INDEX

C1

Note: Page numbers followed by f, t, and b refer to figures, tables, and boxed material.

Boldface page numbers indicate structural formulas and ribbon diagrams.

A band

A site, ribosomal

AAA ATPases

in amino acid degradation

in dynein

ABC transporters

ATP hydrolysis reaction and

defined

domain arrangement of

in drug resistance

eukaryotic

mechanism

structure of

ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter, subfamily A1)

ABO blood groups

Abortive complex

Absorption

of dietary proteins

drug

light

Abzymes, production of

Acceptor control. See Respiratory control

Accessory pigments, in photosynthesis

Acetaminophen

Acetoacetate. See also Ketone bodies

conversion into acetyl CoA

from phenylalanine

in respiration

from tryptophan

utilization as fuel

Acetoacetyl CoA

Acetyl ACP

Acetyl carnitine

Acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)

acetoacetate conversion into

acetyl-group-transfer potential

in amino acid degradation

biotin and

in citric acid cycle

defined

in fatty acid metabolism

in fatty acid oxidation

in fatty acid synthesis

formation from ketone bodies

formation of

in glyoxylate cycle

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and

structure of

synthesis of

transfer to cytoplasm

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

in citrate concentration

in fatty acid metabolism

filaments of

regulation by hormones

regulation of

Acetyl CoA synthetase

Acetyl groups

Acetyl transacylase

Acetylation

defined

in gene regulation

in metabolism regulation

protein

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine receptor

defined

as ligand-gated channel

as nonspecific cation channel

opening

structure of

N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase

N-acetylglutamate

N-acetylglutamate synthase

Acetyllysine-binding domain

N-acetylneuraminate

N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine p-nitrophenyl ester

Acid-base reactions

in biological processes

defined

double helix and

hydrogen ions in

Acids. See also Amino acids; Fatty acids; Nucleic acids

bile

protonation/deprotonation of

sialic

Aconitase

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Actin/actin filaments

barbed

decorated

defined

F

formation of

G

in muscle contraction

myosin and

pointed

polymerization of

structure of

in thin filaments

Actinomycin

Action potentials

defined

integration

ion channels and

mechanism

Activated carriers

as derived from vitamins

of electrons, for fuel oxidation

of electrons, for reductive biosynthesis

in metabolism

recurring set of

of two-carbon fragments

Activated glycoaldehyde unit

Activated methyl cycle

Activation domains

Activation energy

defined

enzyme decrease of

symbol

Active membrane transport

Active sites

ATCase

chymotrypsin

concentration of

as crevice

defined

enzyme and substrate interaction

evolution of

as microenvironments

myosin

proteases

residues

RNA polymerase

volume of enzyme

Acute intermittent porphyria

Acyclovir monophosphate

Acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)

Acyl intermediates

Acyl-enzyme intermediates

Adaptive immune system

Adaptor proteins

Adenine

deamination of

methylation of

resonance structures

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase

Adenosine

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate. See ATP

Adenosine deaminase

Adenosine diphosphate. See ADP

Adenosine triphosphate. See ATP

S-adenosylhomocysteine

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)

in activated methyl cycle

in adenylation of methionine

C2

in amino acid degradation

in amino acid synthesis

as ethylene precursor

in phospholipid synthesis

Adenylate

Adenylate cyclase

Adenylate kinase

Adenylated intermediates

Adenylation

in amino acid activation

in amino acid synthesis

in translation

Adenylosuccinate synthetase

Adenylyl transferase

Adipokines

Adiponectin

Adipose cells (fat cells)

Adipose tissue

brown

fat in

glucose entry into

glycerol released from

triacylglycerols in

white

Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)

ADME properties, of drugs

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

ATP hydrolyzed to

in citric acid cycle

formation of

in kinesin movement

in oxidative phosphorylation

in random sequential reaction

structure of

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Aerobic glycolysis

Affinity chromatography

Affinity maturation

Affinity tags

Aflatoxin activation

A-form DNA

Aggrecan

α-glucosidase

Agonists

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

Agre, Peter

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Alanine

defined

formation of

in gluconeogenesis

in muscle contraction

structure of

tryptophan in

Alanine aminotransferase

Alanyl-tRNA

Albinism

Albumin

Alcaptonuria

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcoholic fermentation

Alcoholic scurvy

Alcohols

fermentation of

formation from pyruvate

metabolism of

monosaccharides and

toxicity of

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Aldehydes, oxidation of energy

Alder, Julius

Aldimine

Aldolase

in Calvin cycle

in transaldolase reaction

Aldoses

conversion to ketoses

defined

Aldosterone

Allolactose

Allopurinol

Allosteric constant

Allosteric control

Allosteric effector

Allosteric enzymes

allosteric constant

concerted model

control of

homotropic effects on

sequential model

sigmoidal kinetics

substrate concentration and

threshold effects

T-to-R equilibrium in

T-to-R state transition

Allosteric sites

Alloxanthine

α helix

of membrane proteins

pitch of

as right-handed

schematic view of

screw sense

structure of

α-stabilizing protein (AHSP)

α₁-antiproteinase

α-amino acids

α-helical coiled coil

α-hemoglobin

alignment with gap insertion

amino acid sequences

α-thalassemia

Alternative splicing

defects in

defined

example of

pre-mRNA

Altman, Sidney

Alu sequences

Alzheimer’s disease

Amanita phalloides

α-amanitin

Ames test

Amide bonds. See Peptide bonds

Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel

Amines, monosaccharides and

Amino acid degradation

acetoacetyl CoA in

acetyl CoA in

amino acid use through

aminotransferases in

of aromatic amino acids

of branched-chain amino acids

coenzymes in

deamination in

digestive enzymes in

fumarate in

glucose-alanine cycle in

glutamate dehydrogenase in

α-ketobutyrate in

α-ketoglutarate in

liver in

metabolism errors and

nitrogen removal in

overview of

oxaloacetate in

oxygenases in

propionyl CoA in

proteasomes in

in protein turnover

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in

pyruvate in

regulation function of

Schiff-base intermediates in

serine dehydratase in

succinyl CoA in

threonine dehydratase in

transaminases in

ubiquitin in

ubiquitination in

urea cycle in

Amino acid sequences

alignment of

collagen

comparison of

determination of

directionality of

in DNA probe creation

DNA sequences and

evolution of

gap insertion

of hemoglobin

homologous

identities

importance of

information provided by

of insulin

of myoglobin

porin

C3

probes generated from

in protein identification

in protein structure determination

protein structures and

recombinant DNA technology and

ribonuclease

searching for internal repeats

shuffled

as signals

statistical comparison of alignment

substitution in

transmembrane helices from

Amino acid side chains

aliphatic

aromatic

charge of

covalent modifications

defined

distribution of

hydrocarbon

hydrophilic

hydrophobic

hydroxyl-containing

ionizable

sulfydryl-containing

thiol-containing

types of

Amino acid synthesis

S-adenosylmethionine in

adenylation in

ammonia in

aromatic amino acids

branched pathways in

chorismate in

enzyme multiplicity in

essential amino acids

feedback inhibition/activation in

glutamine synthetase in

human

α-ketoglutarate in

nitrogen fixation in

nonessential amino acids

overview of

regulation of

regulatory domains in

shikimate in

tetrahydrofolate in

threonine deaminase in

by transamination

Amino acids. See also Proteins

abbreviations for

acetyl groups

activation by adenylation

activation sites

aromatic

basic set of

branched-chain

carbon skeletons of, fates of

chirality of

code words

d isomer

defined

dipolar form of

encoding of

essential

excess

genetic code

glucogenic

in gluconeogenesis

hydrophilic

hydrophobic

hydroxyl groups of

ionization state of

l isomer

metabolism

negatively charged

nitrogen in

nonessential

peptide bonds

polar

positively charged

as precursors

pyruvate formation from

reactive

residue

in secondary structures

tRNA attachment

undesirable reactivity in

Amino-acid signal sequences

Aminoacrylate, Schiff bases of

Aminoacyl adenylate

Aminoacyl-AMP

Aminoacyl-tRNA

defined

editing of

elongation factors and

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

accuracy of

activation sites of

amino acid activation sites

classes of

defined

double sieve in

editing sites

evolution of

genetic code and

proofreading by

subunit structure

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

δ-aminolevulinate

δ-aminolevulinate synthase

Aminopeptidase N

Aminopterin

Aminotransferases

in amino acid degradation

blood levels of

defined

Schiff-base intermediates formation in

Ammonia

in amino acid degradation

in amino acid synthesis

conversion to urea

formation of

in glutamate synthesis

in glutamine synthesis

in pyrimidine synthesis

transport of

Ammoniotelic organisms

AMP (adenosine monophosphate)

