1981. Examination of a case of suspected McArdle’s syndrome by ³¹P NMR. New Engl. J. Med. 304:1338–1342.

Holm, L., and Sander, C. 1995. Evolutionary link between glycogen phosphorylase and a DNA modifying enzyme. EMBO J. 14: 1287–1293.

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Hudson, J. W., Golding, G. B., and Crerar, M. M. 1993. Evolution of allosteric control in glycogen phosphorylase. J. Mol. Biol. 234:700–721.

Rath, V. L., and Fletterick, R. J. 1994. Parallel evolution in two homologues of phosphorylase. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1:681–690.

Melendez, R., Melendez-Hevia, E., and Cascante, M. 1997. How did glycogen structure evolve to satisfy the requirement for rapid mobilization of glucose? A problem of physical constraints in structure building. J. Mol. Evol. 45:446–455.

Rath, V. L., Lin, K., Hwang, P. K., and Fletterick, R. J. 1996. The evolution of an allosteric site in phosphorylase. Structure 4:463–473.