FIGURE 12.7 If You Don’t Know, Don’t Think! Undergraduates at the University of Amsterdam were asked to predict winners of four World Cup soccer matches in one of three conditions: (1) immediate—as soon as they saw the names of the nations that were competing in each of the contests, (2) reflective—after thinking for two minutes about their answers, and (3) unconscious—two minutes after they saw the names, with those two minutes spent solving math tasks. As you can see, the experts were better at predicting winners after unconscious processing, but the nonexperts became less accurate after two minutes of thought, either consciously or unconsciously.