ATP hydrolyzed to

energy charge and

in purine synthesis

structure of

synthesis of

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)

Amphibolic pathways

Amycolatopsis

α-amylase

Amyloid fibers

Amyloid plaques

Amyloid precursor protein (APP)

Amyloidoses

Amylopectin

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Amytal

Anabolic steroids

Anabolism

Analytes

Anastrozole

Anchor residues

Anderson disease

Androgens

functions of

pathways for formation of

synthesis of

Androstenedione

Anemia

Anfinsen, Christian

Angelman syndrome

Angiogenin, sequence comparison of

Animal models, in drug target testing

Animal testing, in drug development

Ankyrin repeats

Anomers

Anosmias

Antagonists

Anthranilate

Anthrax

Antibiotics

aminoglycoside

protein synthesis inhibition by

transcription inhibition by

translocation inhibition by

Antibodies. See also Immunoglobulins

amino acid sequence data in making

antibody binding of

antigen interaction

antigen-binding specificity

class switching in

constant region of

defined

diversity of

C4

formation of

hypervariable loops of

monoclonal

number of

oligomerization of

polyclonal

primary

recombination in

secondary

structures of

variable region of

Antibody-protein interactions

Anticancer drugs

in blocking thymidylate synthesis

targets

Anticoagulants

Anticodon loop

Anticodons

base/base pair

defined

in translation

Antidiuretic hormone

Antigenic determinants

Antigens

ABO blood group

antibody interaction

cross-linking of

defined

synthetic peptides as

Antihemophilic factor

Antiporters

Antiserum

Antithrombin III

AP endonuclease

Apolipoprotein B (apo B)

Apolipoproteins

Apoptosis

defined

mitochondria in

Apoptosome

Apoptotic peptidase-activating factor 1 (APAF-1)

Approximation, catalysis by

Aptamers

Aquaporins

Arabidopsis thaliana

Arachidonate

Archaea

membranes of

proteasomes of

Arginase

Arginine

argininosuccinase and

degradation

structure of

synthesis of

Argininosuccinase

Argininosuccinase deficiency

Argininosuccinate

Argininosuccinate synthetase

Argonaute complex

Aromatase

Aromatase inhibitors

Aromatic amino acids

degradation of

side chains

synthesis of

Arrestin

Arsenite poisoning

Artificial photosynthetic systems

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

deficiency of, alcohol related

forms of

function of

Asparaginase

Asparagine

conversion into oxaloacetate

structure of

synthesis of

Aspartate

conversion into oxaloacetate

formation of

structure of

synthesis of

Aspartate aminotransferase

Aspartate transcarbamoylase. See ATCase

Aspartic acid

Aspartokinases

Aspartyl proteases

Aspirin

discovery and development of

effect on prostaglandin H₂ synthase-1

as prostaglandin inhibitor

Assays

defined

enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA)

in protein purification

ATCase (aspartate transcarbamoylase)

active site of

allosteric interactions in

catalytic subunit

concerted model

cooperativity

defined

feedback inhibition

inhibition by CTP

reaction

regulatory subunit

separable subunits

sigmoidal curve

sigmoidal kinetics

structure of

T-to-R transition

ultracentrifugation studies of

Atherosclerosis

Atomic motion

Atorvastatin

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

as activated carrier

binding of

binding to molecular motors

in Calvin cycle

catabolism generation

in catabolism stages

as cellular energy currency

in citric acid cycle

defined

effect on ATCase kinetics

electrostatic repulsion

as energy-coupling agent

as energy-rich molecule

entropy increase in

in exercise

formation of

generation by NADH

hydration stabilization in

hydrolysis of

as immediate donor of free energy

in insulin release

ion gradients in

in mitochondria

in muscle

in muscle contraction

in nitrogen fixation

phosphoryl-transfer potential

in random sequential reaction

resonance structures

structure of

synthesis

ATP formation

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) and

citric acid cycle and

by cyclic photophosphorylation

enzyme-bound

fermentation in

from glucose to pyruvate conversion

from glycolysis

from phosphoryl transfer

proton-motive force and

pyruvate in

ATP hydrolysis

ABC transporters and

ATP as base to promote

in DNA replication

in DNA supercoiling

in driving metabolism

enzyme use of

as exergonic

free energy from

γ subunit in

hydrolysis

in kinesin motion

magnesium ions in

myosin and

myosin conformational changes

power stroke in

reversible, within myosin active site

rotational motion

C5

in transcription

transition state formation for

ATP synthase

a subunit of

α subunit of

ATP-driven rotation in

b subunit of

β subunit of

bind-change mechanism for

c ring of

of chloroplasts

defined

δ subunit of

discovery

efficiency of

ε subunit of

F₀ subunit of

F₁ subunit of

G proteins and

γ subunit of

γε stalk

inhibition of

nucleotide-binding sites

proton flow through

proton motion across membrane in

proton path through membrane in

proton-conducting unit

regulation of

rotational catalysis in

ATP synthasome

ATP synthesis

in chloroplasts

efficiency of

as endergonic process

mechanism

oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling from

proton flow around c ring in

proton gradients in

uncoupling electron transport from

ATP yield

ATP-ADP cycle

ATP-ADP translocase

ATPases

AAA

domains of myosin

mitochondrial. See ATP synthase

Na⁺-K⁺

P-type

SERCA

ATP-binding cassettes (ABCs). See also ABC transporters

ATP binding with

defined

distance between

ATP-citrate lyase

ATP-grasp fold

Atractyloside

Atrazine

Attenuation

Autoimmune diseases

Autoinducers

Autotrophs

Axel, Richard

Axial bonds

Axoneme

Azothioprine

B cells

activation of

defined

memory

B vitamins. See Vitamins

β₂-microglobulin

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus subtilis

Backbone models

Backbones

in nucleic acids

in polypeptide chains

Bacteria

carcinogen action on

cell membranes of

defined

flagella movement of

gene expression in

glyoxylate cycle in

nitrogen fixation in

photosynthetic

rapid growth

restriction enzymes in

transcription factors in

transcription in

translation in

upstream promoter elements in

Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs)

Bacterial reaction center

cyclic electron flow in

defined

electron chain in

Bacteriochlorophylls

Bacteriopheophytins

Bacteriorhodopsin

Baculovirus

BAL (British anti-lewisite)

Ball-and-chain model

Ball-and-stick models

Band centrifugation

Basal transcription apparatus

Base-exchange reactions

Base-excision repair

Base-pair substitutions, tests for

Base-paired hairpins

Bases/base pairs

adenine

anticodon

compositions

cytosine

damage to

double helix

guanine

hydrogen bonds

minor-groove side of

mutagenic

nomenclature of

non-Watson-Crick

nucleic acids

in nucleotides

purine

pyrimidine

rRNA in

rules for

sequence of

stacking of

thymine

in translation

tRNA

uracil

Watson-Crick

Basic-leucine zipper (bZip)

B-cell receptor

Bcr-abl gene

Bcr-Abl kinase

B-DNA helix

Bennett, Claude

Benson, Andrew

Benzoate

Benzoyl CoA

Berg, Howard

Beriberi

Beta blockers

β chains

β oxidation

β pleated sheets

amino acid residues in

antiparallel

defined

mixed, structure of

parallel

protein rich

twisted, schematic

β strands

defined

DNA recognition through

of membrane proteins

Ramachandran plot for

structure of

β turns

β-adrenergic receptor

β-adrenergic-receptor kinase

β-chain, of hemoglobin

β-globin gene

coding sequences

structure of

transcription and processing of

β-hemoglobin

β-lactam ring

β-oxidation pathway

β-thalassemia

B-form DNA

Bile

Bile acids

C6

Bile salts

defined

synthesis of

Bilirubin

Biliverdin

Biliverdin reductase

Bimolecular reactions

Bimolecular sheets

defined

formation of

Binding-change mechanism

Binding energy

Biochemistry

defined

environmental factors influencing

evolution timeline

as evolving science

genome sequencing and

genomic revolution and

unifying concepts

Biofilms

Biological diversity

biochemical unity underlying

similarity and

Biological macromolecules

Biological membranes. See Membranes

Biopterin

Biotin

defined

in gluconeogenesis

Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP)

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)

as acyl phosphate

ATP formation and

in glycolysis

oxidation of energy

phosphoryl-transfer potential

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)

allosteric effector

binding of

defined

in oxygen affinity determination

Bitter taste

Bjorkman, Pamela

Blackburn, Elizabeth

BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) search

Blood, isozymes in

Blood clotting

clots

enzymatic cascades

extrinsic pathway of

hemophilia and

intrinsic pathway of

regulation of

vitamin K in

zymogen activation in

Blood groups

Blood-brain barrier

Blosum-62

alignment of identities only versus

defined

graphic view of

Blotting techniques

Boat form

Body mass index (BMI)

Body weight, regulation of

Bohr, Christian

Bohr effect

Boltzmann’s constant

Bombardment-mediated transformation

Bonds

axial

covalent

disulfide

electrostatic interactions

equatorial

glycosidic

hydrogen. See hydrogen bonds

hydrophobic effect and

hydrophobic interactions and

ionic interactions

isopeptide

length measurement

length of

noncovalent

peptide. See peptide bonds

units of measure for

van der Waals interactions

Bonitus, Jacob

Bordetella pertussis

Bortezomib

Bovine-spongiform encephalopathy

Brain

in caloric homeostasis

leptin effects in

role in caloric homeostasis

sensory connections to

Branch points

Branched-chain amino acids

Branched-chain ketoaciduria

Branching enzyme

Brittle bone disease

Bromodomains

Brown, Michael

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)

Brown fat mitochondria

Buchner, Edward

Buck, Linda

Buffers

action

pH and

protonation

C genes

C₄ pathway

C₃ plants

C₄ plants

CAAT box

Caenorhabditis elegans

genome of

RNA interference in

Calcineurin

Calcitriol

Calcium ion channels

Calcium ion pump

Calcium ions

calmodulin activation

coordination to multiple ligands

imaging

in phosphorylase activation

pump structure

pumping

as second messenger

in signal transduction

in vision

Calmodulin

defined

in mitochondrial biogenesis

in signal transduction

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases)

Calnexin

Caloric homeostasis

in body weight regulation

brain role in

defined

in diabetes

dieting and

evolution and

insulin in

leptin in

obesity and

satiation signals in

signaling in

suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in

Calreticulin

Calvin, Melvin

Calvin cycle

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in

C₄ pathway and

carbon dioxide in

defined

five-carbon sugar formation in

glycolate in

hexose sugar formation in

illustrated

light regulation of

magnesium ion and

NADPH in

overview of

oxygenase reaction in

pentose phosphate pathway and

3-phosphoglycerate formation in

photorespiration in

reactions in

regulation of

ribulose 1,5-biphosphate in

rubisco in

salvage pathway in

stages

C7

thioredoxin in

cAMP. See Cyclic AMP

cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein

Camptothecin

Cancer

aerobic glycolysis in

breast

citric acid cycle defects in

colorectal

defective DNA repair in

drug resistance in

fatty acid metabolism in

hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in

immune system in

in Li-Fraumeni syndrome

ovarian

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) in

signal transduction abnormalities in

skin, in xeroderma pigmentosum

tumor hypoxia in

tumor suppressor genes and

tumor visualization

Warburg effect in

Cancer therapy

Capillary electrophoresis

Capsaicin

Capsaicin receptor

Captopril

Carbamate

in Calvin cycle

formation of

Carbamate groups

Carbamoyl phosphate

formation of

in pyrimidine synthesis

reaction

in urea cycle

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

in pyrimidine synthesis

structure of

Carbanion

Carbanion intermediates

Carbohydrate-asparagine adduct

Carbohydrates

as building block

disaccharides

glucose generation from

isomeric forms of

lectins and

monosaccharide

N-linked

oligosaccharides

O-linked

overview of

polysaccharides

Carbon dioxide

binding site

in Calvin cycle

defined

hydration acceleration

hydration of

oxygen release and

pH and

transport from tissue to lungs

Carbon fuels

free energy of

prominent

Carbon monoxide

defined

in oxygen transport disruption

Carbonic acid

Carbonic anhydrases

bound zinc in

in carbon dioxide hydration acceleration

catalytic strategies of

defined

evolution of

mechanism of

pH effect on

proton shuttle

structure of

synthetic analog model system for

Carbonium ion intermediate

Carbon-nitrogen bond

Carboxamides

γ-carboxyglutamate

Carboxyhemoglobin

Carboxylation, of pyruvate

Carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD)

in coupling transcription to pre-mRNA

phosphorylation of

serine residues of

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Carcinogens, tests for

Cardiotonic steroids

Cargo receptor

Carnitine

Carnitine acyltransferase I

Carnitine acyltransferase II

Carotenoids

Carriers

Cartilage

Caspases

Cassette mutagenesis

Catabolism

ATP generation by

defined

energy from

free energy of

stages of

Catabolite activator protein (CAP)

Catabolite repression

Catalysis

by approximation

by ATCase

Circe effect in

covalent

efficiency of

enzyme-substrate binding in

enzyme-substrate complex formation in

general acid-base

maximal rate

metal ion

as selective binding of transition state

specificity constant

transition state formation and

velocity of

zinc activation of water molecule

Catalytic antibodies, production of

Catalytic strategies

of carbonic anhydrases

in chymotrypsin

of myosins

overview of

of restriction endonucleases

of serine proteases

Catalytic triads

in chymotrypsin

in elastase

in hydrolytic enzymes

serine in

site-directed mutagenesis and

of subtilisin

in trypsin

Cataract formation

Cataracts

CD3

CD4

CD8

CD28

CD45

cDNA library

CDP-ethanolamine

Cech, Thomas

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

Cell-mediated immunity

Cells

defined

hybridoma

motion within

Cell-to-cell channels

Cellular immune response

Cellular respiration

citric acid cycle in

enzymes in

in oxidative phosphorylation

Cellulose

Cell-wall biosynthesis

Central dogma

Centrifugation

differential

sedimentation coefficients in

ultracentrifugation

zonal

Cephalopods

Ceramidase

C8

Ceramide

as precursor

synthesis of

in tumor growth

Cerebroside

cGMP phosphodiesterase

cGMP-gated ion channels

Chain, Ernest

Chair form

Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome

Changeux, Jean-Pierre

Chaperones

Charcot, Jean-Martin

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Chargaff, Erwin

Charged tRNA

Chemical shifts

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

Chemoattractants

Chemokines

Chemorepellant

Chemotaxis

Cheng, Yung-Chi

Cheng-Prusoff equation

CheY

CheZ

Chirality

of amino acids

establishment of

Chitin

Chlamydomonas

Chloramphenicol

Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophylls

defined

in photosynthesis

phytol

structure of

Chlorophylls, light absorption by

Chloroplasts

ATP synthase

defined

electron micrograph of

evolution of

genome of

in photosynthesis

reaction center

redox conditions

structure of

Chlorpromazine

Cholecystitis

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

Cholera

Choleragen

Cholesterol

“bad,” 787

carbon numbering

discovery of

excess, effects of

fatty acid chains and

formation of

“good,” 787

levels, clinical management of

lipid rafts

as membrane fluidity regulator

in membrane lipid

as precursor for vitamin D

structure of

Cholesterol synthesis

blocking of

condensation mechanism of

defined

isopentenyl pyrophosphate in

labeling of

liver in

metabolism

mevalonate in

rate of

regulation of

site of

squalene in

stages of

sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) in

Choline

Chorismate, in amino acid synthesis

Chromatin

defined

in gene expression

higher-order, structure of

remodeling of

structure of

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

Chromatin-remodeling complexes

Chromatography

affinity

gel-filtration

high-performance liquid (HPLC)

ion-exchange

Chromogenic substrate

Chromophore

Chromosomes

bacterial artificial

defined

Indian muntjac

yeast

yeast artificial

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chylomicron remnants

Chylomicrons

Chymotrypsin

active site

catalysis kinetics

catalytic mechanism

catalytic triad in

conformations of

covalent catalysis in

diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DIPF) and

elastase and

natural substrate for

oxyanion hole

peptide hydrolysis by

S₁ pockets of

serine residue

specificity of

specificity pocket of

structure of

substrate preferences of

trypsin and

Chymotrypsinogen

conformations of

defined

proteolytic activation of

Cilia, microtubules in

Ciprofloxacin

Circe effects

Circular DNA

Cirrhosis

Cis configuration, peptide bonds

Citrate

in fatty acid metabolism

in glyoxylate cycle

isomerization of

phosphofructokinase inhibition by

in polymerization

synthesis of

transport to cytoplasm

Citrate synthase

conformational changes on binding

defined

mechanism of

Citric acid cycle

acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) in

aconitase in

ADP in

ATP in

biosynthetic roles of

in cancer

carbon oxidation in

in cellular respiration

citrate isomerization in

citrate synthase in

citryl CoA in

components of

control sites of

defects in

entry to

evolution of

in exercise

glycolysis and

high-energy electron harvesting in

illustrated

intermediates in

isocitrate dehydrogenase in

isocitrate in

C9

α-ketoglutarate in

α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in

ketone bodies in

lipoamide in

in mitochondria

overview of

oxaloacetate in

pathway integration

pattern of

in photosynthesis. See dark reactions

pyruvate dehydrogenase in

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in

pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) in

rate of travel

reactions of

regulation of

replenishment

substrate channeling in

succinate dehydrogenase in

succinyl CoA in

succinyl CoA synthetase in

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in

Citrulline

Citrullinemia

Citryl CoA (citryl coenzyme A)

Cladribine

Clamp loaders

Class I MHC proteins

Class II MHC proteins

Class switching

Clathrin

Clathrin-coated pit

Cleavage

DNA. See DNA, cleavage of

protein

Cleland, W. Wallace

Clinical trials

Clofarabine

Cloning

of cDNA

expression

plasmid vectors in

in recombinant DNA technology

Cloning vectors

Closed promoter complex

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium tetani

Clotting. See Blood clotting

Cluster of differentiation

Coactivators

Coat proteins (COPs)

Coated pits

Cobalamin

Cobalt atom

Codon-anticodon interactions

Codons

deciphered

defined

maximizing number of

of mitochondria

stop

as synonyms

in translation

Coenzyme A

Coenzyme B₁₂

Coenzyme Q

Coenzymes

in amino acid degradation

defined

prosthetic groups

types of

vitamin

Cognate DNA

Cohesive ends, DNA

Coiled-coil proteins

Collagen

amino acid sequence of

ascorbate and

in cartilage

defined

structure of

triple helix

Collagenase

Color blindness

Color vision

in animals

cone receptors

defective

evolution of

Combinational association, antibody diversity and

Combinatorial chemistry

Combinatorial control

Committed step

Comparative genomics

Compartmentalization

Compartments, drug target

Competitive inhibition. See also Enzyme inhibition

defined

dissociation constant

double-reciprocal plot

kinetics of

use of

Complement cascade

Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs)

Complementary DNA (cDNA)

cloning and sequencing of

formation of

hybridization with

screening of

Concerted model

allosteric enzymes

defined

formulation of

modeling oxygen binding with

T and R states

tetramers

Condensing enzyme

Cones

Conformation selection

Congenital disorders of glycosylation

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria

Congestive heart failure

Conjugation, in drug metabolism

Connexin

Connexons

Conservative substitutions

Controlled termination of replication

Convergent evolution

Cooley anemia

Cooperative binding

concerted model

defined

oxygen delivery and

sequential model

substrates

Copper ions, in cytochrome c oxidase

Coproporphyrinogen III

Corepressors

Cori, Carl and Gerty

Cori cycle

Cori disease

Corrin ring

Corticosteroids

Cosmids

Cotransporters. See Secondary transporters

Coulomb energy

Covalent bonds

in biological molecules

defined

multiple

as strongest bonds

Covalent catalysis

chymotrypsin as example

defined

Covalent enzyme-bound intermediate

Covalent modifications

acetylation

common

dephosphorylation

in enzyme regulation

irreversible

phosphorylation

COX2 inhibitors

Crassulacea

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Creatine

Creatine kinase

Creatine phosphate

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Crick, Francis

Critical concentration

Cro, in genetic circuit formation

Cross talk

C10

Cross-links

Cross-peaks

CTP. See Cytidine triphosphate

CTP-phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT)

C-type lectins

Cumulative feedback inhibition

Cyanobacteria

Cyanocobalamin

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

binding to regulatory subunit

defined

effects in eukaryotic cells

in eukaryotic cells

generation by adenylate cyclase

in glycogen metabolism

phosphorylation stimulation

as second messenger

in signal transduction

structure of

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

defined

as second messenger

Cyclic nucleotides

Cyclic photophosphorylation

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases

Cycloheximide

Cyclooxygenase inhibitors, development of

Cyclosporin

Cystathionase

Cystathionine

Cystathionine β-synthase

Cysteine

linked

residue modification

structure of

synthesis of

Cysteine proteases

Cysteine thiyl radical

Cystine

Cytidine

Cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol)

Cytidine monophosphate (CMP)

Cytidine triphosphate (CTP)

ATCase inhibition by

defined

effect on ATCase kinetics

in pyrimidine synthesis

T state stabilization

Cytidine triphosphate synthetase

Cytidylate

Cytochrome

defined

in photosynthetic reaction center

Cytochrome b₅

Cytochrome bf complex

Cytochrome c

conformation of

evolution of

in oxidative phosphorylation

Cytochrome c oxidase

defined

electron flow in

heme

mechanism

peroxide bridge

proton transport by

in respiratory chain

structure of

subunits

Cytochrome P450

defined

hydroxylation by

mechanism

protective function

Cytoglobin

Cytokines

Cytoplasm

Cytosine

Cytoskeleton

Cytotoxic (killer) T cells

CD8 on

defined

foreign peptide recognition

d amino acids

D genes

Dalgarno, Lynn

Daltons

Dark reactions

Darst, Seth

Dawkins, Richard

De novo pathways. See also Nucleotide synthesis

defined

purine

pyrimidine

Deamination

in amino acid degradation

example of

Death cap

Debranching enzyme

Decarboxylation

in citric acid cycle

in gluconeogenesis

in pentose phosphate pathway

Decorated actin

Dedicated protein kinases

Deficiency disorders

Degrons

Dehydratases

7-dehydrocholesterol (pro-vitamin D₃)

Deinococcus radiodurans

Deleterious reactions

Denisovans

Density-gradient equilibrium sedimentation

Deoxyadenosine

5’-deoxyadenosyl radical

Deoxyadenylate

Deoxycytidine

Deoxycytidylate

Deoxyguanosine

Deoxyguanosine 3′-monophosphate (3′-dGMP)

Deoxyguanylate

Deoxyhemoglobin

αβ dimers

carbon dioxide and

defined

quaternary structure of

Deoxymyoglobin

Deoxynucleoside 5′-triphosphates

Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA

Deoxyribonucleoside 3′-phosphoramidites

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)

Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis

control of

deoxyuridylate in

dihydrofolate reductase in

overview of

ribonucleotide reductase in

thymidylate

thymidylate in

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose phosphodiesterase

Deoxyuridylate (dUMP)

Dephosphorylation

Deprotonation

effect of buffer on

water, kinetics of

Designer genes

Desmolase

Destroying angel

α-Dextrinase

Diabetes mellitus

defined

glucose homeostasis in

incidence of

insulin in

insulin resistance and

ketosis in

obesity and

oxaloacetate in

type 1

type 2

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

in lipid synthesis

in signal transduction

Diacylglycerol kinase

Dialysis, in protein purification

Diastereoisomers

Diazotrophic microorganisms

Dicoumarol

Dictyostelium discoideum

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC)

Diels-Alder reaction

2,4-dienoyl CoA

C11

Diet

fatty acid metabolism and

ketogenic

low-carbohydrate

low-fat

obesity and

Differential centrifugation

Diffusion

facilitated

lateral

lipid

membrane protein

simple

transverse

Diffusion coefficient

Digestion

of dietary proteins

enzymes in

of lipids

proteolytic enzymes in

starved-fed cycle and

Digestive enzymes

chymotrypsinogen

synthesis of

Digitalis

Digitoxigenin

Diglyceride acyltransferase

Dihydrofolate reductase

Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase

Dihydropteridine reductase

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Dihydroxyacetone

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

in Calvin cycle

in glycolysis

in lipid synthesis

Diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DIPF)

Dimerization arm

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

Dimethylbenzimidazole

2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)

Dioxygenases

Diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin)

Diphthamide

Diphtheria toxin

Dipolar ions

Direct DNA repair

Disaccharides

defined

structure of

types of

Diseases and disorders

albinism

alcaptonuria

alcohol-related

Alzheimer’s disease

amyloidoses

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Anderson disease

anemia

Angelman syndrome

anthrax

argininosuccinase deficiency

arsenite poisoning

atherosclerosis

autoimmune

beriberi

bovine-spongiform encephalopathy

cancer. See cancer

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency

carnitine deficiency

cataracts

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

cholera

citrullinemia

congenital disorders of glycosylation

congestive heart failure

Cooley anemia

Cori disease

coronary artery disease

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

deficiency disorders

diabetes. See diabetes mellitus

drug-resistant

emphysema

environmental factors in

falciparum malaria

familial hypercholesterolemia

galactosemia

glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

glycogen-storage

gout

Hartnup disease

heart disease

hemolytic anemia

hemophilia

Hers disease

HIV infection. See human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

homocystinuria

Huntington disease

Hurler disease

hyperammonemia

hyperlysinemia

I-cell disease

lactose intolerance

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

long QT syndrome (LQTS)

Lynch syndrome

mad cow disease

malaria

maple-syrup urine disease

McArdle disease

mercury poisoning

mitochondrial

mucopolysaccharidoses

multidrug resistance in

mutations causing

neurological, protein misfolding in

ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency

osteoarthritis

osteogenesis imperfecta

osteomalacia

Parkinson disease

phenylketonuria

Pompe disease

porphyrias

predisposition to

prion

protein aggregates in

respiratory distress syndrome

retinitis pigmentosa

ricin poisoning

rickets

scrapie

scurvy

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

sickle-cell anemia

spina bifida

Tay-Sachs disease

thalassemia

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

tuberculosis

tyrosinemia

vanishing white matter (VWM) disease

vitamin D deficiency

von Gierke disease

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

whooping cough

xeroderma pigmentosum

Zellweger syndrome

Dismutation

Displacement loop (D-loop)

Dissociation constant (K_d)

Distal histidine

Distribution, drug

Disulfide bonds

formation of

reduction

Diuron

Divergent evolution

DNA

A-form

ancient, amplification and sequencing of

backbone of

bases in

B-form

building blocks

chemically synthesized linker

circular

coding strand of

cognate

cohesive ends

C12

complementary (cDNA)

complementary single-stranded ends

covalent structure

damage to

defined

denaturation

directionality of

distortion of

double helix of

double-stranded

electroporation and

elongation

exchange between species

fingerprint

forensics and

functions of

heredity and

hybridization

information flow to RNA

ionic interactions

length of

as linear polymer

linking number of

melting temperature of

methylation

microinjection of

nucleotides

promoter sites in

proofreading of

properties of

proviral

recombinant. See recombinant DNA technology

resolution by density-gradient

stability of

stem-loop structure

in storage of genetic information

structure of

sugars

supercoiled

synthesis of

topoisomers of

transferred (T-DNA)

unwinding of

Watson-Crick model

winding

wrapping of

X-ray diffraction of

Z-form

DNA, cleavage of

EcoRV endonuclease

metal ion catalysis in

restriction enzymes and

stereochemistry

DNA fragments

covalent insertion of

insertion and replication of

insertional inactivation of

joined by DNA ligases

library of

DNA gyrase

DNA ligase

defined

DNA fragments joined by

in DNA replication

in forming recombinant DNA molecules

reaction

DNA microarrays

defined

gene-expression analysis with

using

DNA photolyase

DNA polymerase α

DNA polymerase β

DNA polymerase δ

DNA polymerase I

DNA polymerase II

DNA polymerase III

DNA polymerase switching

DNA polymerases

common structural features

in correcting DNA mistakes

defined

DNA fragment of

error-prone

eukaryotic

holoenzyme

mechanism

phosphodiester-bridge formation and

polymerization reaction catalyzed by

primer

prokaryotic

replication by

specificity of

structure of

template

as template-directed enzymes

types of

DNA probes

amino acid sequences in making

defined

generated from protein sequences

as primer

synthesis by automated solid-phase methods

DNA recombination

in cell division

defined

functions of

Holliday junctions in

illustrated

initiation of

mechanism

overview of

RecA in

recombinases in

strand invasion in

V(D)J

VJ

DNA recombination synapse

DNA repair

base-excision

direct

double-stand

in E. coli

enzyme complexes in

example of

illustrated

ligase in

mismatch

nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) in

overview of

proofreading in

single-strand

thymine in

trinucleotide repeats and

uracil DNA glycosylase in

DNA replication

ATP hydrolysis in

cell cycle and

clamp loaders in

controlled termination of

coordinated process in

cross-linking in

defective, in cancer

defined

DNA polymerase III in

DNA polymerases in

in E. coli

error rate

errors in

in eukaryotes

in eukaryotic cell cycle

helicases in

illustrated

lagging strand in

leading strand in

licensing factors in

ligase in

minor-groove interactions in

Okazaki fragments in

origin of

origin of replication complexes (ORCs)

overview of

polymerase switching in

by polymerases

prepriming complex in

primer in

processivity in

replication fork in

replicon

RNA polymerases in

semiconservative

shape complementarity in

C13

shape selectivity in

sites of

sliding DNA clamp in

specificity of

telomeres in

template in

trombone model in

tumor-suppressor genes in

DNA sequencing

amino acid sequences and

amplification by PCR

ancient DNA

by controlled termination of replication

decreasing costs of

defined

as gene exploration tool

human migrations and

methods for

next-generation (NGS)

pyrosequencing

reversible terminator method

semiconductor

DNA vectors

DnaA

DnaB

DNA-binding domains

defined

in eukaryotes

DNA-binding proteins

basic-leucine zipper (bZip) in

binding to regulatory sites in operons

in eukaryotes

helix-turn-helix motif in

homeodomains in

in prokaryotes

symmetry matching in

transcription inhibition by

transcription simulation by

zinc-finger domains in

DNA-binding sites

evolution of

GAL4

hypersensitive

Domains

acetyllysine-binding

defined

DNA-binding

homeodomains

immunoglobulin

nuclear-hormone receptor

protein

Dopamine D2 receptors

Double helix

acid-base reactions and

base pairs

destabilization

DNA molecule form

as expression of rules of chemistry

left-handed

minor groove

reversibly melted

right-handed

sequence of bases

stabilization of

structure

topoisomerases and

in transcription

in transmission of hereditary information

unwinding of

Double helix formation

from component strands

entropy and

heat release in

illustrated

principles of

Double-blind studies

Double-displacement reactions

Double-reciprocal plot

Double-stranded DNA

Double-stranded RNA

Downstream core promoter element (DPE)

Dreyer, William

Drosophila melanogaster

bases and genes

fluorescence micrograph of

in genetic studies

genome of

sensory bristles in

Toll receptor in

Drug candidates

absorption of

ADME properties of

administration routes for

characteristics of

distribution of

effective concentrations of

excretion of

ligand binding in

metabolism of

number of

oral bioavailability of

potency of

side effects of

target compartments of

therapeutic index of

Drug development

animal testing in

challenges of

clinical trials in

combinatorial chemistry in

genetic differences and

genomics in

high-throughput screening in

natural products in

overview of

pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics in

phases of

screening libraries in

serendipitous observations in

7TM receptors in

split-pool synthesis in

structure-based

Drug targets

animal-model testing of

compartments

emerging

identified in genomes of pathogens

identified in human proteome

Drugs

absorption of

administration routes for

delivery with liposomes

discovery approaches

distribution of

excretion of

half-life of

metabolism of

natural products in

resistance to

response to genetic variation in

side effects of

targets of

therapeutic index of

toxicity of

Dynamic instability

Dynein

AAA ATPases in

ATP binding to

structure of

E. coli. See Escherichia coli

E site, ribosomal

Ear, hair cells of

EcoRV endonuclease

cleavage of DNA

magnesium ion-binding site in

nonspecific and cognate DNA with

recognition site structure

twofold rotational symmetry

Edman degradation

Effector functions

EF-hand protein family

Eicosanoids

Elastase

blocking of

catalytic triad in

S₁ pockets of

Electrochemical potential. See Membrane potential

Electron transfer

half-reactions in

inhibitors

in oxidative phosphorylation

in photosynthesis

rate of

uncoupling

Electron transport chain

Electron-density maps

Electron-proton transfer reactions

Electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF)

C14

Electron-transport chain

components of

in desaturation of fatty acids

electron flow through

FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and

FADH₂ (flavin adenine dinucleotide reduced) and

inhibition of

iron-sulfur clusters in

NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced) and

in oxidative phosphorylation

Electron-transport potential

Electrophilic catalyst

Electrophoresis

capillary

gel

SDS

two-dimensional

Electroporation

Electrospray ionization (ESI)

Electrostatic repulsion

Elongation factors

bacterial versus eukaryotic

G (EF-G)

Ts (EF-Ts)

Tu (EF-Tu)

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Emphysema

Enantiomers

Encoding of amino acids

Endocytosis

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

protein glycosylation in

protein synthesis in

protein targeting from

ribosome binding to

rough

smooth

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Endosomes

defined

LDL release in

Endosymbiosis

mitochondria evolution from

receptor-mediated

Endosymbiotic event

Enediol intermediate, in glycolysis

Energy. See also Thermodynamics

activation

binding

free. See free energy

kinetic

light

potential

resting human being requirement

status

total

units of

Energy charge

intracellular

in regulation

Energy coupling agent

Energy homeostasis. See Caloric homeostasis

Energy transfer

from accessory pigments to reaction centers

resonance

Enhancers

binding sites for

defined

experimental demonstration of

in gene expression

in transcription

Enol CoA hydratase

Enol intermediates

Enol phosphate

Enolase

Enoyl reductase

Ensemble studies

Enterohepatic cycling

Enthalpy

Entropy

change during chemical reaction

double helix formation and

overall

total

Envelope form

Enzymatic cascades

Enzymatic velocity

Enzyme inhibition

affinity labels

competitive

by diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DIPF)

illustrated

irreversible

mechanism-based (suicide)

noncompetitive

reversible

by specific molecules

by transition-state analogs

transition-state analogs in

uncompetitive

Enzyme kinetics

for allosteric enzyme

chymotrypsin

of competitive inhibitors

defined

in first-order reactions

Lineweaver-Burk plot

maximal rate

Michaelis constant in

Michaelis-Menten

Michaelis-Menten model for

of noncompetitive inhibitors

in pseudo-first-order reactions

in second-order reactions

sigmoidal

specificity constant

steady-state assumption and

of uncompetitive inhibitors

of water deprotonation

Enzyme multiplicity

Enzyme regulation

by covalent modification

of protein kinase A (PKA)

strategies

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

defined

indirect

sandwich

Enzyme-pyridoxamine phosphate complex (E-PMP)

Enzymes

acceleration of reactions

activation energy and

active sites

allosteric

amount control

assay measurement of

ATP hydrolysis and

branching

catalytic activity, control of

catalytic efficiency

catalytic power

catalytic reaction

in cellular respiration

classes of

cofactors for

debranching

defined

digestive

energy-transducing

ensemble studies

homologous

isozymes

kinetic properties of

kinetically perfect

metabolism control of

multiple forms of

overview of

peptide-cleaving

in photosynthesis

P-loop structures

processive

as proteins

proteolytic

of purine nucleotide synthesis

pyridoxal phosphate

rate enhancement by

reaction rate and

restriction

reversible covalent modification

single molecule studies of

specificity

spectroscopic characteristics of

substituted intermediate

substrate interaction

C15

ternary complex of

turnover number of

urea cycle

Enzyme-substrate binding

in catalysis

conformation selection

induced-fit model of

lock-and-key model of

multiple weak attractions

Enzyme-substrate complex

defined

diffusion-controlled encounter

dissociation constant for

evidence of existence

fates

formation, in catalysis

hydrogen bonds in

reformed

structure of

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

defined

Ras activation and

in signal transduction

signaling pathway

structure of

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

defined

dimerization of

modulator structure of

overexpression of

phosphorylation of carboxyl-terminal tail

unactivated, structure of

Epigenome

Epimers

Epinephrine

defined

in fatty acid metabolism

in glycogen metabolism

in signal transduction

synthesis of

Epitopes

Equatorial bonds

Equilibrium constant

defined

dissociation of water

between enzyme-bound reactants and products

metabolism and

rate constants

of reactions

Equilibrium potential

Equilibrium reaction

Error-prone polymerases

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Erythrose 4-phosphate

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

amino-terminal protein residues

DNA polymerase I

DNA recombination in

DNA repair in

DNA replication in

enterotoxigenic

fatty acid synthesis in

flagella

gene expression in

genome of

lac operon of

membranes

methionine repressor

promoter sequences

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of

RecA protein

recombinant systems and

restriction enzymes in

ribonucleotide reductase of

RNA in

RNA polymerases in

two-dimensional electrophoresis and

Essential amino acids

defined

pathway steps

table of

Estradiol

Estrogen response elements (EREs)

Estrogens

defined

DNA-binding receptors and

pathways for formation of

synthesis of

Estrone

Ethanol

fermentation of

in glycolysis

metabolism

Ethylene

Eukarya

Eukarya domain

Eukaryotes

defining characteristics

DNA replication in

fatty acid synthesis in

glycolysis in

membranes

nuclear envelope

protein synthesis inhibition in

transcription factors in

transcription in

translation in

translation initiation in

tubulins in

Eukaryotic cell cycle

Eukaryotic genes

as discontinuous

mosaic nature of

organization of

quantitation and manipulation of

Eukaryotic RNA polymerases

Evolution

of active sites

of amino acid sequences

of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

of blood types

caloric homeostasis and

of carbonic anhydrases

of chloroplasts

of citric acid cycle

convergent

of cytochrome c

divergent

of DNA-binding sites

of drug resistance

experimental studies of ancient DNA amplification and sequencing in

of globins

of glycogen metabolism

of glycogen phosphorylase

of immune system

of introns and exons

in the laboratory

of metabolism

molecular

obesity and

of oxygen

of photoreceptors

of proteasomes

of proteins

of ribosomes

of signal transduction pathways

split genes in

of vitamins

Evolutionary trees

Excinuclease

Excretion, drug

Exemestane

Exercise

ATP in

citric acid cycle in

creatine phosphate in

diabetes and

fatty acid metabolism in

fuel sources for

glycolysis during

mitochondrial biogenesis and

oxidative phosphorylation in

super compensation (carbo-loading) and

Exons

defined

in encoding protein domains

shuffling

Expression cloning

Expression vectors

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)

Extrinsic pathway, clotting

2-¹⁸F-2-d-deoxyglucose (FDG)

F_ab fragments

Facilitated diffusion

F-actin

Facultative anaerobes

C16

FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

as catalytic cofactor

defined

electron transfer potential of

structure of oxidized form

structure of reactive components of

FADH₂ (flavin adenine dinucleotide reduced)

defined

electron-transport chain and

in oxidation-reduction reactions

structure of reactive components of

Falciparum malaria

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Faraday constant

Farnesyl pyrophosphate

Fast switch

Fasting

Fat

in adipose tissue

body, energy storage in

brown

as building block

neutral. See triacylglycerols

Fat cells

Fatty acid chains

melting temperature

packing of

Fatty acid metabolism

acetyl carnitine in

acetyl CoA carboxylase in

acetyl CoA in

acetyl CoA synthase in

activation in

acyl carrier protein (ACP) in

β-oxidation pathway in

chylomicrons in

citrate in

coenzyme B₁₂ in

degradation in

diet and

enoyl CoA hydratase in

epinephrine in

in exercise

FADH₂ in

glucagon in

insulin in

ketone bodies in

lipases in

lipid mobilization and transport in

lipolysis in

malonyl CoA in

methylmalonyl CoA in

NADH in

NADPH sources for

overview of

oxidation in

palmitoyl CoA in

pancreatic lipases in

pathway integration

peroxisomes in

steps in

triacylglycerols in

in tumor cells

Fatty acid synthase

catalytic cycle of

defined

structure of

Fatty acid synthesis

in animals

in cytoplasm

defined

degradation versus

by fatty acid synthase

intermediates in

malonyl CoA in

maximal

reactions in

steps in

Fatty acid thiokinase

Fatty acids

animals and

β oxidation of

chain length in

cholesterol and

covalent attachment of

defined

degree of unsaturation

derivatives

desaturation of

as fuel

generation by lipolysis

in lipids

in muscle

naturally occurring

in obesity

odd-chain

physiological roles of

polyunsaturated

saturated

structures of

unsaturated

Fatty liver

Favism

F_c fragment

Feed forward stimulation

Feedback inhibition

in amino acid synthesis

cumulative

enzyme multiplicity and

in purine synthesis control

FeMo cofactor

Fermentation

to alcohol

as anaerobic process

defined

in glycolysis

to lactic acid

start and end points of

Ferredoxin

Ferredoxin-NADP⁺

Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase

Ferritin

Ferrochelatase

Fetal hemoglobin

Fiber types, muscle

Fibrils

Fibrin

Fibrin clots

Fibrin monomer

Fibrinogen

conversion by thrombin

structure of

Fibrinopeptides

Fibrous proteins

50S subunit, of ribosomes

Fight-or-flight response

Fingerprint, DNA

First Law of Thermodynamics

First-order reactions

First-pass metabolism

Fischer, Emil

Fischer projections

5′ cap

Flagella

microtubules in

rotary movement of

structure of

Flagellar motor

chemotaxis and

components of

rotation of

schematic view of

Flagellin

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

Flavoproteins

Fleming, Alexander

FliG

FliM

FliN

Flip-flop

Florey, Howard

Fluconazole

Fluorescence microscopy

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)

Fluorodeoxyuridylate (F-dUMP)

Fluorouracil

Folding funnel

Foodstuffs, energy extraction from

Formylmethionyl-tRNA

N-formylmethionine (fMet)

Formyltetrahydrofolate

C17

43S preinitiation complex (PIC)

Fourier transform

Foxglove

Fractional saturation

François, Jacob

Franklin, Rosalind

Free energy

of activation

ATP and

change during chemical reaction

defined

Gibbs

in membrane transport

negative

of oxidation of single-carbon compounds

in oxidation-reduction reactions

of phosphorylated compounds

of phosphorylation

standard change

thermodynamics of metabolism and

Free radicals. See Reactive oxygen species

Friedreich’s ataxia

Fructofuranose

Fructokinase

Fructopyranose

Fructose

activation of phosphofructokinase by

excessive consumption of

in glycolysis

metabolism

regulation of phosphofructokinase by

ring form

ring structures

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

in gluconeogenesis

in glycolysis

Fructose 1-phosphate, in glycolysis

Fructose 2,6-biphosphate (F-2,6-BP)

in gluconeogenesis

in glycolysis

Fructose 6-phosphate

in Calvin cycle

in gluconeogenesis

in glycolysis

in pentose phosphate pathway

phosphorylation of

Fructose biphosphatase 2 (FBPase2)

FtsZ

Fuel sources for

Fumarase

Fumarate

from phenylalamine

in purine synthesis

in urea cycle

4-fumarylacetoacetate

Functional groups, of proteins

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Furan

Furanose

Futile cycles

G elongation factor (EF-G)

G proteins

activation of

ATP synthase and

defined

in glycogen metabolism

heterotrimeric

resetting of

role in signaling pathways

small

subunits

G-actin

GAL4 binding sites

Galactitol

Galactokinase

Galactolipids

Galactose

defined

in glycolysis

missing transferase and

ring form

Galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase

Galactosemia

β-galactosidase

β-galactosides

Galdieria sulphuraria

Gangliosides

disorders of

structure of

synthesis of

Gap junctions

closing of

defined

illustrated

in intercellular communication

structure of

Gas-phase ions

Gastrointestinal peptides

GC box

GDP (guanosine diphosphate)

in citric acid cycle

hydrolysis of

in olfaction

in signal transduction

in translation

in tubulin

in vision

Gel electrophoresis

defined

isoelectric focusing and

polyacrylamide

protein separation by

SDS

SDS-PAGE

two-dimensional electrophoresis and

Gel-filtration chromatography

Gellert, Martin

Gene disruption

consequences of

defined

by homologous recombination

Gene expression

analysis with microarrays

bacterial

constitutive

control of

as DNA information transformation

levels of

regulated

RNA in

transcriptional

transcriptional, in eukaryotes

transcriptional, in prokaryotes

translational

Gene expression (eukaryotes)

activation domains in

basic-leucine zipper (bZip) in

chromatin in

coactivators in

combinatorial control in

DNA methylation and

DNA-binding structures in

enhancers in

histones in

homeodomain in

hypomethylation in

in liver

mediator in

nuclear hormone receptors in

nucleosomes in

overview of

in pancreas

posttranscriptional

versus in prokaryotes

steroid-hormone receptors in

tissue-specific

transcription factors in

zinc-finger domains in

Gene expression (prokaryotes)

attenuation in

autoinducers in

biofilms and

catabolite activator protein (CAP) in

catabolite repression in

chromatin remodeling in

corepressors in

DNA-binding proteins in

DNA-binding sites in

versus in eukaryotes

helix-turn-helix motif

lac operon in

lac repressor in

λ repressor in

ligand binding in

operon model

overview of

C18

posttranscriptional

pur repressor in

quorum sensing in

regulatory sites in

signaling in

social interactions in

symmetry matching in

transcriptional

“Gene guns,” 163

Gene knockdown

Gene knockout

Gene therapy

Gene transfer, horizontal

General acid-base catalysis

Genes. See also specific genes

comparative analysis of

defined

designer

horizontal transfer

number of, in human genome

regulator

reporter

RNA and

split

structural

synthesis by automated solid-phase methods

tumor suppressor

Genetic code

amino acids

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and

defined

as degenerate

directionality of

features of

as nonoverlapping

universality of

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Genomes

analysis of

of Arabidopsis thaliana

of Caenorhabditis elegans

of chloroplasts

comparative

complete

defined

of Drosophila melanogaster

of E. coli

editing

of Haemophilus influenzae

human

of Indian muntjac

long interspersed elements

of mitochondria

next-generation sequencing

noncoding DNA in

number of genes in

proteome as functional representation

of puffer fish

of Reclinomonas americana

of Rickettsia prowazekii

of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

sequencing of

size of

Genomic library

creation of

defined

screening of

Genomic variation

Genomics

comparison

in drug discovery

revolution

Geranyl pyrophosphate

Geranyl transferase

Ghrelin

Gibbs free energy

Gigaseal

Gla domain, in prothrombin

GlcNAcase

Gleevec (imatinib mesylate)

Globins. See also Hemoglobin; Myoglobin

defined

evolution of

in human genome

sequence alignment in

Glomeruli

Glucagon

in essential enzyme regulation

excess in type 1 diabetes

in fatty acid metabolism

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Glucocorticoids

Glucogenic, amino acids

Glucokinase

Gluconeogenesis

defined

energy charge and

fasting and

fructose 1,6-biphosphate in

fructose 2,6-biphosphate in

fructose 6-phosphate in

glucose 6-phosphate in

glucose generation and

glycolysis and

historical perspective on

in kidney

in liver

in muscle contraction

overview of

oxaloacetate in

pathway integration

pathway of

phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in

pyruvate conversion in

reactions of

reciprocal regulation in

regulation of

stoichiometry of

substrate cycles in

urea cycle in

Glucose

in adipose tissue

as cellular fuel

characteristics of

complete oxidation of

conversion into pyruvate

in diabetes

as essential energy source

formation of

generation from glucose 6-phosphate

generation of

in glycogen

historical perspective on

homopolymers of

in liver-glycogen metabolism

metabolism

as reducing sugar

ring form

storage forms of

synthesis from noncarbohydrate precursors

Glucose 1-phosphate, in glycogen metabolism

Glucose 6-phosphate (G-6P)

galactose conversion into

in gluconeogenesis

in glycolysis

homeostasis

isomerization of

in liver

metabolism of

in pentose phosphate pathway

transporter

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

deficiency

in pentose phosphate pathway

in reactive oxygen species protection

Glucose homeostasis

in diabetes

in starvation

starved-fed cycle in

Glucose transporters (GLUTs)

families

in glycolysis

Glucose-alanine cycle

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS)

α-1,6-glucosidase

Glutamate

chirality of

formation of

in nitrogen fixation

oxidative deamination of

structure of

synthesis of

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Glutamate synthase

C19

Glutamine

degradation

in nitrogen transport

in pyrimidine synthesis

structure of

synthesis of

Glutamine phosphoribosyl amidotransferase

Glutamine synthetase

regulation of

structure of

Glutathione

conjugation reaction

defined

structure of

Glutathione peroxidase

Glutathione reductase

Glycan-binding proteins

Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP)

in Calvin cycle

catalytic mechanism of

free-energy profiles for

in glycolysis

oxidation of

in pentose phosphate pathway

structure of

Glycerol

generation by lipolysis

in gluconeogenesis

in liver

in phosphoglycerides

Glycerol 3-phosphate

in lipid synthesis

reoxidation of

Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle

Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase

Glycine

in Calvin cycle

conversion into serine

defined

in liposomes

porphyrins from

structure of

synthesis of

Glycine synthase

Glycine-glycine-glutamine (GGQ) sequence

Glycoaminoglycans

Glycocholate

Glycogen

branch point in

defined

glucose storage in

in glycogen metabolism

in liver

molecules

in muscle

phosphorolytic cleavage of

remodeling

storage efficiency

storage sites of

structure of

Glycogen lakes

Glycogen metabolism

branching enzyme in

cAMP in

coordinate control of

degradation of

enzyme breakdown

epinephrine in

evolution of

G proteins in

glycogen in

glycogen phosphorylase in

glycogen synthase in

glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) in

glycogenin in

α-1,6-glucosidase in

hormones in

insulin in

in liver

overview of

pathway integration

phosphoglucomutase in

phosphoglycerate mutase in

phosphorolysis in

phosphorylase in

protein kinase A (PKA) in

protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in

regulation of

regulatory cascade for

7TM receptors in

termination of

transferase in

UDP-glucose and

Glycogen phosphorylase

a

allosteric regulation of

amino-terminal domain of

b

carboxyl-terminal domain of

defined

evolution of

in glycogen metabolism

glycogen-binding site of

in liver

in muscle

regulation of

structure of

Glycogen synthase

α-1,6 linkages

defined

in glycogen synthesis

isozymes of

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)

defined

in glycogen metabolism

Glycogenin

Glycogen-storage diseases

Glycolate

Glycolipids

N-glycolylneuraminate

Glycolysis

aerobic

aldehyde oxidation in

anaerobic mode

ATP formation in

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) in

in cancer

citric acid cycle and

covalent enzyme-bound intermediate in

defined

dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) in

as Embden-Meyerhof pathway

enediol intermediate in

energy charge and

as energy-conversion pathway

in eukaryotic cells

fermentation in

first stage of

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in

fructose 1-phosphate in

fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in

fructose 6-phosphate in

fructose in

galactose in

gluconeogenesis and

glucose 6-phosphate (G-6P) in

glucose transporters in

glucose trapping in

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) in

hexokinase in

historical perspective on

insulin in

isomerization of carbon sugars in

in liver

in muscle

NAD⁺ in

NADH in

overview of

pathway integration

pentose phosphate pathway and

phosphofructokinase (PFK) in

phosphoglycerate kinase in

phosphoglycerate mutase in

2-phosphoglycerate in

3-phosphoglycerate in

pyruvate in

C20

pyruvate kinase in

reactions of

reciprocal regulation in

regulation of

second stage of

stages of

thioester intermediate in

triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) in

Glycolytic intermediates

Glycolytic pathway

glucokinase in

hexokinase in

phosphofructokinase (PFK) in

pyruvate kinase in

role of

Glycopeptide transpeptidase

Glycophorin

Glycoproteins

Glycosaminoglycans

α-1,6-glucosidase, in glycogen metabolism

Glycosidic bonds

Glycosylation

congenital disorders of

errors in

in nutrient sensing

Glycosyltransferases

Glyoxylate

Glyoxylate cycle

Glyoxysomes

GMP (guanosine monophosphate)

in purine synthesis

synthesis of

GMP synthetase

Goldstein, Joseph

Golgi complex

Gout

G-protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2)

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Gradient centrifugation

Granzymes

Grb2

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)

Greider, Carol

Group-specific reagents

Group-transfer reactions

GTP (guanosine triphosphate)

as energy source

hydrolysis

in olfaction

in resetting G proteins

in signal transduction

in translation

in tubulin

in vision

GTPases

defined

Ras family of

in signal transduction

Guanidinium chloride

Guanine

Guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF)

Guanosine

Guanylate

Guanylate cyclase

Guide strand

Gustation. See Taste

Gustducin

H zone

Haemophilus influenzae

Hair cells

Hairpin turns. See Reverse turns

Half-life

of drugs

of proteins

Half-reactions

defined

in electron transport

Haptenic determinants

Haptens

Hartnup disease

Hatch, Marshall Davidson

Haworth projections

Hearing

hair cells in

ion channels in

mechanism of action

Heart disease

Heat

defined

oxidative phosphorylation uncoupling in generation of

release in double helix formation

thermodynamics and

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)

Heat-shock response element

Heat-shock transcription factor (HSTF)

Heavy (H) chains

in antibody diversity

antigen-binding and

defined

in immunoglobulin classes

Heavy meromyosin (HMM)

Heinz bodies

Helicases

defined

in DNA replication

mechanism

structure of

symmetry

Helix-turn-helix motif

Helper T cells

action

in cytokine secretion

defined

in HIV infection

peptide recognition

T-cell receptors (TCRs) and

Hemagglutinin

Heme

biosynthetic pathway

in cytochrome bf complex

in cytochrome c oxidase

defined

intrinsic reactivity of

labeling of

in oxygen-binding

Heme prosthetic group

Hemichannels

Hemoglobin

α₂β₂ tetramer of

alignment comparison

alignment with gap insertion

αβ dimers

α chains

amino acid sequences of

β chains

conformational changes in

cooperativity

defined

fetal

globin curve

Hill plot

myoglobin comparison

oxygen delivery by

oxygen-binding

oxygen-binding curve

polypeptide chains

purified

quaternary structure of

R state

sequence alignment of

sickle-cell

space-filling model

T state

tertiary structure of

thalassemia and

Hemoglobin A (HbA)

Hemoglobin H (HbH)

Hemoglobin S (HbS)

Hemolytic anemia, G6PD deficiency and

Hemophilia

Hemorrhagic disposition

Hemostasis

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Heparin

Heptoses

HER2 receptor

Herbicides, photosynthesis and

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

Hers disease

Heterodimeric sweet receptor

Heterotrimeric G proteins

Heterotrophs

Heterotropic effects

Hexokinase

defined

in glycolysis

C21

inhibition of

liver and glycolysis and

metal ion requirement

muscle and glycolysis and

Hexose monophosphate pathway. See Pentose phosphate pathway

Hexose monophosphate pool

Hexose sugars, formation in Calvin cycle

Hexoses

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

defined

properties of

protective effects and

reverse cholesterol transport in

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

High-throughput screening

Hill, Archibald

Hill coefficient

Hill plot

Histamine

Histidine

degradation

distal

ionization of

proton shuttle

proximal

structure of

Histidine operon

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs)

Histone code

Histone deacetylases

Histone octamer

Histones

acetylation of

amino-terminal tails of

defined

in gene regulation

homologous